The benzoin addition is an addition reaction involving two aldehydes. The reaction generally occurs between aromatic aldehydes or glyoxals. The reaction produces an acyloin. In the classic application benzaldehyde is converted to benzoin
The benzoin addition is an addition reaction involving two aldehydes. The reaction generally occurs between aromatic aldehydes or glyoxals. The reaction produces an acyloin. In the classic application benzaldehyde is converted to benzoin
Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen or alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde.
Preparation and reaction of aldehyde and ketone, electromeric effect, aldol condensation, cannizarro reaction, perkin condensation, benzoin condensation, nucleophilic addition reaction and uses of aldehyde and ketone
in this slide the whole concept of dienes the topic of organic chemistry is described briefly especially from the course of B.sc.
this would be helpful for chemistry students
it includes method of preparation of dienes
addition of halogen , halogen acids. etc.
effect of temperature on reaction
This is Power Point Presentation on Topic "Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions" as per syllabus of "University of Mumbai" for S.Y. B. Pharmacy (Sem.: IV) students.
Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen or alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde.
Preparation and reaction of aldehyde and ketone, electromeric effect, aldol condensation, cannizarro reaction, perkin condensation, benzoin condensation, nucleophilic addition reaction and uses of aldehyde and ketone
in this slide the whole concept of dienes the topic of organic chemistry is described briefly especially from the course of B.sc.
this would be helpful for chemistry students
it includes method of preparation of dienes
addition of halogen , halogen acids. etc.
effect of temperature on reaction
This is Power Point Presentation on Topic "Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions" as per syllabus of "University of Mumbai" for S.Y. B. Pharmacy (Sem.: IV) students.
THIS PRESENTATION CONTAIN INTRODUCTION, STRUCTURE, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF FUSED HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUND CONTAINING ONE HETERO ATOM - QUINOLINE, ISOQUINOLINE AND INDOLE
IMPORTANT NAMED REACTIONS in Organic synthesis with Introduction, General Mechanism, and their synthetic application covering more than 20 named reactions in it.
This slide contain all the detail about primary and secondary standard like introduction, definition, types, examples, and used of primary and secondary standard.
if you have any query contact on my email vishalsolanki393@gmail.com
and also visit my you tube channel name - PHARMA RISING
This power point contain introduction, all synthesisStrecker synthesis
(Amido-malonate
Reductive amination of alpha keto acids) (Solid phase (Merrifield)
Solution phase) of amino and and peptides.
uv-visible spectroscopy also available video lecture on youtube channel name ...Pharma Rising, Bhopal
This slide contain introduction, electromagnetic radiation, lamberts beers law, principal, instrumentation, application of uv visible spectroscopy
also contain data interpretation and difference and factor which affect absorption
absorption shift and effects
this ppt include introduction synthesis, physical ,chemical properties, and uses of pyrrole furan and thiophene
also include introduction of 5 membered heterocyclic compound and fused heterocyclic compounds
THIS SLIDE CONTAIN ABOUT QUALITATIVE TEST, STRUCTURE AND USES OF DIFFERENT CARBONYL COMPOUNDS LIKE FORMALDEHYDE, PARALDEHYDE, ACETONE, CHLORAL HYDRATE, HEXAMINE, BENZALDEHYDE, VANILIN AND CINNAMALDEHYDE
THIS SLIDE HAVE GOOD CONTENT. THIS SLIDE CONTAIN INTRODUCTION, STRUCTURE, RESONANCE, AROMATICITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF QUINOLINE.
THIS PRESENTATION COVER INTRODUCTION, STRUCTURE, AROMATICITY, RESONANCE, BASICITY, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, SYNTHESIS, CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND MEDICAL USES OF PYRIDINE AND PYRIMIDINE
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
3. condensation reaction is the combination of two
molecules to form a single molecule, usually with the loss of
a small molecule such as water.
CONDENSATION
condensation of two amino acids to give a peptide bond.
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI
4. Aldol condensation occurs in aldehydes having α-
hydrogen with a dilute base to give β-hydroxy
aldehydes called aldols. This reaction is most commonly
known as aldol condensation. If the condensation reaction
occurs between two different carbonyl compounds it is
called crossed aldol condensation.
An aldol condensation is a condensation reaction in
organic chemistry in which an enol or an enolate ion reacts
with a carbonyl compound to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or
β-hydroxyketone, followed by dehydration to give a
conjugated enone.
ALDOL CONDENSATION
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI
11. The condensation reaction between two different molecules of
an aldehyde or ketone in a protic solvent such as water or alcohol
constitutes the crossed aldol reaction. When condensation is
between two different carbonyl compounds, it is called crossed aldol
condensation.
CROSSED ALDOL CONDENSATION
+
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI
12. The Cannizzaro reaction, named after its discoverer Stanislao Cannizzaro, is
a chemical reaction that involves the base-induced disproportionation of two
molecules of a non-enolizable aldehyde to give a primary alcohol and
a carboxylic acid.
CANNIZZARO REACTION
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI
13. Mechanism Step 1
A nucleophile such as a hydroxide ion is used to attack the carbonyl group of the given aldehyde,
causing a disproportionation reaction and giving rise to an anion carrying 2 negative charges.
MECHANISM OF CANNIZZARO REACTION
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI
14. Mechanism Step 2
This resulting intermediate can now function as a hydride reducing
agent. Due to its unstable nature, the intermediate releases a
hydride anion. This hydride anion proceeds to attack another
aldehyde molecule. Now, the doubly charged anion is converted into
a carboxylate anion and the aldehyde is converted into an alkoxide
anion.
CONTI…
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI
15. Mechanism Step 3
In this final step, water offers a proton to the alkoxide anion which
gives rise to the final alcohol product. The reaction can proceed
since the alkoxide is more basic than water. Now, the carboxylate
ion gives rise to the final carboxylic acid product when acid workup
is used (the acid workup is required since carboxylate is less basic
than water and therefore cannot obtain a proton from water).
CONTI…
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI
17. Aldehydes with alpha hydrogen atoms undergo deprotonation due to the
strongly alkaline conditions of the reaction, leading to enolates and/or aldol
reactions of these enolates were beta-hydroxy aldehydes or ketones are
obtained.
Therefore, it is not surprising that the reaction produces only 50% of the
required alcohol and carboxylic acid at ideal conditions.
This is why the crossed Cannizzaro reaction is more commonly used.
A sacrificial aldehyde is combined with a more valuable chemical and
formaldehyde is used as a reductant, oxidizing it to sodium formate.
The required alcohol is obtained from the reduction of the other aldehyde
chemical.
Since 2 different aldehydes can be completely converted into the required
product, the yield of the valuable chemical is increased.
CROSSED CANNIZZARO REACTION
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI
19. Benzoin condensation reaction can be defined as the reaction
between two kinds of aromatic aldehydes especially benzaldehyde,
in the presence of some catalyst (either nucleophile or heterocyclic)
to form an aromatic parent compound.
Condensation reactions are mainly used to create carbon to carbon
bonds, polymers, new monomers, production of polypeptides, etc.
The benzoin condensation reaction is nothing but the coupling
reaction that occurs between aldehydes for the formation of parent
benzoin. In this case, the benzaldehyde is involved in this
homocoupling process.
BENZOIN CONDENSATION
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI
21. Step 1: Formation of a Cyanohydrin
Step 2: Formation of a Nucleophiles from the Cyanohydrin
Step 3: Reaction of the New Nucleophile with the Second
Equivalent of Benzaldehyde
Step 4: Regeneration of the Catalyst
MECHANISM OF BENZOIN CONDENSATION
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI
24. The Perkin reaction is an organic reaction developed
by English chemist William Henry Perkin that is used to make cinnamic acids. It
gives an α,β-unsaturated aromatic acid by the aldol condensation of
an aromatic aldehyde and an acid anhydride, in the presence of an alkali salt of
the acid. The alkali salt acts as a base catalyst, and other bases can be used
instead.
One notable application for the Perkin reaction is in the laboratory synthesis of
the phytoestrogenic stilbene resveratrol.
PERKIN CONDENSATION
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI