Applications of Biotechnology in Animal Health
Biotechnology tools and products are useful in animal health research, agriculture, and veterinary medicine. Some key applications include:
1. Biotechnology-derived veterinary vaccines like recombinant vaccines which use genetic engineering to produce antigens without infectious agents. DNA vaccines are another type that use only DNA from pathogens.
2. Veterinary diagnostic systems using techniques like DNA/RNA probes and PCR for fast, sensitive, and specific disease diagnosis directly from samples.
3. Biotechnology-derived therapeutics including gene-deleted vaccines which use genetically engineered pathogens lacking virulence genes to induce immunity safely.
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Cell culture based vaccine??
Cell cultures involve growing cells in a culture dish, often with a supportive growth medium. A primary cell culture consists of cells taken directly from living tissue, and may contain multiple types of cells such as fibroblasts, epithelial, and endothelial cells.
In the United States, 10 different vaccines for chicken pox, hepatitis A, polio, rabies, and rubella are cultured on aborted tissue from two fetal cell lines known as WI-38 and MRC-5. These vaccines are chicken pox, hep-A, hep-A, hep-A/hep-B, polio, rabies, rubella, measles/rubella, mumps/rubella, and MMR II (measles/mumps/rubella).
In the following slides, I have discussed the need for developing insect-resistant transgenic plants, the sources of transgenes, and methods for development
Introduction
Definition
History
Why are the transgenic animals being produced
Transgenic mice
Mice: as model organism
Methods of creation of transgenic mice
knock-out mice
Application of transgenic mice
Conclusion
References
Cell culture based vaccine??
Cell cultures involve growing cells in a culture dish, often with a supportive growth medium. A primary cell culture consists of cells taken directly from living tissue, and may contain multiple types of cells such as fibroblasts, epithelial, and endothelial cells.
In the United States, 10 different vaccines for chicken pox, hepatitis A, polio, rabies, and rubella are cultured on aborted tissue from two fetal cell lines known as WI-38 and MRC-5. These vaccines are chicken pox, hep-A, hep-A, hep-A/hep-B, polio, rabies, rubella, measles/rubella, mumps/rubella, and MMR II (measles/mumps/rubella).
In the following slides, I have discussed the need for developing insect-resistant transgenic plants, the sources of transgenes, and methods for development
This presentation entitled "Golden rice" explains the needs for golden rice development, Biotechnological manipulations in metabolic pathways for GR-1 and GR-2 development and finally it also detailed with the associated ethical issues.
Introduction.
Properties of Stem Cells.
Key Research events.
Embryonic Stem Cell.
Stem cell Cultivation.
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
Research patents.
Conclusion.
Reference.
This presentation covers a general introduction to expression vector, its components, types, and its application. Then it covers some of the expression system with examples.
This power point presentation has described role of biotechnology in management of diseases. This presentation also contains different biotechnological techniques for Treating, Diagnosing, preventing and understanding the disease.
Scale up means increasing the quantity or volume of cell culture. For animal cells, the scale up strategies are dependent upon cell types or i.e. whether the cells requires matrix for attachment and growth ( adherent cell culture) or grows freely in suspended form in aqueous media. The scaling up principle for adherent cells are just to increase surface area for attachment while for suspension culture is to increase culture volume. This presentation enlightens the reader about different methods of scaling up of cells culture. Readers are also provided with sample questions for better understanding
Blood production agency. all types of blood cellls are produced in it. to understand it is the need of this era. it also will help in the physiology of blood making mechanism.
This presentation entitled "Golden rice" explains the needs for golden rice development, Biotechnological manipulations in metabolic pathways for GR-1 and GR-2 development and finally it also detailed with the associated ethical issues.
Introduction.
Properties of Stem Cells.
Key Research events.
Embryonic Stem Cell.
Stem cell Cultivation.
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
Research patents.
Conclusion.
Reference.
This presentation covers a general introduction to expression vector, its components, types, and its application. Then it covers some of the expression system with examples.
