Rare earth metal
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1) Neodymium (Nd) is a rare earth metal that is moderately toxic and can pollute the environment, especially through air pollution. 2) It is an important element in many industries such as magnets used in electronics and medical equipment, but has disadvantages to human health with long term exposure potentially damaging the liver and lungs. 3) While recycling can recover neodymium through processes like mining and extraction, precautions must be taken to protect workers from its toxic effects.
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Rungekutta method
Rare-earth-doped fibers are optical glass fibers doped with rare earth ions that are commonly used in fiber lasers and amplifiers. They absorb pump light which excites the rare earth ions, allowing for light amplification via stimulated emission. The most important rare-earth-doped fibers are erbium-doped fibers for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers and ytterbium-doped fibers for high-power fiber lasers and amplifiers. Rare-earth-doped fibers are characterized by their doping concentration, absorption and emission cross-sections, and upper-state lifetime.
Srp paper
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Visible light solar photocatalytic degradation of pulp and paper wastewater u...
Abstract
With the growing number of industries there are large volumes of wastewater generated every day. Pulp and paper mills are highly polluting as they release effluents containing organic pollutants, and high levels of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Even though well-established processes exist to treat these effluents, there are only a few processes which are energy efficient. Conventional treatment methods are not effective for the degradation of toxic organic pollutants, hence other treatment techniques are necessary. One of the recent developments in this field is the Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP). Solar photocatalysis is a type of AOP which utilises UV light to activate semiconductor photocatalyst in order to produce highly reactive radical species. TiO2 is a widely used catalyst for this purpose, to oxidise or reduce the organic pollutants in industrial wastewater. However, photocatalysis using visible light has been receiving increased attention hence, modification of TiO2 is necessary for its enhanced response to visible light. There are many methods for modifying TiO2, such as doping and photo-sensitisation. This study focusses on the modification of TiO2 using the method of dye-sensitisation (photo-sensitisation) with the dyes rhodamine B and methylene blue. Solar photocatalytic experiments were carried out for the degradation of pulp and paper wastewater, at different conditions like varying catalyst loading (500mg, 600mg, 750mg and 1000mg of catalyst for 300ml of aqueous wastewater) and effluent concentration (20ml, 25ml, 30ml and 35ml of wastewater). Preliminary tests were done to determine the best conditions for photocatalytic degradation, and these were applied for final tests. Keywords - Solar Photocatalysis, Visible Light, Dye Sensitisation, Pulp and paper, Methylene blue, Rhodamine B, TiO2 catalyst.
Impact Of Heavy Metals In Vegetable Crops
Vegetables are grown all over the world for human needs and proper supply nutritional supplement. Recently due to various anthropogenic activities such as mining, industrialization and agricultural activities like application of pesticides, fungicides and fertilizers, heavy metals are released in to the atmosphere, soil and water. These released heavy metals enter into the plant system through various physiological processes and it affects the plant growth and development. The concentration of heavy metals in the environment varies due to various activities and it becomes toxic when it reaches above the permissible limits. Accumulation of heavy metals occurs only when the vegetable crops are exposed to heavy metal contaminated environment, thus it enters into the food chain. When these heavy metals contaminated vegetables are consumed by human beings it causes various severe health ailments. In order to reduce the heavy metal toxicity, proper remediation steps have to be carried out in soil and irrigation water. Before consumption of any vegetables washing has to be done to reduce the adhered heavy metal particulates and through these simple steps we can remove the heavy metal adhered on the vegetable surface.
Overview of hazardous waste management
This document provides an overview of hazardous waste management. It defines hazardous waste as any waste that poses a danger to health or the environment due to its physical, chemical, or other hazardous properties. It discusses various sources of hazardous waste and classifications. Treatment methods include physical, chemical, and biological processes like neutralization, oxidation, reduction, and incineration. The goals of hazardous waste management are to minimize waste and use treatment to destroy or stabilize the waste before disposal. India generates over 60 million metric tons of hazardous waste annually, with recycling accounting for around half. Proper rules, transportation, and disposal facilities are needed to safely manage hazardous waste.
