The document discusses various reading skills and subskills, including word recognition, reading comprehension, and word identification. It then outlines Grace Godell's 16-step reading skills ladder, which progresses from basic sight words to using reference materials and online resources. Each step is then defined in more detail, covering topics like contextual clues, vocabulary building, identifying the main idea and supporting details, drawing conclusions, and using different parts of books like the table of contents and index. The overall document provides an overview of important reading skills and how they build upon one another to improve comprehension.

1. READING AS SKILL/SKILLS BY: TUMANA, WJ

2. GLOBAL READING SKILLS AND
SUBSKILLS
1. Word Recognition Skills – is necessary to be able to
read. It is a two fold process that includes: the
recognition of printed symbols by some method so
that the can be pronounced.
2. Reading Comprehension – is a complex intellectual
process involving many skills like understanding the
context, making inferences, weaving ideas into
context, etc.
3. Word Identification – such as whole word
recognition, visual configuration, morphemic
analysis, meaning associations, graph phoneme

3. GRACE GODELL’S READING SKILLS
LADDER1. Basic sight words
2. Using phonetic analysis
3. Using structural analysis
4. Using contextual clues
5. Vocabulary building
6. Finding the main idea
7. Finding the supporting details
8. Interfering meanings, drawings,
conclusions
9. Classifying and organizing facts
10.Using parts of the book
11.Using the dictionary
12.Using the encyclopedias and
other reference books
13.Borrowing library books for
research and enjoyment
14.Starting your private library
collection
15.Exposure to reading from mass
media
16.Reading from the internet

4. 1. BASIC SIGHT WORDS

5. WHAT RE SIGHT WORDS?
 Often also called high frequency sight words
The Dolch words are the 220 most frequently found words in
books that children read
Many of these words cannot be sounded out because they do
not follow decoding rules, so they must be learned as sight
words.
They are commonly used words that young children are
encouraged to memorize as a whole by sight, so tat they can
automatically recognize these words in print without having to
use any strategies to decode.
These words are usually learned in first and second grade;
students who learn these words have a good base for beginning

7. 2. USING PHONETIC
ANALYSIS

8. PHONETICS
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that comprises the
study of the sounds of human speech
Phonetic analysis – is based on the traditional
classification of speech sounds using the International
Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
- also called phonics, is the study of sound-
symbol or phoneme-grapheme
relationships.
- sounding out words by separating a larger
word into the smaller sounds (both vowel and

10. 3. USING STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS

11. The process of using familiar word parts (base words,
prefixes, and suffixes) to determine the meaning of
unfamiliar words. Breaking down unknown words into
prefixes & suffixes, then into syllables.
"By fourth grade, most of my students are already
skilled at letter=sound associations," she says. "But
they're now dealing with harder words, and even
when they've pronounced a word correctly, they
might not know what it means. So we focus on
context clues and whatever meaning clues the word
itself might contain.“
Be sure your students understand that many prefixes
and suffixes have more than one meaning, as
in inactive and inroad, and that even when they know
the correct meaning of an affix, they might still come
up with an incorrect definition. Emphasize the

12. 4. USING CONTEXTUAL
CLUES
Hints that the author gives to help define a difficult or
unusual word. The clue may appear within the same
sentence as the word to which it refers, or it may be in
a preceding or subsequent sentence.

13. Types of context clues
•· Synonym-word with the same meaning, is used in the sentence.
My opponent’s argument is fallacious, misleading – plain wrong.
•· Antonyms- word or group of words that has the opposite meaning
reveals the meaning of an unknown term.
Although some men are loquacious, others hardly talk at all.
•· Explanation-the unknown word is explained within the sentence or in a
sentence immediately preceding.
The patient is so somnolent that she requires medication to help her stay
awake for more than a short time.
•· Examples- Specific examples are used to define the term.
Celestial bodies, such as the sun, moon, and stars, are governed by
predictable laws.

14. 5. VOCABULARY BUILDING
According to language expert W.B. Elley, "a rich
vocabulary is a valuable asset and an important
attribute of success in any walk of life." In other words,
your vocabulary plays a large role in determining if
you will succeed in life or not.

15. 7 STEPS TO VOCABULARY
•· Step 1: Read, read, read
The more reading you do, the faster you will reach your goal of building your
vocabulary. You can read books, or websites on how to build vocabulary. Each time you
run into a new word while reading, remember to write it down so you can learn its
meaning later.
•· Step 2: Repeat words several times
Saying a word several times a day for many days is a surefire way of making you
remember it. We will be teaching you tips on how to make repeating words even more
effective.
•· Step 3: Look at words with the mind of a child
Young children learn words very quickly. Children under 10 years can actually learn
more words in one week than the typical adult can learn in one year. Find out how you
can approach vocabulary-building like a child.

