This document discusses different types of electrolyte materials that can be used for pseudocapacitors, including silver-doped manganese oxide, ruthenium oxides, solid electrolytes, liquid electrolytes, and ionic liquid electrolytes. It provides details on the properties and advantages of each material, such as manganese oxide having high capacitance but poor conductivity, which can be improved by doping with silver. It also discusses characteristics of solid electrolytes like high ionic conductivity and prevention of dendrite growth.

1. Material and electrolyte
for pseudocapacitor
Faridah Hanum Bt Hj Anuar
SA10069
Rabiatul Adawiyah Bt Muslim
SA10079
Nurul Ain Bt Ahmad Zamri
SA10097
Izzati Bt Ahmad Fuad
SA10045

2. SILVER-DOPED MANGANESE
OXIDE PSEUDOCAPACITOR
ELECTRODES

3. SPECIALITY OF MnO2
More practical
Inexpensive Pseudocapacitive
Material
Exhibits theoretical specific
capacitance of approximately
1,100 Fg through stochiometric
reduction of MnO2 to MnOOH in a

4. BUT!!
The capacitance for thick MnO2
film is ultimately limited by
the poor electrical conductivity
of MnO2
The stability of EC in the thin
MnO2 film configuration is
restricted because of low mass

5. How To Overcome The
Problems?
 To overcome the electrical resistance
of MnO2, Silver (Ag) was incorparate
into MnO2 thin films.
 Why?
 Ag mass loading was accomplished
using cathodic eletrodeposition which
lead to higher specific capacitance

6. EXPERIMENTAL
1. CHEMICALS AND MATERIALS
2. ELECTRODEPOSITION
3. STRUCTURAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL
CHARACTERIZATION
4. ELECTROCHEMICAL EVALUATION

7. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF Ag-Doped
MnO2

8. ELECTROCHEMICAL EVALUATION
1. CYCLIC VOLTAMETRY

9. 2.ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPENDANCE
SPECTROSCOPY

10. MATERIAL 2
Ruthenium Oxides
Materials

11. Ruthenium Oxides
Materials
About :
 High theoretical specific
capacitance : 1358 F g-1
 High electrical conductivity : 3Å~102
Ω-1 cm-1

12. Ruthenium Oxides Materials
 Amorphous hydrous RuO2
prepared by sol-gel methods
with
 Specific capacitance of 720 F g-1
 High capacitance is attributed
to hydrous surface layers that
enable facile transport of
electrons and protons
 The capacitance decreased
rapidly at higher rates due to
proton depletion and over-

13. Ruthenium Oxides Materials
 A two-dimensionally controlled
RuO2 nano-sheet was invented for
better electronproton
transport
How to improve the rate
performance?
 Small particles of hydrous RuO2
can combine with carbon
materials, such as with activated

14. Ruthenium Oxides Materials
Figure 1 : Proposed pseudocapacitor materials in the
literature.

15. Ruthenium Oxides Materials
Conclusion
ECs based on RuO2 and other oxides including MnO2 and NiO are
better configured in aqueous media and some of them are being
investigated for miniaturized devices because of their cost
effectiveness.

16. SOLID ELECTROLYTE
 Composed of RbAg4I5
 increase energy storage without causing dendrite growth
 serves as an ionic conductor for the ionic part of the current
within
solid - state cell
 Conductivity Range = 10-3 S/cm <σ< 10 S/cm
 Ions carry the current
 Conductivity decreases exponentially as temperature
decreases

17. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS : SOLID
ELECTROLYTES
1. A large number of the ions of one species should be mobile. This
requires a large number of empty sites, either vacancies or accessible
interstitial sites. Empty sites are needed for ions to move through the
lattice.
2. The empty and occupied sites should have similar potential energies with
a low activation energy barrier for jumping between neighboring sites.
High activation energy decreases carrier mobility, very stable sites (deep
potential energy wells) lead to carrier localization.
3. The structure should have solid framework, preferable 3D, permeated by
open channels. The migrating ion lattice should be “molten”, so that a
solid framework of the other ions is needed in order to prevent the entire
material from melting.
4. The framework ions (usually anions) should be highly polarizable. Such
ions can deform to stabilize transition state geometries of the migrating
ion through covalent interactions.