Hazardous waste managment
The document discusses hazardous waste management. It outlines five main types of hazardous waste: reactive, ignitable, medical, radioactive, and corrosive waste. It describes the characteristics of hazardous waste as ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity. The document then covers management strategies for different waste types, including segregating medical waste in color-coded bags, deep geological disposal of radioactive waste, and incineration of reactive, ignitable, and corrosive waste.
Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Fishes of Freshwater (1)
This document summarizes research on the accumulation of heavy metals in fish from freshwater lakes in India. It finds that various heavy metals like lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, and chromium accumulate in the liver, kidneys, gills, and muscle tissue of fish. Concentrations of some heavy metals like cadmium and lead exceeded international safety limits. High levels of heavy metals were also found to accumulate in fish from different lakes across seasons and years. The research concludes many freshwater lakes in India are polluted with heavy metals resulting from industrial and urban waste, posing risks to fish and humans that consume them.
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PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF RB21 DYE BY TIO2 AND ZNO UNDER NATURAL SUNLIGHT...
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Heavy metal pollution in soil and its mitigation aspect by Dr. Tarik Mitran
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Heavy metal oxide glasses doped with rare earth ions were investigated for their optoelectronic properties. TeO2–PbO–WO3 glasses were doped with Er3+ and Tm3+ ions and prepared using a conventional melting and quenching method. The glasses exhibited infrared luminescence from the Er3+ and Tm3+ ions at room and liquid helium temperatures due to energy transfer processes between the glass host and rare earth ions. The glasses also showed potential for excitation by Nd-YAG lasers and could enable optoelectronic device applications due to their properties.
Rungekutta method
Rare-earth-doped fibers are optical glass fibers doped with rare earth ions that are commonly used in fiber lasers and amplifiers. They absorb pump light which excites the rare earth ions, allowing for light amplification via stimulated emission. The most important rare-earth-doped fibers are erbium-doped fibers for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers and ytterbium-doped fibers for high-power fiber lasers and amplifiers. Rare-earth-doped fibers are characterized by their doping concentration, absorption and emission cross-sections, and upper-state lifetime.
Srp paper
The research investigated rare-earth doped luminescent glass for improving solar cell efficiency. Erbium and
ytterbium doped glasses were fabricated and their optical absorption and upconversion luminescence measured. Codoped glasses exhibited stronger upconversion luminescence than single doped glasses. A 0.4% erbium, 2%
ytterbium glass cut at 30 degrees showed the highest emitted light intensity, indicating potential for improving solar
cells. Glass-ceramics were also produced but did not enhance upconversion luminescence over the base glasses.
EYDFL_Presentation
This document summarizes research on a double-clad erbium-ytterbium co-doped fiber laser conducted at the University of Oregon. The research aimed to optimize the laser for single longitudinal mode operation and narrow linewidth through the use of a multi-ring cavity design. Experimental results demonstrated a fiber laser output of 302 mW at 1550 nm with a measured linewidth of 88.2 kHz, indicating successful single longitudinal mode operation was achieved. The document also discusses potential applications of fiber lasers and explores mode-locking the laser to generate optical pulses.
Rare earth doped fibers
This document summarizes rare earth doped fibers. It discusses that rare earth doped fibers have ions like neodymium, erbium, or holmium incorporated into the glass core, which yields high absorption and low loss. It then discusses common rare earth ions used, including their host glasses and emission wavelengths. Finally, it discusses different waveguide designs for rare earth doped fibers, including core-confined, double-clad, and evanescent field designs. It aims to review rare earth doped fibers, their types, waveguide designs, and characterization.
Erbium Doped Fiber Lasers
The document discusses erbium-doped fiber lasers (EDFLs). EDFLs emit light at 1.55μm, which lies in the eye-safe region of the spectrum and is preferred for long-distance fiber optic communications. They consist of an optical fiber doped with erbium ions as the gain medium, pump lasers to excite the erbium ions, and dielectric mirrors or fiber Bragg gratings to form the optical resonator. EDFLs have revolutionized fiber optic communications and next generation versions may be integrated onto single chips.
Extraction and Applications of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys (Uranium, Lithium...
Metals & Alloys is a primary source of the lanthanide rare earth metals (including yttrium and scandium) and of rare earth metal alloys. The oxides produced from processing rare earths are collectively referred to as rare earth oxides. Although rare earths are relatively common in the earth’s crust, they often do not occur in high enough concentrations, or occur along with high levels of radioactive elements to make their extraction economic.
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Applications of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Beryllium, Best small and cottage scale industries, Boron, Business guidance for Rare earth metals and alloys processing, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Cadmium, Chromium, Extraction and Applications of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Extraction of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, How to Start a Rare earth metals and alloys Business, How to Start a Rare earth metals and alloys extraction?, How to start a successful Rare earth metals and alloys extraction, How to start rare earth alloys Processing Industry in India, How to start rare earth metals Processing Industry in India, Industrial Uses of Rare Earths metals and alloys, Lithium, Magnesium Alloys with Rare-Earth Metal, Magnetic Properties of Rare‐Earth Metals and Alloys, Manganese, Molybdenum, Most Profitable Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Rare earth metals and alloys processing industry, Platinum Metals, Preparation of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Rare earth metals and alloys extraction, Project for startups, Properties of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Rare Earth Alloys, Rare Earth Elements - Metals, Minerals, Mining, Uses, Rare earth elements (REE): industrial technology, Rare Earth Elements Applications, Rare earth elements properties, Rare earth elements separation process, Rare Earth elements, Rare earth extraction process, Rare Earth Industry, Rare earth metals and alloy extraction process, Rare earth metals and alloys Based Profitable Projects, Rare earth metals and alloys Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Rare earth metals and alloys extraction Business, Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Industry in India, Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Projects, Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Rare earth metals India, Rare Earth Metals Production and Alloys with Properties, Rare earth metals uses, Rare Earth Metals, Rare Earth Resources, Rare minerals list, Selenium, Setting up and opening your Rare earth metals and alloys Business, Silicon, Small Scale Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Projects, Small scale Rare earth metals and alloys production line, Small Start-up Business Project, Starting a Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Business, Start-up Business Plan for Rare earth metals and alloys processing
Comparison among fiber amplifiers
The document provides an overview and comparison of three types of optical amplifiers: Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA), Raman amplifier, and semiconductor amplifier. It describes the basic working principles of EDFAs and Raman amplifiers. EDFAs use erbium-doped fiber and pump lasers to amplify signals via stimulated emission. Raman amplifiers use the stimulated Raman scattering effect to transfer energy from a pump laser at a higher wavelength to optical signals at a lower wavelength. While EDFAs and Raman amplifiers have been most practical to date, new materials and pumping methods are improving Raman amplifier performance.
physics b.tech. 1st sem fibre optics,u 4
The document discusses optical fibers, which transmit light through the principle of total internal reflection. It describes the core, cladding, buffer, and jacket layers of optical fibers and compares single mode, multimode step index, and multimode graded index fibers. Key advantages of optical fibers include potential low cost using sand-based glass, enormous bandwidth, and high signal security. Fiber specifications like attenuation, dispersion, bandwidth, and numerical aperture are also outlined.
Fibre optics
Fibre optic technology uses glass or plastic threads to transmit light and transmit data over long distances. It has many applications including communication systems, where it is used by telecom companies to transmit internet, phone and TV signals. It also has applications in medicine for devices like endoscopes, in sensors to measure things like strain and temperature, and in the military and electronics industries. Fibre optic communication works by converting electrical signals to light signals using transmitters, sending the light through the fibre using total internal reflection, and receiving the light and converting it back to electrical signals.
Optical Fiber Sources And Detectors
The document discusses fiber optics and presents information on various topics related to fiber optic communication including:
- A brief history of the development of fiber optics from 1968 to 1982.
- The basic components and structure of an optical fiber including the core and cladding.
- The advantages and disadvantages of using optical fibers for communication.
- Different types of optical fibers used based on their core and cladding materials.
- Sources of loss in optical fiber cables such as absorption, scattering, and bending.
- Common light sources used in fiber optics like LEDs and lasers.
- Detectors used to receive light signals including PIN diodes and APDs.
- Optical amplifiers and their role in
application of fibre optics in communication
Fibre optic communication has revolutionised telecommunications by enabling much longer distance links with lower loss and higher data rates. Fibre optic systems use total internal reflection to transmit light through the fibre and are used widely in telecom backbones, broadband networks, and data transmission. Single mode fibre has a small core and transmits single signals for long distances, while multi-mode fibre has a larger core and transmits multiple signals for shorter links like local networks. Fibre optics enable high-speed internet, cable TV, and reliable data transmission.
Laser & Its Application
The document summarizes the history and science behind lasers. It discusses how the laser was first conceived in the 1950s and built in 1960. It then explains the basic components of a laser including an energy input source and a gain medium that produces stimulated emission when pumped with energy. Examples of common laser types and materials are provided. Applications of lasers in spectroscopy, surgery, and distance measurements to the moon are also mentioned.
optical fibre ppt for download visit http://nowcracktheworld.blogspot.in/
Optical fibre
Basic physics of OFC
Merits & Demerits of OFC
Nomenclature of OFC
Absorption & attenuation
Jointing & termination of OFC
Optical sources & Detectors
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Extraction and Applications of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys (Uranium, Lithium...
Extraction and Applications of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys (Uranium, Lithium...
optical fibre ppt for download visit http://nowcracktheworld.blogspot.in/
optical fibre ppt for download visit http://nowcracktheworld.blogspot.in/
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C:\Fakepath\Pages From [Toxicology Occupational]
This document discusses the toxicity of metals. It begins by explaining that metals do not break down in the body and their absorption depends on physical factors like solubility. About 30 metals commonly cause toxicity in humans. Metal toxicity is influenced by properties like ionic radius, electropositivity, and oxidation states. Occupational exposures occur in mining, smelting, and other industrial processes. In general, soluble metal salts are more toxic as they are more readily absorbed. Tissues affinity also influences toxicity, with some metals accumulating in bone or kidneys.
Isolation and Characterization of Nickel Tolerant Bacterial Strains from Elec...
Isolation and Characterization of Nickel Tolerant Bacterial Strains from Elec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document discusses the isolation and characterization of nickel tolerant bacterial strains from electroplating effluent sediments. Sixteen bacterial strains were isolated from electroplating effluent contaminated soil and screened for nickel resistance. Six strains (Pseudomonas spp 1, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp 2, Staphylococcus spp 1, Salmonella spp 2, and Shigella spp 2) showed better growth in nickel medium. Pseudomonas spp 1 was found to be the most nickel tolerant, exhibiting best growth at 300ppm nickel, pH 7, and 37°C temperature. The document aims to identify bacterial strains that can potentially be used to bioremediate nickel contaminationRemoval of lead and oil hydrocarbon from oil refining contaminated wastewater...
This document summarizes a study that investigated the potential of three Pseudomonas bacterial species (P. florescence, P. paucimobilis, and Pseudomonas sp.) to remove lead and crude oil from wastewater from an oil refinery in Alexandria, Egypt. The study found high removal efficiencies for lead (over 90%) and oil (56.8-68.8%) when treating wastewater in batches with different bacteria to wastewater ratios. P. florescence was the most effective at removing contaminants. The optimal ratio was 1:2 bacteria to wastewater. The study recommends using Pseudomonas bacteria, especially P. florescence, for bioremediation
Heavymetals & living system ppt
This document discusses heavy metals, their properties, effects on living organisms and the environment, and methods for measuring and treating heavy metal toxicity. Heavy metals are naturally occurring but human activities have increased their levels. They can accumulate in organisms and cause damage even at low concentrations. The document outlines the health effects of several heavy metals like mercury, cadmium, and lead. It also discusses heavy metal contamination of plants, soil, water and indoor environments. Methods for detecting and removing heavy metals include atomic absorption spectrophotometry, chelation therapy and use of absorbents.
