Radiographic film is a light-sensitive material used in medical imaging to record X-ray images. It acts as a medium to capture X-rays that pass through the patient's body, resulting in an image that helps diagnose various medical conditions.
The history of radiographic film dates back to the early 20th century when it revolutionized the field of radiology. Today, it remains an essential tool in medical imaging, despite the advancements in digital technology.
Radiographic film is utilized in various imaging modalities, including conventional radiography, fluoroscopy, and mammography. Its versatility and ease of use make it a preferred choice in many clinical settings.
Radiographic Exposure in Radiography and Imaging Technology.
Understanding the fundamentals of radiographic exposure is crucial for producing high-quality diagnostic images.
In this presentation, we will delve into the key concepts, factors, and techniques related to radiographic exposure.
X-ray beam restrictors regulate the size and shape of the x-ray beam. There are three main types: aperture diaphragms, cones/cylinders, and collimators. Aperture diaphragms are the simplest type, using a lead diaphragm with a hole to shape the beam but producing a large penumbra. Cones and cylinders modify the aperture diaphragm design to restrict the beam size. Collimators provide adjustable rectangular fields using shutters and illuminated light beams to define the x-ray field size. Beam restrictors aim to decrease off-focus radiation, reduce the irradiated patient volume, and provide patient protection by limiting the x-ray field size
This presentation discusses x-ray filtration and beam restriction. It describes how filters absorb low energy x-rays to harden the beam and reduce patient exposure. Various types of filters are discussed including inherent, added, and compensating filters. Beam restrictors like aperture diaphragms, cones, cylinders, and collimators are also summarized. Collimators provide rectangular fields and allow visualization of the beam's edge and center. Automatic collimators precisely match the beam size to the cassette. In summary, filters and restrictors improve image quality and reduce scatter while limiting exposure to relevant anatomy.
This document discusses patient radiation dose management in medical imaging. It describes how patient dose is estimated using entrance skin exposure, bone marrow dose, and gonadal dose. Factors that influence patient dose include equipment design and operator technique. Unnecessary dose should be avoided by restricting unnecessary exams, repeats, and optimizing techniques like collimation and shielding. Special considerations are discussed for mammography, CT imaging, and protecting dose to pregnant patients.
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with unique properties that make them valuable in various fields, including medical imaging, material analysis, and industrial applications
Understanding how X-rays interact with matter is crucial to harnessing their potential effectively.
This Presentation delves into the fundamental principles of X-ray interactions with matter and explores the different types of interactions that occur during the process.
Sensitometry is the study of how photo-sensitive materials respond to radiation exposure. A characteristic curve plots optical density versus log relative exposure and shows the material's response. The curve has three key regions - the toe (minimum exposure), linear region (useful range), and shoulder (maximum exposure). Analyzing the curve provides information on film properties like speed, contrast, and latitude to optimize exposures and quality control.
The document discusses the components and functioning of conventional fluoroscopy, digital fluoroscopy, and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). It describes the key components of an image intensifier tube used in conventional fluoroscopy including the glass envelope, input phosphor, photocathode, electrostatic focusing lens, and output phosphor. Digital fluoroscopy systems use a charge-coupled device (CCD) instead of a television camera and can acquire images faster with less radiation exposure to the patient. Flat panel detectors are now also used as alternatives to image intensifier tubes.
Computed radiography uses image plates containing photostimulable phosphor to digitally capture x-ray images. The image plate is exposed in the cassette, retaining a latent image. This image is released and converted to light when scanned by a laser, and detected to generate a digital image file. Key advantages include reduced failed exposures, cassette-based mobility, and reusable image plates. Disadvantages include potentially lower resolution than film and longer image read-out times.
Radiographic Exposure in Radiography and Imaging Technology.
Understanding the fundamentals of radiographic exposure is crucial for producing high-quality diagnostic images.
In this presentation, we will delve into the key concepts, factors, and techniques related to radiographic exposure.
X-ray beam restrictors regulate the size and shape of the x-ray beam. There are three main types: aperture diaphragms, cones/cylinders, and collimators. Aperture diaphragms are the simplest type, using a lead diaphragm with a hole to shape the beam but producing a large penumbra. Cones and cylinders modify the aperture diaphragm design to restrict the beam size. Collimators provide adjustable rectangular fields using shutters and illuminated light beams to define the x-ray field size. Beam restrictors aim to decrease off-focus radiation, reduce the irradiated patient volume, and provide patient protection by limiting the x-ray field size
This presentation discusses x-ray filtration and beam restriction. It describes how filters absorb low energy x-rays to harden the beam and reduce patient exposure. Various types of filters are discussed including inherent, added, and compensating filters. Beam restrictors like aperture diaphragms, cones, cylinders, and collimators are also summarized. Collimators provide rectangular fields and allow visualization of the beam's edge and center. Automatic collimators precisely match the beam size to the cassette. In summary, filters and restrictors improve image quality and reduce scatter while limiting exposure to relevant anatomy.
This document discusses patient radiation dose management in medical imaging. It describes how patient dose is estimated using entrance skin exposure, bone marrow dose, and gonadal dose. Factors that influence patient dose include equipment design and operator technique. Unnecessary dose should be avoided by restricting unnecessary exams, repeats, and optimizing techniques like collimation and shielding. Special considerations are discussed for mammography, CT imaging, and protecting dose to pregnant patients.
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with unique properties that make them valuable in various fields, including medical imaging, material analysis, and industrial applications
Understanding how X-rays interact with matter is crucial to harnessing their potential effectively.
This Presentation delves into the fundamental principles of X-ray interactions with matter and explores the different types of interactions that occur during the process.
Sensitometry is the study of how photo-sensitive materials respond to radiation exposure. A characteristic curve plots optical density versus log relative exposure and shows the material's response. The curve has three key regions - the toe (minimum exposure), linear region (useful range), and shoulder (maximum exposure). Analyzing the curve provides information on film properties like speed, contrast, and latitude to optimize exposures and quality control.
The document discusses the components and functioning of conventional fluoroscopy, digital fluoroscopy, and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). It describes the key components of an image intensifier tube used in conventional fluoroscopy including the glass envelope, input phosphor, photocathode, electrostatic focusing lens, and output phosphor. Digital fluoroscopy systems use a charge-coupled device (CCD) instead of a television camera and can acquire images faster with less radiation exposure to the patient. Flat panel detectors are now also used as alternatives to image intensifier tubes.
Computed radiography uses image plates containing photostimulable phosphor to digitally capture x-ray images. The image plate is exposed in the cassette, retaining a latent image. This image is released and converted to light when scanned by a laser, and detected to generate a digital image file. Key advantages include reduced failed exposures, cassette-based mobility, and reusable image plates. Disadvantages include potentially lower resolution than film and longer image read-out times.
Computed Radiography and digital radiographyDurga Singh
This document provides an overview of a seminar on Computed Radiography (CR) and Digital Radiography (DR). CR involves capturing x-ray data digitally using an imaging plate, which stores radiation exposure information that is later read out by a laser and processed into an image. DR directly converts x-rays to a digital signal using a detector connected to a computer. The seminar discusses the components, principles, workings, advantages and disadvantages of each technology. It describes how CR imaging plates use photostimulated luminescence and how digital images are produced during plate reading.
The document discusses several radiographic techniques. It explains that high kilovoltage technique uses kVp above 90 kVp to improve visualization of different tissue densities on a single chest x-ray. Soft tissue radiography requires a low kVp, like in mammography, to maximize contrast between low density soft tissues through increased differential absorption. Macroradiography magnifies the image size relative to the object through a greater source-to-film distance compared to source-to-object distance.
Beam restriction refers to decreasing the size of the projected x-ray field to limit unnecessary radiation exposure and reduce scattered radiation. This improves image quality by increasing radiographic contrast. Common beam restricting devices include aperture diaphragms, cones, cylinders, and collimators. Collimators allow adjustable rectangular or square field sizes and include lights and templates to ensure accurate beam alignment. Proper collimation is important for patient safety and diagnostic image quality.
This document discusses quality assurance and quality control tests for diagnostic x-ray equipment. It defines quality assurance as maintaining high quality imaging through personnel training and evaluation, while quality control refers to evaluating radiographic equipment and identifying issues. Regular quality control tests check parameters like radiation and optical field alignment, focal spot size, tube voltage accuracy, exposure timer accuracy, total filtration, and radiation leakage. Performing these tests ensures optimal image quality, minimum radiation exposure, and cost effectiveness of diagnostic x-ray equipment.
This document discusses common faults in x-ray tubes, their causes, and remedies. It outlines faults that can occur in the tube housing, glass/metal envelope, filament, and anode. Examples of faults include cracking of the housing, loss of vacuum, vaporization or breakage of the filament, and kinking or roughening of the anode surface. The document also provides tips for proper care of x-ray tubes, such as following rating charts and limiting operation to prevent overheating. Overall, the document provides an overview of potential issues that can arise in x-ray tubes and how to address them.
The document discusses the properties and production of x-rays. Some key points:
- Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895 and was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics for this work.