19. OTHER SOLID ELECTROLYTE
MATERIALS
 NAFION ®
 Tetra methylammonium penta hydrate (also known
as hydrated TMAH5 )
 Li+ Ion Conductors
 LiCoO2, LiNiO2
 LiMnO2
 Lithium aluminium oxide (Li5AlO4)
 F- Ion Conductors
 PbF2 & AF2 (A = Ba, Sr, Ca)

20. SOLID ELECTROLYTE ADVANTAGES
- Freedom from fluid
leakage
- Low ionic conductivities
- Feasibility of small
layer thickness
- Can be deeply
discharged many times

21. LIQUID ELECTROLYTE
BATTERY

22. INTRODUCTION
 A battery containing a liquid
solution of acid and water.
 Other names are flooded
cell and wet cell battery
 2 different types:
i. primary battery-non
rechargeable
ii.secondary battery-
rechargeable

23. Example: Lead acid battery

24. An electrical storage device that
uses a reversible chemical
reaction to store energy.
 It uses a combination of lead
plates or grids and an
electrolyte consisting of a
diluted sulphuric acid to convert
electrical energy into potential
chemical energy and back again.
The electrolyte of lead-acid
batteries is hazardous to our

25. DISCHARGE
 The discharge process is driven by the
conduction of electrons from the
negative plate back into the cell at
the positive plate in the external
circuit.
 Negative plate reaction:
Pb(s) + HSO−4(aq) → PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) +
2-e
 Positive plate reaction:
PbO2(s) + HSO−4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e →
PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
The total reaction can be written:
 Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) → 2PbSO4(s)
+ 2H2O(l)

26. Charging
 The charging process is driven by the
forcible removal of electrons from
the positive plate and the forcible
introduction of them to the negative
plate by the charging source.
 Negative plate reaction:
PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e → Pb(s) +
HSO−4(aq)
 Positive plate reaction:
PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) → PbO2(s) + HSO−4(aq)
+ 3H+(aq) + 2-e

27. ADVANTAGE
 Low cost.
 Reliable. Over 140 years of
development.
 Robust. Tolerant to abuse.
 Tolerant to overcharging.
 Low internal impedance.
 Can deliver very high currents.
 Indefinite shelf life if stored without
electrolyte.
 Can be left on trickle or float charge
for prolonged periods.
 Wide range of sizes and capacities
available.

28. DISADVANTAGES
Very heavy and bulky.
Danger of overheating during
charging
Not suitable for fast charging
low energy density
Cause environmental damage,
which is environmentally

29. Ionic
Liquid ELECTROLYTE

30. Ionic liquid
 Defined as salts consisting entirely of ions
i) melting points lower than 100 C
- ionic conductivity is very high.
ii) very low vapor pressures
- are not flammable, even if they consist
of organic compounds.
 Two class of ionic liquid :
i) aprotic or conventional
ii) protic ionic liquids (PILs).
- generally prepared by a
neutralization reaction of an organic
base like amine and an acid.
- If both are strong enough, proton
transfer from the acid to the base
occurs.

31. Ionic liquid Electrolyte
 Most common cation classes of ionic
liquids are
i. Quaternary ammonium
ii. Imidazolium,
iii. Pyridinium
iv. Phosphonium
 Physico-chemical properties
i. Viscosity
ii. solubility properties
iii. density
iv. acidity/basicity
v. coordination properties
vi. stereochemistry

32. Importance of ionic liquid
 Melt at ambient temperature
 Because ionic liquids are composed of
only ions, they show very high ionic
conductivity, non-volatility, and non-
flammability.
 The non-flammability and non-volatility
inherent in ion conductive liquids open new
possibilities in other fields as well.
 multi-purpose materials, so there should

33. Viscosity physico – chemical
properties
 Viscosity of Imidazolium-Based Ionic
Liquids at Elevated Pressures : Cation and
Anion Effects by Azita Ahosseini and Aaron
M. Scurto
 Ionic liquid used : Imidazolium – based
Common cation classes and anions used
with ionic liquids.

34. Schematic diagram to test the viscosity using visc

35. (c) Modified TiO2 nanoparticles.
(d) Diffusion of I3-through a matrix of (A) modified
and (B) unmodified TiO2 nanoparticles.

36. Proposed process for the extraction of cesium
from aqueous tank waste using n-Bu3MeNNTf2- +
BOBCalixC6.

37. Advantages of ionic liquid
 It is possible to “engineer” the
physicochemical properties of RTILs by the
choice of the ionic constituents.
 use of these liquids as electrolytes for Li
batteries and low-temperature fuel cells.
 The non-volatile electrolyte solution will
change the performance of electronic and
ionic devices.
 will be composed of organic ions, and these
organic compounds will have unlimited

38. Disadvantage of ionic liquid
 The benefits of replacing the volatile
organic solvent component far
outweigh this disadvantage.
 Low electrolytic conductivity
 Need of tight closure to isolate from
atmospheric moisture
 High environmental impact
 High cost