This power point presentation has described role of biotechnology in management of diseases. This presentation also contains different biotechnological techniques for Treating, Diagnosing, preventing and understanding the disease.
Scale up means increasing the quantity or volume of cell culture. For animal cells, the scale up strategies are dependent upon cell types or i.e. whether the cells requires matrix for attachment and growth ( adherent cell culture) or grows freely in suspended form in aqueous media. The scaling up principle for adherent cells are just to increase surface area for attachment while for suspension culture is to increase culture volume. This presentation enlightens the reader about different methods of scaling up of cells culture. Readers are also provided with sample questions for better understanding
Blood production agency. all types of blood cellls are produced in it. to understand it is the need of this era. it also will help in the physiology of blood making mechanism.
biotechnology and its applications
application s of biotechnology, bt.cotton, cloning, dna, dna fingerprinting, dna isolation, gene manipulation, genetic engineering, goldenrice., r dnatechnology, recombinant vaccines, transgenic, vectors
International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications
covers all major areas of animal biotechnology, and publishes peer-reviewed articles that give an insight in to the ongoing research and recent advancement of the topic. Journal also covers stem cell technology, infectious diseases and probiotics as additional fields under the scope of the journal.
This presentation contains all the material regarding History of animal cell culture and different methods of organ and tissue culture.Hope it will be helpful..
Genomic selection in small holder systems: Challenges and opportunitiesILRI
Presented by Raphael Mrode, Julie Ojango and Okeyo Mwai at the Workshop on Animal Genetic Research for Africa (Biosciences for Farming in Africa), Nairobi, 10-11 September 2015
vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
HISTORY OF VACCINES-
EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE vaccine in 1887.
The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.
vaccine train user immune system to create antibodies, just as it when it is exposed to a disease. However, because vaccine contain only killed or weakened forms of germs like viruses or bacteria, they do not cause the disease or put you at the risk of complications.
vaccine is a biological preparation that improve immunity to a particular disease.
A vaccine typically contain an agent that resembles a disease causing microorganisms and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbes.
Immunity: Protection from an infectious disease. If you are immune to a disease, you can be exposed to it without becoming infected.
Vaccine: A preparation that is used to stimulate the body’s immune response against diseases. Vaccines are usually administered through needle injections, but some can be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.
Vaccination: The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce protection from a specific disease.
A DNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that transfects a specific antigen-coding DNA sequence into the cells of an organism as a mechanism to induce an immune response.
DNA vaccines work by injecting genetically engineered plasmid containing the DNA sequence encoding the antigen(s) against which an immune response is sought, so the cells directly produce the antigen, thus causing a protective immunological response.
Most developments in biotechnology originated for their potential applications in health care.
Contributions of biotechnology are more frequent, more notable and more rewarding in health sector.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
3. Biotechnology
• “Biotechnology" means any technological application that uses
biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make
or modify products or processes for specific use.
New tools and products developed by biotechnologists are useful in
research, agriculture, industry and the clinic.
4. Applications to the animal health
• 1. Biotechnology-derived veterinary vaccines
• 2. Veterinary diagnostic systems
• 3. Biotechnology-derived therapeutics
• 4. Prebiotics
• 5. Enzymes
• Other techniques
6. Biotechnology-derived veterinary vaccines
• RECOMBINANT VACCINES
• The vaccines are produced using recombinant DNA
technology or genetic engineering.
• Recombinant vaccines are those in which genes for
desired antigens of a microbe are inserted into a vector.
8. • GE Vaccines are non infectious
• Production can easily be scaled to produce cheap vaccines.
• Most vectors are safe, easy to grow and store.
• Antigens which do not elicit protective immunity or which elicit
damaging responses can be eliminated from the vaccine, e.g.
Cholera toxin A from cholera vaccine.
• Genes for protective antigens of even non-cultivable viruses/
bacteria/ parasites can used to produce a vaccine.
Advantages of GE Vaccines
9. • Genetically engineered bacteria might transfer their new gene efficiently to
indigenous bacteria in gut.