- X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation produced when electrons are accelerated and decelerated. They can behave as waves or particles.
- In an x-ray tube, a high voltage is used to accelerate electrons towards a metal target, where x-rays are produced via braking radiation or characteristic radiation.
- X-rays can be absorbed or scattered in matter. Their interaction depends on tissue electron density and thickness and the x-ray energy. These interactions are useful in medical imaging.
The document discusses the basic components and operation of an x-ray circuit. The main circuit provides power to the x-ray tube to produce x-rays and includes a main switch, exposure switch, and timer. The filament circuit supplies power to the filament to produce electrons through thermionic emission and includes a step-down transformer. Common components are transformers to increase or decrease voltage, rectifiers to convert AC to DC, and a timer to regulate exposure duration. The number of phases in the power supply affects the ripple and efficiency of x-ray production.
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with unique properties that make them invaluable in a wide range of applications, from medical imaging to industrial testing.
Discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895, X-rays have since become an essential tool in various fields due to their ability to penetrate materials, reveal internal structures, and provide valuable information about the composition and properties of matter.
Let's delve into some key X-ray properties and explore their applications in detail.
X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons collide with a metal target in an x-ray tube. Electrons are emitted from a heated cathode and accelerated toward the anode by a high voltage potential. Some electrons interact with atoms in the anode, producing x-ray photons. X-rays have different energies depending on the target material and voltage used. Additional filtration is often applied to produce clinically useful x-ray beams. Exposure factors like voltage, current, and time determine the quantity and quality of the emitted x-rays. X-rays are used to generate medical images by exploiting their ability to pass through and be absorbed by different tissues.
This document discusses techniques for visualizing soft tissues in radiography. Soft tissues have less differential attenuation compared to bones, making contrast reduced. Special techniques are needed to improve contrast and demonstrate soft tissues clearly. These include adjusting the kVp and adding filters to change image contrast. Using a normal or low kVp can help visualize certain soft tissues like adenoid and effusions more clearly. High kVp is useful for exams like BA enemas where thicker tissues are involved. Digital technology also helps improve soft tissue visibility compared to conventional radiography. Proper technique selection is important to optimize contrast and sharpness while reducing artifacts.
X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are decelerated upon impact with the target anode of an x-ray tube. The x-ray tube contains a cathode that emits electrons and a stationary or rotating anode target. When electrons collide with the anode, x-rays are produced via two processes: characteristic radiation from electron shell interactions and continuous bremsstrahlung radiation from deflected electrons. Additional components such as filters and housing manage heat dissipation and focus the x-ray beam for medical imaging applications.
Filters are used in x-ray imaging to shape the beam and increase the ratio of useful photons for imaging to those that increase patient dose or decrease image contrast. Filters are typically made of metal like aluminum or copper and are placed between the x-ray tube and patient. They absorb the low energy photons that do not penetrate tissue deeply but deposit much radiation in superficial tissues. This provides better tissue penetration by the beam while reducing the skin dose and improving contrast. Different types of filters include inherent, added, compound, and wedge filters which vary in materials and thickness used.
Beam restricted device and filter used in x raySushilPattar
This document discusses various beam restricting devices and filters used in radiography to reduce radiation exposure. It describes common beam restricting devices like diaphragms, cones, cylinders and collimators which are used to limit the size of the primary x-ray beam and reduce scatter radiation. It also discusses different types of filters like inherent, aluminum, compound and molybdenum filters which absorb low energy photons and improve image quality. Maintaining proper collimation and use of appropriate filters helps achieve the ALARA principle of keeping radiation exposure As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
This document discusses portable and mobile x-ray machines. Portable x-rays can be carried by one person and used in hospitals, distant locations, or patients' homes to image in-patients or guide surgeons. Mobile x-rays are larger wheeled units that can be motorized or pushed. They have components like a base, generator, control panel, and supported x-ray tube. Mobile x-rays are classified by power source like capacitor discharge or batteries, and by output like low, average, or high power. Capacitor discharge units use a charged capacitor as the power source, while battery powered units use rechargeable batteries. Safety precautions for portable and mobile x-rays include long exposure cables and lead protection
ICRP-International commission on Radiation ProtectionChandan Prasad
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is an independent non-governmental organization founded in 1928 to provide protection, recommendations, and guidance on radiation protection. The ICRP aims to contribute to an appropriate level of protection for people and the environment against radiation exposure without unduly limiting desirable human actions. It has developed the International System of Radiological Protection based on scientific understanding and value judgments, applying three fundamental principles: justification, optimization of protection, and dose limits. The ICRP is made up of over 200 volunteers from 30 countries representing leading scientists and policymakers in radiological protection.
