THIS SLIDE CONTAIN ABOUT QUALITATIVE TEST, STRUCTURE AND USES OF DIFFERENT CARBONYL COMPOUNDS LIKE FORMALDEHYDE, PARALDEHYDE, ACETONE, CHLORAL HYDRATE, HEXAMINE, BENZALDEHYDE, VANILIN AND CINNAMALDEHYDE

1. QUALITATIVETEST,
STRUCTURE AND USES OF
CARBONYL COMPOUND
By-Vishal Singh Solanki
Corporate Institute of Pharmacy, Bhopal
VISIT MYYOUTUBE CHANNEL – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI OR PHARMARISING
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

2. CONTENT
1. QUALITATIVETESTS
2. STRUCTURE AND USES OF
I. FORMALDEHYDE
II. PARALDEHYDE
III. ACETONE
IV. CHLORAL HYDRATE
V. HEXAMINE
VI. BENZALDEHYDE
VII. VANILIN
VIII. CINNAMALDEHYDE
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

3. QUALITATIVETESTS FOR
KETONE AND ALDEHYDE
CHAPTOR - 1
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

4. 1. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNP)
Test (Test for both Aldehydes and Ketones)
• 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine can be used to qualitatively detect the
carbonyl group functionality of an aldehyde or ketone functional
group.
• A positive test is signaled by a yellow/red precipitate, known as a
dinitrophenyl hydrazone
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

5. PROCEDURE
• Add a solution of 1 or 2 drops or 30 mg of unknown in 2 mL of 95% ethanol
to 3 mL of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent.
• Shake vigorously, and, if no precipitate forms immediately, allow the
solution to stand for 15 minutes.
• Complications –
• Some ketones give oils which will not solidify.
• Some allylic alcohols are oxidized by the reagent to aldehydes and give a positive test.
• Some alcohols, if not purified, may contain aldehyde or ketone impurities.
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

6. 2. Chromic AcidTest (Tests for
Aldehydes)
• These reactions are usually referred to as nucleophilic additions.
• Aldehydes are oxidized by chromic acid, ketones are not.
• When an aldehyde is oxidized by orange brown chromic acid the chromic
acid is reduced to Cr3+ , which is green.
• Consequently, chromic acid can distinguish between aldehydes and ketones.
• It is also true those other functional groups; primary and secondary alcohols
for example, can be oxidized by chromic acid, causing the formation of a
green color.
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

7. PROCEDURE
Dissolve 10 mg or 2 drops of the unknown in 1 mL of pure acetone
in a test tube and add to the solution 1 small drop of Jones reagent
(chronic acid in sulfuric acid). A positive test is marked by the
formation of a green color within 5 seconds
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

8. 3. Tollen’s’ Test (Tests for Aldehydes)
• Aldehydes are also oxidized by Tollen’s’ reagent, a substance that
contains Ag+.
• The silver ion is, concomitantly, reduced to metallic silver.
• Silver ion is a weak oxidizing agent; aldehydes are very easily
oxidized and are essentially unique in being able to reduce silver
ion to silver metal.
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

9. 4. Iodoform Test for Methyl Ketones
• Methyl ketones, but not other ketones, are oxidized by iodine in aqueous sodium
hydroxide.
• The ketone is oxidized to a carboxylic acid; yellow iodoform also forms. It is the
yellow iodoform that is indication of a positive test.
• Acetaldehyde, but not other aldehydes, gives this test owing to its structural
similarity to methyl ketones.
• It is also true that ethanol (oxidized to acetaldehyde) and secondary alcohols that
can be oxidized to methyl ketones give this test.
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

10. PROCEDURE
• If the substance to be tested is water soluble, dissolve 4 drops of a liquid or
an estimated 50 mg of a solid in 2 mL of water in a large test tube.
• Add 2 mL of 3 M sodium hydroxide and then slowly add 3 mL of the iodine
solution. Stopper the test tube and shake vigorously.
• A positive test will result in the brown color of the reagent disappearing and
the yellow iodoform solid precipitating out of solution.
• If the substance to be tested is insoluble in water, dissolve it in 2 mL of 1,2-
dimethoxyethane, proceed as above, and at the end dilute with 10 mL of
water.
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

11. STRUCTURE AND USES OF
CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
CHAPTAR - 2
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

12. 1. FORMALDEHYDE
• Formaldehyde uses in
medicine:
• It kills many bacteria, fungi etc so
used as an antiseptic.
• Some parasites and warts are treated
by formaldehyde.
• It helps to produce some vaccines and
also sterilizes them.
• It can be used in the treatment of
infections like urinary tract infection.
Bacterial growth can be prevented.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT -
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

13. USES
• Formaldehyde uses in industry:
1. Used in car manufacture, explosives, plastic, resins,
chemicals and other artificial materials.
2. It is also used in sanitary products like paper towels,
napkins and tissues. Formalin is used as a
disinfectant in industries.
• Formaldehyde uses in building and construction:
1. Formaldehyde resins are used to manufacture
wooden products used widely in furniture, cabinetry,
mouldings, flooring, shelving, counter tops and other
household furnishings.
2. Wood panels are made from the wood which will be
either disposed or burned hence minimizing wood
wastage.
• Formaldehyde uses in food and others:
1. It is used as preservative in food, paints
and cosmetics.
2. Used as an antiseptic in medicine,
disinfectant in funeral home, used in
making RDX.
3. To improve the yield of fuels it is used
in petroleum and natural gas industries.
4. It is also used in the manufacture of
ink.
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