16. •· Step 4: Have fun by playing word games
The next time you hang around with your family, instead of just sitting on the couch and
watching TV, invite them to play word games. This is a great tool for building your
vocabulary, and it's loads of fun as well.
•· Step 5: Make it personal
Making words personally meaningful to you will make them stand out, and you will retain
them better. There are many ways to add personal meaning to words, and we will show
you examples.
•· Step 6: Use your imagination to create images of the word
This technique is used most often for concrete rather than abstract objects. Just use your
imagination to create a corresponding image for the words that you are studying.
•· Step 7: Practice using elaboration
Elaboration is a technique a lot of people use to remember words. It involves expounding
on a word's meaning to remember it better. Once you get the hang of it, eminent
psychologists suggest that a 670% recall of new words is possible.

17. 6. FINDING THE MAIN IDEA
The main idea sentence of a paragraph tells what the
paragraph is about. It is the "key concept" being
expressed. Understanding the topic, the gist, or the
larger conceptual framework of a textbook chapter, an
article, a paragraph, a sentence or a passage is a
sophisticated reading task Textbook chapters, articles,
paragraphs, sentences, or passages all have topics and
main ideas.

18. 3 TYPES OF PARAGRAPHS
•· Introductory paragraphs tell you, in advance, such things as
the main ideas of the chapter or section; the extent or limits of the
coverage; how the topic is developed; and the writer's attitude toward
the topic.
•· Transitional paragraphs are usually short; their sole function is
to tie together what you have read so far and what is to come - to set
the stage for succeeding ideas of the chapter or section.
•· Summarizing paragraphs are used to restate briefly the main
ideas of the chapter or section. The writer may also draw some
conclusion from these ideas, or speculate on some conclusion based
on the evidence he/she has presented.

19. 7. FINDING THE SUPPORTING
DETAILS
Details, major and minor, support the main
idea by telling how, what, when, where, why,
how much, or how many.

20. 8. INTERFERING MEANINGS,
DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
Drawing conclusions refers to information that is
implied or inferred. This means that the information is
never clearly stated. Inference is just a big word that
means a conclusion or judgement. If you infer that
something has happened, you do not see, hear, feel,
smell, or taste the actual event. But from what you
know, it makes sense to think that it has happened.

21. 9. CLASSIFYING AND
ORGANIZING FACTS
Classifying is separating various things on the basis of some
criteria
Organizing facts are how to classify the facts and how to use
that classification to arrange those facts in a particular rational
order.

22. 10. USING PARTS OF A BOOK

23.  title page
•It has the information about when and where the book was published. It will give you the name of the
author. It will tell you the copyright date or the date the book was written or published.
 table of contents
•It will help you to find the names of the chapters of the book and the page number where each
chapter begins. Each chapter of the book will have a name and usually has a chapter number.
 glossary of a book
•It will give meanings to words used in the book. Vocabulary words or new words in the book will be
here. The glossary can help you to understand your reading and will make it easier for you to learn
and study the information.
 index of a book
•It is very valuable to learners. You will find a listing of each topic in the book, names of people, maps
in the book, or any other information in the book listed here. This listing will be in alphabetical order
and will have the page number in the book where you can find the information you are looking for.
This is very helpful to learners.

24. 11. USING THE DICTIONARY
It also called a word reference, wordbook ,lexicon,
or vocabulary) is a collection of words in one or more
specific languages, often listed alphabetically (or by radical and
stroke for ideographic languages), with usage information,
definitions, etymologies, phonetics, pronunciations, and other
information; or a book of words in one language with their
equivalents in another, also known as a lexicon

25. 12. USING THE
ENCYCLOPEDIAS AND OTHER
REFERENCE BOOKS
It is a type of reference work – a compendium holding a
summary of information from either all branches
of knowledge or a particular branch of
knowledge Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries,
which are usually accessed alphabetically by article name.

26. 13. BORROWING LIBRARY
BOOKS FOR RESEARCH AND
ENJOYMENT
Give the importance of reading in the library not only for
academic use but also for enjoyment because there are section
of a library where you can find books that are entertaining but
still educational books intended for the needs and wants of the
students. Aside from it, teach the pupils/students on how to
borrow books and other references from the library through the
use of library cards and with the aid of authors card, title card
and subject card in order to asked for the right book/s from the
librarian.

27. 14. STARTING YOUR PRIVATE
LIBRARY COLLECTION
Reading of books and other references will encourage children
to create and start a mini library of collection of books from
his/her past years in learning and also to other references that
he/she is reading. It will encourage them to read more as well
as his/her siblings and parents at home. “the family that reads
together stays together”

28. 15. EXPOSURE TO READING
FROM MASS MEDIAForms of mass media
•Boadcast
•Film
•Video games
•Audio recording and reproduction
•Internet
•Blogs
•Mobile
•Print media
books, magazines,
The mass media are
diversified media techno
logies that are intended
to reach a large
audience by mass
communication.

29. 16. READING FROM THE
INTERNET
Reading from the Internet is the most and easiest way not
only for the children but also to the adults to gather
information from a certain topic but always teach children
to examine if the article or information that they are
reading is based on facts or not. Try to teach also the do’s
and don’ts in using the Internet. Only view and surf
educational sites and not the sites that is not suitable for