• Naked DNA may persist in the environment, upon release or escape to the
wrong place at the wrong time, horizontal gene transfer with unpredictable
long- and short-term biological and ecological effects are unpredictable.
• Consequences are not known of probable random insertions of vaccine
constructs into cellular genomes in target or non-target species in
environment
RISK associated with GE vaccines
10. DNA vaccines
DNA vaccine is DNA sequence used as a vaccine.
This DNA Sequence code for antigenic protein of pathogen.
As this DNA inserted into cells it is translated to form antigenic
protein.
As this protein is foreign to cells, so immune response raised
against this protein.
In this way, DNA vaccine provide immunity against that
pathogen.
11.
12. DNA vaccines Vs Traditional vaccines
֍ Uses only the DNA from infectious organisms.
֍ Avoid the risk of using actual infectious organism
֍ Provide both Humoral & Cell mediated immunity
֍ They are temperature stable, Refrigeration is may
not be required and safe to transport
֍ They have the potential to be less expensive than
other commercial vaccines
DNA vaccines Traditional vaccines
֍ Uses weakened or killed form of infectious
organism.
֍ Create possible risk of the vaccine being
fatal.
֍ Provide primarily Humoral immunity
֍ Usually requires Refrigeration.
13.
14. DNA vaccines In INDIA
• DNA vaccines
• FMD
• Brucellosis
• Rabies
• IBR
• PPR
• Calf diarrhoea vaccines
15. DISADVANTAGES
Limited to protein immunogen only
Extended immune stimulation leads to chronic inflammation
Chance of developing auto immune disorders
Risk of transfer of antibiotic resistance gene
Due to integration of foreign DNA into host, lead to
insertional mutagenesis
16. GENE-DELETED VACCINES
Gene-deleted organisms can be used as vaccines as they retain
the immunogenic features of the wild-type organism but cannot
cause disease.
This approach has been successfully used to create several live
attenuated vaccine strains of bacterial pathogens
That are genetically stable, safe to use and induce better
protection than killed vaccines.
17. Virulence Gene
Gene deletion by homologous recombination
KanRSuicide plasmid
Homologous
recombination with
suicidal plasmid and
bacterial chromosome
(virulence gene)
Gene replacement
Bacterial chromosome
Bacterial chromosome
KanR
Virulence Gene
KanR
18. They are now available against the herpesvirus that causes pseudorabies
in swine.
The enzyme thymidine kinase (TK) is required by herpes viruses to
replicate in non dividing cells such as neurons.
Viruses from which the TK gene has been removed can infect nerve cells
but cannot replicate and cannot cause disease.
As a result, these vaccines not only confer effective protection but also
block cell invasion by virulent pseudo rabies viruses and so prevent the
development of a persistent carrier state
19. SUBUNIT VACCINES
Subunit vaccines contain purified antigens instead of whole organisms.
Such a preparation consists of only those antigens that elicit protective
immunity.
Subunit vaccines are composed of toxoids, subcellular fragments, or
surface antigens
21. Advantages:
They can safely be given to immune suppressed animals
They are less likely to induce side effects.
Disadvantages:
Antigens may not retain their native conformation, so that antibodies
produced against the subunit may not recognize the same protein on the
pathogen surface.
Isolated protein does not stimulate the immune system as well as a whole
organism vaccine
22. oRecombinant vaccines are available for respiratory pathogens such
as Mannheimia haemolytica and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
based upon the leukotoxins produced by these organisms
23. VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are supra-molecular structures composed of
one or more recombinant proteins
Several vaccines for veterinary application in development. These
include vaccine for bluetongue virus, rota and parvovirus.
Similar to viruses and bacteria multiple copies of the vaccine antigens
are displayed in a highly repetitive and ordered, which can cross-link the
B cell receptor resulting in activation of the B cell and subsequent
induction of T-independent IgM responses
24. • VLPs offer the advantage of
• formulating the vaccine antigen in a particulate structure, thereby
increasing the immunogenicity of the vaccine.
• VLPs are similarity to viral and bacterial structures, the ability for large-
scale production and the possibility of combining the VLPs with other
adjuvants.
• High safety profile
25. • VLPs can either be used as vaccine itself or be used as carrier for
recombinant antigens, either incorporated, directly, genetically fused or
covalently linked.
ex; bovine rotavirus virus protein 6 (VP6) forms VLPs that are highly
immunogenic and confer protection against challenge infection
Examples of VLPs used as carriers
1.well characterised hepatitis B core antigen VLPs as carrier for the
influenza a M2 protein
26. Synthetic Peptides
• If the structure of a protective epitope is known it may be chemically
synthesized and used alone in a vaccine.
• The procedures involved include a complete sequencing of the
antigen of interest, followed by identification of its important
epitopes.
• The epitopes may be predicted by the use of computer models of the
protein or by the use of monoclonal antibodies to identify the critical
protective components.
27. • Experimental synthetic vaccines have been developed against
hepatitis B, diphtheria toxin, Foot-and-mouth-disease virus, canine
parvovirus, andinfluenza A, and they provoke some protective
immunity
28. Chimera means unrelated combination
Vector is a self replicating carrier molecule
Viruses like pox ,adeno and bacteria like salmonella
are used as vectors
Vector is introduced with gene of interest
Such molecule can replicate along with our gene producing enough
amount of antigens required for adequate immune response
Chimeric live vaccines
29. • A chimeric vaccine based on yellow fever virus that includes the pre membrane
(preM) and envelope (E) proteins of West Nile virus was used for protective
immunization of horses.
31. Veterinary diagnostic systems
• The development of molecular biology has opened up huge
possibilities in diagnostic techniques which are fast becoming
widespread in veterinary diagnostic laboratories
• Single DNA sequences provide a high degree of specificity in
the diagnosis and control of pathogenic microorganism species
and subspecies
32. Diagnosis
All traditional diagnostic tests take long time, may yield
ambiguous results, and some of them cannot be applied in
certain cases.
Ex; antibody titre estimation in the case of latent viral infections
False diagnosis Consequences
No proper treatment
Animal will suffer
Economic losses, farmer will expense so much money for
treatment
33. DNA / RNA Probes
Nucleic acid-based probes are Small oligonucleotide sequence used
to detect the presence complementary sequence in nucleic acid
sample
Probe
Both DNA and RNA used as probes
The probe can be composed of an oligonucleotide, a DNA fragment,
single-stranded DNA, or plasmid DNA
34. Probe either radio actively or non radioactively labelled consisting of
a enzyme, or chemiluminescent substrate is attached to probe
Probes are being used to detect micro organisms in the samples for
disease diagnosis
Probes used as follows;
i) Hybridization
ii) Ligation reaction
35. Hybridization
• Southern blot
• Dot blot
• For dot blot analyses test samples like blood samples are generally
lysed directly on nitrocellulose membrane. a probe can hybridize
with a test DNA sample only when the latter contains the
complementary sequence.
• The probes used in diagnostic assays are highly specific to
concerned pathologic micro organism. Therefore, a positive
hybridization signal of a test DNA sample with given probe reveals
the presence of concerned micro organism
36. Some selected micro organisms against which probes are available
Protozoa Helminths Bacteria Virus
Leishmania(kala-azar)
Trypanosoma
(sleeping sickness)
Plasmodium
E. histolytica
Toxoplasma gondii
Schistosomes
Fasciola hepatica
onchocerca
Taenia
Trichinella spiralis
Mycobacterium
Mycoplasma
Herpes virus
37. Advantages
• Fast Sensitive and specific (PCR)
• Rapid and much simpler
• It can detect even a single molecule in
the test sample
• Probes can detect latent viral infection
• Automatable
Dis advantages
• Expensive
• Multistep
• Detects dead organisms
• Possible false-negatives from PCR
inhibitors
• Possible false-positives from carryov
contamination (PCR)
38. PCR in Diagnosis of Infection
• The PCR is the most sensitive of the existing rapid methods to detect
microbial pathogens in clinical specimens
• In particular, when specific pathogens that are difficult to culture in
vitro or require a long cultivation period are expected to be present in
specimens, the diagnostic value of PCR is known to be significant.
• Since a variety of clinical specimens, such as blood, urine, sputum,
CSF and others
• DNA extraction from specimens,
• PCR amplification,
Detection of amplicons.
40. Commercially available PCR kits
species Bacterial diseases Viral diseases Parasitic diseases
Bovine pcr kits
Ovine pcr kits
brucella abortus bovine herpesvirus 2 theileria lestoquardi
mastitis(multiplex kit
pcr)
anaplasma
marginale
sheep pox virus pcr theileria parva
Avian pcr kits
salmonella sp marek s disease
canine pcr kits
canine parvovirus
type 2
demodex canis
41. Detection of PCR products
Traditional electrophoresis method on an ethidium
bromide-containing agarose gel.
Southern hybridization with a specific probe, labelled with
a radioisotope
44. RT PCR
• RT PCR is preceded with conversion of sample RNA into cDNA
with enzyme Reverse Transcriptase
45. Sources of enzyme
• Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase (M-
MLV RT) is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase that can be used in
cDNA synthesis
• Avian Myeloblastosis Virus Reverse Transcriptase
47. Real-time polymerase chain reaction
Real-Time PCR a specialized technique that allows a PCR reaction to
be visualized “in real time” as the reaction progresses.
Identical to standard PCR except that the progress of reaction is
monitored by a detector during each PCR cycle.
Use of fluorescent marker that binds to DNA.
As gene copy number increases, fluorescence also increases.
Quantification is achieved by measuring the fluorescence during
exponential phase of PCR.
Real-Time PCR allows us to measure minute amounts of DNA
sequences in a sample
48. Real-time PCR fluorescence detection systems
Specific detection: Taqman probe
• The 5’nuclease domain has the ability to degrade
DNA bound to the template, downstream of DNA
synthesis.
• A second key element in the 5’nuclease assay is a
phenomenon called FRET: fluorescent resonance
energy transfer. In FRET, the emissions of a
fluorescent dye can be strongly reduced by the
presence of another dye, often called the quencher,
49.
50. Non-specific detection: SYBR green I
DNA binding dye.
Binds to dsDNA.
Emits light when bound.
More dsDNA=more fluorescence.
But it is unspecific as it binds to any dsDNA.
51. Quantification:
• The light emitted from the dye in the
excited state is received by a computer
and shown on a graph display, such as
this, showing PCR cycles on the X-axis
and a logarithmic indication of intensity
on the Y-axis
• The threshold cycle (Ct ) is the cycle
number at which the fluorescent signal
of the reaction crosses the threshold
52. The advantages of real-time PCR include
• Ability to monitor the progress of the PCR reaction as it occurs in
real time
• Ability to precisely measure the amount of amplicon at each cycle,
which allows highly accurate quantification of the amount of
starting material in samples
• Amplification and detection occurs in a single tube, eliminating
post-PCR manipulations
53. Commercially available kits
Bovine ANAPLASMA PHAGOCYTOPHILUM
PCR KIT
BOVINE VIRALE DIARRHEA PCR KIT
ovine BTV – BLUETONGUE VIRUS PCR KIT
COXIELLA BURNETII PCR KIT
Avian KIT FOR THE DETECTION OF THE
MAREK VIRUS
AVIAN MYCOPLASMA PCR KITS
Swine INFLUENZA VIRUS TYPE A PCR KIT
FOR SWINE HOST
CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER PCR KIT
54. Microarrays
• DNA microarrays are typically composed of DNA “probes” that are
bound to a solid substrate such as glass.
• Each spot (50 to 150 µm) in the array lattice is composed of many
identical probes that are complementary to the gene of interest.
• During hybridisation DNA “targets” diffuse passively across the
glass surface, when sequences complementary to a probe will anneal
and form a DNA duplex.
• Hybridised targets can then be detected using one of many reporter
molecule systems.
55. • Microarray technology has been utilized
in the identification of various infectious
disease pathogens such as Avian
influenza (H5N1), FMD, Viral
Haemorrhagic fever.
• Advantages
microarray systems have been
developed that have the potential for
simultaneous detection of many pathogens.
57. Monoclonal antibodies:
Monoclonal antibodies have several therapeutic applications
1 To provide passive immunity against diseases
2 Used in diagnosis, used to detect antigen and antibody
Ex; Elisa (Anthrax,brucellosis,BTV, Theileriosis, Fasciolosis)
Monoclonal antibodies have been developed that identify common antigenic
determinants on the surface of several strains
3. In treatment of diseases like lymphoma in dogs.
58. Stem cell therapy
• Stem cells can be classified as an adult (bone marrow, adipose tissue,
tendon) and embryonic stem cells (inner cell mass of the blastocyst)
• In adults, stem cells act as a repair system by replenishing tissues of
the body
• In embryonic stem cells differentiate into all the specialized cells and
develop into adult.
59. Tendon and ligament repair
The quality of the tendon and ligament healing
can be improved with altered therapeutic
strategies which include stem cell therapy.
Tendinitis in the superficial digital flexor
tendon treated with adipose derived nucleated
cells (ADNC) injection.
In race horses, the adipose derived MSCs were
used to successfully treat experimental
tendinitis.
60. • Wound Healing
• Caprine Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells of umbilical cord
were used to treat cutaneous wounds in goat.
• Treated group with less inflammation, thinner granulation tissue
formation with minimum scar
61. Immuno castration
• Surgical castration must be performed by specialist personnel, is
irreversible, causes infections and can later lead to inguinal hernias
and immunosuppression, in some cases resulting in death.
• The administration of steroids causes side effects detrimental to
animal health.
• For these reasons, animal immune castration has been tested using
peptides similar to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH),
combined with proteins, to trigger antibodies that neutralise the
function of GnRH
62. Enzymes as antimicrobials and therapeutics
• Several enzyme based products and multi enzyme formulations are or
enzyme mediated strategies are already available in health care.
• The enzymes that target different microbial cellular components and
biofilm development are increasingly investigated for applications to
bacterial control in health care.
• There is a surge of interest in the use of bacteriophage or their gene
products to control bacterial pathogens as alternatives to traditionally or
currently used antibiotics
63. Enzyme Reaction catalysed Application
Papain Protein hydrolysis Deworming
Lysozyme Bacterial cell wall
hydrolysis
As antibiotics
Collagenase Hydrolysis of
collagen
Treating skin ulcers
64. Prebiotics
• Prebiotics are food ingredients that improve the host’s health by
selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of probiotic bacteria
in the intestinal tract.
• The leading prebiotics are non-digestible oligosaccharides, including:
fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), malto
oligosaccharides (MOS) and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS).
• The most typical prebiotics are FOS and inulin and they are sold
widely for use in monogastric animals.
65. Conclusions
• 1.Technologies based on modern biotechnology offer enormous
potential for the production of vaccines, medicinal products and other
veterinary products.
• 2. The development and use of these technologies is concentrated in a
few countries of the region, while in others they are still not in
widespread use.
• 3. There is a need to publicise and provide training in these
technologies
• 4. It is necessary to faster the establishment of a comprehensive and
effective regulatory framework for the safe use of these technologies
from the dual standpoints of biosafety and the regulations established in
the veterinary register.
, in the case of certain pathogens, do not require expensive facilities of a high biosafety level
which allows for the development of vaccines against multiple strains of a pathogen and for combination approaches against multiple pathogens .
This aspect is especially attractive for livestock, where vaccine cocktails are a useful vaccination option.
cross-presentation of particulate antigens was more effective than presentations of soluble antigens
. This ELISA system has been shown to be 10 to 100 times more sensitive than the traditional electrophoresis metho
Canine monoclonal antibody therapy is made to recognize and attach to a specific protein found on cancerous cells in dogs with lymphoma. The monoclonal antibody acts like a beacon for the immune system. As monoclonal antibodies bind to their targets, they activate the dog’s immune system so it’s better able to identify and help eliminate malignant cell