Effect of Gas Flaring on Corrosion of Metals
Effect of Gas Flaring on Corrosion of MetalsInternational Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology
The effect of gas flaring on the rate of corrosion of metals within Egi kingdom was investigated
in this work. Surface water which has been exposed to gas flares, was taken from Ogbogu flow station in the Egi
kingdom of Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area of Rivers State Nigeria, and was used for this
experiment. The procedure involved soaking one set of the coupons of mild steel and copper in the water taken
from the gas flow station and another set in distilled water and kept for 14 days; after which the metals were
removed and weighed for weight loss as a result of the corrosive effect of both water. This process was repeated
for 56 days and various data obtained was analyzed using empirical correlation. Matlab was used for
computation and simulation. At day 42, corrosion rate for the flare zone water and distilled water were for mild
steel 3.332cm/days and 2.666cm/days and copper 2.562cm/days and 2.277cm/days respectively. The result
obtained showed a higher rate of corrosion for water taken from within the flare zone of Ogbogu Flow station
than distilled water.ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEOCHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO HEA...
This document analyzes the hydrogeochemical and mineralogical characteristics related to heavy metal attenuation in a stream polluted by acid mine drainage from an underground metal mine. Water and sediment samples were collected from affected and unaffected areas. Chemical analysis showed affected water had low pH, high sulfate concentrations, and high heavy metal levels. Heavy metal concentrations decreased downstream as pH increased. Mineralogical analysis identified iron oxide minerals like schwertmannite and goethite precipitating from acid mine drainage. Sequential extraction showed heavy metals were primarily bound to iron oxide phases farther from the mine, but closer to the mine they were more exchangeable and bound to organic matter. The study concludes acid mine drainage chemistry is controlled by iron mineral transformations and precip
Common Heavy Metal Contaminations and Its Hazard
This piece of education slide provide you a general information about 4 Common Heavy Metal Contamination and its Hazard in ground water. It consist of many information that may has advantage to the researcher especially someone who researching on removable of chemical contamination from ground water.
G037040045
This document provides a review of nanodiamonds, discussing their properties and applications. It begins with an introduction to nanodiamonds and their origins. Their structure is then described as consisting of sp3 and sp2 carbon bonds. Methods of synthesizing nanodiamonds are outlined, particularly detonation synthesis. Key properties of nanodiamonds are discussed, including hardness, chemical inertness, and biocompatibility. A variety of applications are reviewed, such as use in polishing, coatings, dental materials, drug delivery, and magnetic resonance imaging contrast. The document concludes that nanodiamonds have potential across many fields due to their unique properties and functionalization capabilities.
K0363060080
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Advances in Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Research | Vol.4, Iss.1 J...
Advances in Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Research | Vol.4, Iss.1 J...Bilingual Publishing Group
● Investigation of Environmental and Biological Effects of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) with a Special Focus on Industrial and Mining Pollutions in Iran: A Review
● Review of the Ochsenius Theory for Salt Generation in the Transylvanian Basin, Romania
● Climate Change Impacts on Water Resource and Air Pollution in Kabul Sub-basins, Afghanistan
● Geochemical Characterization of Mineralized Pegmatites around Wowyen Areas, Akwanga, Northcentral Nigeria
● Editorial for Advances in Geological and Geotechnical Engineering ResearchThe Synthesis Of Nmofs And Other Ligand And Metal...
The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of ferrous metals, which mostly consist of iron with small amounts of other metals added. Ferrous metals are strong but tend to corrode easily. They are magnetic, recyclable, and can be formed through casting. While strong, ferrous metals require more energy to shape and machine than other materials. Examples of ferrous metals and their common uses are provided.
IRJET- Physical, Chemical, Analysis of Ground Water Around the Eletroplating ...
This document discusses the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater using low-cost agricultural waste materials as adsorbents. It begins by introducing the problem of heavy metal pollution from industries like electroplating. It then provides background on adsorption as a method for wastewater treatment and removal of toxins like lead, chromium, and nickel. The document examines the use of inexpensive adsorbents derived from agricultural waste including maize cob, coffee husk, and cashewnut husk to purify industrial effluent in a cost-effective way. In summary, the document explores a natural approach for remediating heavy metal contamination through adsorption onto low-cost adsorbents from agricultural by
Ij3115691576
This document discusses the production and characterization of nano-ZnO doped aluminium composites. Nano ZnO powder was synthesized using solution combustion synthesis and characterized using XRD and SEM/EDX. ZnO/Al powder blends with varying ZnO content were fabricated into blocks using powder metallurgy. The microhardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of the blocks were then evaluated. Results showed that microhardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance increased with up to 1 wt% ZnO addition. The optimal microhardness and microstructure occurred at 1 wt% ZnO, while the sample with 5 wt% ZnO exhibited best wear resistance.
Pgm1
This document provides an overview of platinum group metals, gold, base metals, and analytical techniques used for their analysis. It discusses the unique properties and applications of platinum group metals like palladium, platinum, and rhodium. It also describes common analytical methods for precious metals like inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and fire assay. The document outlines the chemistry and important uses of gold as well as the definition and examples of base metals that are commonly associated with precious metals in ore deposits.
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Everything is simple to avoid
tense. I try my best during short periods of time. Please consider any issues.
Gold mines and impact of heavy metals on the environment
This research report examines heavy metal contamination from a gold mining plant in Oman. Samples were collected from soils, stream waters, and crop plants near the mining site. The samples were analyzed for 13 heavy metals. Water from an acid evaporation pond showed high iron concentrations and trace amounts of other metals. Surface water samples exceeded WHO standards for several metals. Soil and plant samples near the gold pit contained elevated levels of manganese, aluminum, nickel, iron, and zinc. The mining and ore processing activities, which use cyanide leaching to extract gold, introduce heavy metals into the environment that can accumulate in the food chain and pose health risks to humans and other organisms.
Gold mines and impact of heavy metals on the environment
This document discusses a study on the impact of heavy metals from gold mining on the environment in Oman. Samples were collected from plants, soil, and streams near a gold mining plant and analyzed for 13 heavy metals. The study found high concentrations of metals like iron, zinc, aluminum, copper, manganese, nickel and others in water, plants and soil near the mining site. The mining activities were releasing these toxic heavy metals into the surrounding environment through waste rock, tailings and wastewater, posing risks to local ecosystems and human health through contamination of food and water sources.
Introduction to Nanotechnology.pdf
The document discusses various materials including metals, ceramics, polymers, composites and nanomaterials. It covers topics such as the properties and structures of different materials, advanced materials, materials for energy applications, and techniques for materials synthesis and characterization. Various material types are discussed along with their common applications and importance in technological areas.
Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial study of mixed isoniazid
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Basic principle of dye sensitized solar cell
The document describes the components and functioning of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). It lists the typical layers of a DSSC as glass, transparent conducting oxide, TiO2 nanoparticles coated with ruthenium-based dyes, electrolyte, and a counter electrode. The TiO2 provides a large surface area for dye molecules to absorb sunlight. Examples of conducting transparent electrodes are sol-gel processed ZnO and SnO2:F. DSSCs have advantages over silicon solar cells such as lower cost, greater stability, and the ability to achieve efficiencies up to 33% theoretically, although current efficiencies are around 11%.
Uses of biosensors
Biosensors are detectors based on selective molecular components of plants or animals that evolved from molecular biology and information technology. They offer applications in medical, environmental, and military/law enforcement fields. Specifically, in the 1950s Leland Clark invented an electrode to measure dissolved oxygen in blood during surgery, laying the groundwork for glucose sensors and the evolution of medical biosensors. Biosensors combine a biological compound with a transducer to detect characteristics like sensitivity, cost, reliability and more. Examples of present applications include medical care, food quality testing, environmental pollutant detection, and industrial process control.
Application of biosensor in wastewater treatment
Biosensors can be used in wastewater treatment to measure the biological response of activated sludge to disturbances. Biosensors convert biological responses into electrical signals and can detect organic carbon, nitrogen, and mixtures. They have two main applications - online sensors to obtain information about wastewater treatment plant operations, and more advanced dynamic models. Biosensors have advantages like small volume, ease of construction, and ability to be used at low oxygen levels. Understanding biological interactions in wastewater treatment is important to optimize plant operations and effluent quality with minimum costs.
Material and electrolyte
This document discusses different types of electrolyte materials that can be used for pseudocapacitors, including silver-doped manganese oxide, ruthenium oxides, solid electrolytes, liquid electrolytes, and ionic liquid electrolytes. It provides details on the properties and advantages of each material, such as manganese oxide having high capacitance but poor conductivity, which can be improved by doping with silver. It also discusses characteristics of solid electrolytes like high ionic conductivity and prevention of dendrite growth.
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𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
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What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
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Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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- 1. UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY BSK 3163 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY PROCESS ASSIGNMENT 1 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON RECYCLING OF RARE EARTH ELEMENT (NEODYMIUM ELEMENT) NAME : NURUL NAJWA BTE MUSTAFA STUDENT ID : SA10100 LECTURER NAME : PROF DR MOHD RIDZUAN BIN NORDIN DATE OF SUBMISSION : 29 OCTOBER 2012
- 2. Rare Earth Metal (Neodymium, Nd) Rare earth metal is the chemical element that is categorize in lanthanide and actinoids series in periodic table. This rare earth metals consists 17 elements (57-71 in periodic table) where two elements from this rare earth is come from group 3 (transition metal elements) that are Scandium (Sc) and Yttrium (Y). These two elements are considered to be rare earth metal due to their similar chemical properties and occur in the same deposits as lanthanides. The major elements used in industries are Cerium (Ce), followed by Lanthanum (La) and Neodymium (Nd). Others are Praseodymium (Pr), Yttrium (Y), Samarium (Sm), Europium (Eu), Gadolinium (Gd), and Erbium (Er). Neodymium (Nd) is a silvery metal which pollute the environment usually air pollution. It has atomic number of 60. Basically, Neodymium is not found in pure form or unmixed with other lanthanides elements mainly monazite and bastnaesite. It was second most abundant elements that are found as rare earth in the world but the bulk production at China. Not only that, Neodymium is a very reactive rare earth metal and considered as moderately toxic. That is why Neodymium is quickly tarnished with air and the coated form does not protect the metal from being oxidize, so it must be stored carefully and make sure no air interrupt. Usually, it stored in mineral oils. Besides, it reacts slowly with cold water but rapidly react with heat. Below shows the chemical reaction of the Neodymium elements: 4 Nd + 3 O2 2 Nd2O3 That is a general reaction if Neodymium reacts with air. The reaction tells that the element is quite electropositive. Neodymium also rapidly reacts with hot water. The reaction below is between Neodymium and hot water to become a Neodymium Hydroxide. 2 Nd (s) + 6 H2O (l) 2 Nd (OH)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g) Inspite, Neodymium plays important roles in many industries especially in magnet industries. The magnets are used in television, cell phones, computer, medical equipment, toys, wind turbines and many more. The reaction of Neodymium with other rare metals such as Yttrium and Aluminium called Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminium garnet, Nd.YAG. This element used as a crystal in laser normally to treat skin cancer in medical application. Recycling of this element can be done by many processes such as mining, beneficiation (grinding, floatation, thickening, separation and drying), extraction (hydrometallurgy, electrometallurgy and pyrometallury) and reduction (for high purity alloy).
- 3. Even Neodymium play important roles in many industries, it has several disadvantages in environmental effects. Due to its properties which are moderately toxic, their salt and dust can irritate the eyes although our body contains a little amount of this element. Not only that, their gases and damps can affect human lung especially long term exposure. It also can damage human liver when it accumulates to human body. Furthermore, this environment is mostly dangerous for those who are working in Neodymium mining industry. As a conclusion, Neodymium might be an important element without environmental issue if precaution for the worker is increased.
- 4. References : 1) http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1595 2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/neoduymium 3) Schuler, D. (2011). Study of Rare Earth Elements. Institute for applied ecology, Europe. 4) Sullivan, R. (2011). Rare Earth Metal. Retrieved from http://resourceinvestingnews.com/ 20506-us-military-depending-on-china-for-rare-earths.html