14. 2. PARALDEHYDE
• Uses of paraldehyde
• It also has been used in the treatment of
alcoholism and in the treatment of nervous
and mental conditions to calm or relax
patients who are nervous or tense and to
produce sleep.
• It is a central nervous system depressant
and was soon found to be an effective
convulsant, hypnotics and sedative.
• It was include in some cough medicine as
an expectorant.
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI
Appearance: Colourless liquid
Chemical formula: C6H12O3
Molecular Weight - 132.16 g/mol

15. 3. ACETONE
• Uses of acetone in industry – Medicine/
Pharmaceutical
• Acetone is an organic solvent which is most
commonly used in Pharmaceuticals.
• It is used in producing pills and liquid
medicines to have proper density.
• It is mandatory for the efficacy of the
medicine.
• It is also used as an antiseptic.
Chemical formula - C3H6O
Molar mass - 58.080 g·mol−1
Appearance - Colourless liquid
Odor - Pungent, irritating, floral, cucumber like
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

16. USES
• Uses of acetone in cosmetics:
• Acetone denatures certain alcohol and is used as an
additive in makeup and skin creams.
• One of the primary ingredients of nail paint remover is
acetone.
• By using a cotton swab or cloth nail paint can be easily
removed from nails and leaves it dry.
• Sometimes it can cause eye irritation or skin irritation.
• Uses of acetone in electronics:
• It is used in cleaning electronic devices.
• Many electronic gadgets and appliances cleaners use
acetone as a solvent.
• Therefore, is used in the cleaning of electronic gadgets
and devices.
• Uses of acetone in domestic purpose:
• It is used to remove oil stains from the walls.
• Also, stubborn ink stains can be removed using acetone.
• It is used as a paint thinner for oil paints and resins and
also can be used to clean brush and other equipment that
was used while painting.
• Uses of acetone in laboratory:
• The important solvent in the laboratory.
• It is used to rinse the glass apparatus and makes the
drying process faster.
• Its freezing point is -80 degree Celsius and is widely
used to conduct chemical reactions at low temperatures.
• The vapours of acetone can be used as tracers because it
appears fluorescent under UV light.
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

17. 4. CHLORAL HYDRATE
Chemical formula C2H3Cl3O2
Molar mass 165.39 g·mol
−1
Appearance Colorless solid
Odor Aromatic, slightly acrid
• Uses of chloral hydrate
This medication is used to calm
you just before surgery or other
procedures.
• It belongs to a class of drugs
known as hypnotics.
• It works by affecting certain parts
of the brain to cause calmness.
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

18. 5. HEXAMINE
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI
Chemical formula C6H12N4
Molar mass 140.186 g/mol
Appearance White crystalline solid
Odor Fishy, ammonia like

19. USES OF HEXAMINE
• Hexamine is used in the production of liquid or powdery preparations of phenolic resins.
• Used as binders in clutch and brake linings.
• Used in the form of spray and cream to treat concomitant odour and excessive sweating.
• Used in Grocott’s methenamine silver stain.
• Used as a solid fuel.
• Used as a food preservative.
• Used as a primary ingredient in making RDX.
• Used to prevent vulcanized rubber.
• Used as a corrosion inhibitor for steel.
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

20. 6. BENZALDEHYDE
• Uses of Benzaldehyde
• The most common use of
benzaldehyde is to confer almond
flavor to foods and scented products.
• In industry, benzaldehyde is used as a
precursor to other organic
compounds, ranging from
pharmaceuticals to plastic additives.
• It is used as a bee repellant.
• it is often used in the manufacture of cosmetic
personal care products.
Chemical formula C7H6O
Molar mass 106.124 g·mol
−1
Appearance colorless liquid
strongly refractive
Odor almond-like
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

21. 6.VANILIN
Chemical formula C8H8O3
Molar mass 152.149 g·mol
−1
Appearance White crystals
Odor Vanilla, sweet, balsamic,
pleasant
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

22. USES OFVANILINE
• The largest use of vanillin is as a flavoring, usually in sweet foods.
• Vanillin is also used in the fragrance industry, in perfumes, and to mask unpleasant
odors or tastes in medicines, livestock fodder, and cleaning products.
• It is also used in the flavor industry, as a very important key note for many different
flavors, especially creamy profiles such as cream soda.
• Additionally, vanillin can be used as a general-purpose stain for visualizing spots
on thin-layer chromatography plates.
• Vanillin has been used as a chemical intermediate in the production of
pharmaceuticals, cosmetic and other fine chemicals.
• In 1970, more than half the world's vanillin production was used in the synthesis of
other chemicals. As of 2016, vanillin uses have expanded to include perfumes,
flavoring and aromatic masking in medicines, various consumer and cleaning
products, and other lifestock food.
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

23. 7. CINNAMALDEHYDE
Chemical formula C9H8O
Molar mass 132.16 g/mol
Appearance Yellow oil
Odor Pungent, cinnamon-like
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

24. USES OF CINNAMALDEHYDE
• Cinnamaldehyde is used as flavoring agent in chewing
gum, ice cream, candy, eliquid and beverages.
• Cinnamaldehyde has been tested as a safe and effective
insecticide against mosquito larvae.
• Cinnamaldehyde is a corrosion inhibitor for steel and
other alloys.
• It is believed to form a protective film on the metal surface
• It has antibacterial and antifungal properties.
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

25. TRANKYOU
FOR
WATCHING
BY –VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI