Reading is the process of extracting meaning from written symbols. There are various reasons for reading, such as language learning or obtaining information from magazines, letters, etc. The aims of reading include being able to read unfamiliar texts silently with understanding. Problems in reading comprehension can arise from concepts, vocabulary, discourse markers, or issues linking ideas beyond the literal text. Faulty habits include subvocalizing or finger pointing. There are three levels of comprehension - literal, inferential, and evaluative. The three main approaches to teaching reading are bottom-up, top-down, and interactionist. Skimming and scanning are speed reading techniques - skimming obtains the overall idea while scanning searches for specific information quickly.

1. TOPIC:READING

2. .
Reading

3. What is reading?
 Reading is the process of looking at a series of
written symbols and getting meaning from them.
Or
 Reading is an act of communication in which
information is transferred from the transmitter to
receiver .

4. Reasons for reading
 Reading in different ways for different
purposes
a) For the purpose of language learning
common in all situation
b) Reading in real life like:
Magazine ,invitation cards, letters etc.

5. Aims of reading
To enable students to read without
help, unfamiliar texts, at
appropriate speed, silently and
with adequate understanding.

6. Problems in understanding text
Concepts
Vocabulary and sentence structure
Cohesive devices
Discourse markers ( Although, furthermore)
Problems beyond the plain sense ( linking
sense)

7. Faulty Reading Habits
Sub-vocalizing
Finger pointing
Regressions

8. Comprehension Levels
1) Literal level
(the one that can be answered directly from the
text. Usually the answer is given in a line.)
2) Inferential level
(the answer is not given in a line but has to be
inferred)
3) Evaluative level
(the answer is not there in the text at all, but is
based on the background knowledge. So it may
very)

9. Three Approaches to Teaching
Reading
1. Bottom-up Approach
2. Top-down Approach
3. Interactionist Approach

10. Bottom-up Approach
According to Gunning “In bottom-up approach, the
reader progresses from letter to sound to word”.
Students are taught the names of letters before they
are taught the sounds of these words or even more
difficult sounds of advanced words

11. Top-down Approach
 In top-down Approach , students do not learn
subskills, but rather they learn by experiencing
the whole word.
 According to Gunning, “In the top-down process,
the reader proceeds from [a] sampling of
language cues to prediction and to confirmation”.

12. Interactionist Approach
 Through the interactionist approach, students can
learn how to read through phonics and progress
through holistic /contextual reading and vice
versa.
 According to Gunning, “Interactionist hold the
theoritical position that reading involves
processing text and using one’s background
knowledge and language ability”.

13. Reading Techniques
 Skimming and scanning are two specific
speed-reading techniques, which enable
you to cover a vast amount of material very
rapidly. These techniques are similar in
process but different in purpose.

14. Skimming
Skimming refers to the process of reading only main
ideas within a passage to get an overall impression of
the content of a reading selection.
How to Skim:
 Read the title.
 Read the introduction or the first paragraph.
 Read the first sentence of every other paragraph.
 Read any headings and sub-headings.
 Notice any pictures, charts, or graphs.
 Notice any italicized or boldface words or phrases.
 Read the summary or last paragraph.

15. Scanning
Scanning is a reading technique to be used when you want to
find specific information quickly. In scanning you have a question
in your mind and you read a passage only to find the answer,
ignoring unrelated information.
How to Scan:
 State the specific information you are looking for.
 Try to anticipate how the answer will appear and what clues you
might use to help you locate the answer. For example, if you were
looking for a certain date, you would quickly read the paragraph
looking only for numbers.
 Use headings and any other aids that will help you identify which
sections might contain the information you are looking for.
 Selectively read and skip through sections of the passage.

16. Thank you
Question?