Macroradiography is a radiographic technique used to magnify images relative to the object being imaged. It works by increasing the object-to-film distance, which magnifies the image size. Key factors that affect image quality include geometric unsharpness, which increases with magnification, and limitations of the x-ray tube's fine focal spot, which restricts output. Macroradiography is useful for examining small bony structures and pulmonary patterns at higher magnification.
The document discusses the history and components of fluoroscopy systems. Early fluoroscopy required complete darkness as it relied on rod vision, exposing patients and radiologists to high radiation. Modern systems use an image intensifier to amplify images 500-8000x, allowing viewing on a TV screen using cone vision with less radiation exposure. The image intensifier converts x-rays to light through an input phosphor, then light to electrons via a photocathode. Electrostatic lenses accelerate electrons onto an output phosphor, reconverting them to brighter light for display. Cesium iodide replaced earlier phosphors for better x-ray absorption and resolution.
X-ray generators are used to power x-ray tubes in radiology. They contain transformers, diodes, and circuits to select energy, quantity, and exposure time. Generators can be single-phase, three-phase, constant potential, or high-frequency. Three-phase generators provide a continuous output to reduce exposure time and improve image quality. Constant potential generators produce a near-DC waveform for more efficient acceleration of electrons.
This document provides an overview of x-ray machines and their components and uses. It discusses the history of x-rays and their discovery in 1895. The main components of an x-ray machine are described, including the high voltage generator, control panel, x-ray tube, collimator, grid, and film or digital sensor. Different types of x-ray machines are examined, such as conventional, computed radiography, and digital radiography systems. Factors that affect image quality like kilovoltage, milliamperes, and distance are outlined. The document also reviews exposure dose limits and protective procedures for radiation workers.
Computed Radiography and digital radiographyDurga Singh
This document provides an overview of a seminar on Computed Radiography (CR) and Digital Radiography (DR). CR involves capturing x-ray data digitally using an imaging plate, which stores radiation exposure information that is later read out by a laser and processed into an image. DR directly converts x-rays to a digital signal using a detector connected to a computer. The seminar discusses the components, principles, workings, advantages and disadvantages of each technology. It describes how CR imaging plates use photostimulated luminescence and how digital images are produced during plate reading.
The document discusses several radiographic techniques. It explains that high kilovoltage technique uses kVp above 90 kVp to improve visualization of different tissue densities on a single chest x-ray. Soft tissue radiography requires a low kVp, like in mammography, to maximize contrast between low density soft tissues through increased differential absorption. Macroradiography magnifies the image size relative to the object through a greater source-to-film distance compared to source-to-object distance.
Beam restriction refers to decreasing the size of the projected x-ray field to limit unnecessary radiation exposure and reduce scattered radiation. This improves image quality by increasing radiographic contrast. Common beam restricting devices include aperture diaphragms, cones, cylinders, and collimators. Collimators allow adjustable rectangular or square field sizes and include lights and templates to ensure accurate beam alignment. Proper collimation is important for patient safety and diagnostic image quality.
This document discusses quality assurance and quality control tests for diagnostic x-ray equipment. It defines quality assurance as maintaining high quality imaging through personnel training and evaluation, while quality control refers to evaluating radiographic equipment and identifying issues. Regular quality control tests check parameters like radiation and optical field alignment, focal spot size, tube voltage accuracy, exposure timer accuracy, total filtration, and radiation leakage. Performing these tests ensures optimal image quality, minimum radiation exposure, and cost effectiveness of diagnostic x-ray equipment.
This document discusses common faults in x-ray tubes, their causes, and remedies. It outlines faults that can occur in the tube housing, glass/metal envelope, filament, and anode. Examples of faults include cracking of the housing, loss of vacuum, vaporization or breakage of the filament, and kinking or roughening of the anode surface. The document also provides tips for proper care of x-ray tubes, such as following rating charts and limiting operation to prevent overheating. Overall, the document provides an overview of potential issues that can arise in x-ray tubes and how to address them.
The document discusses the properties and production of x-rays. Some key points:
- Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895 and was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics for this work.
- X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation produced when electrons are accelerated and decelerated. They can behave as waves or particles.
- In an x-ray tube, a high voltage is used to accelerate electrons towards a metal target, where x-rays are produced via braking radiation or characteristic radiation.
- X-rays can be absorbed or scattered in matter. Their interaction depends on tissue electron density and thickness and the x-ray energy. These interactions are useful in medical imaging.
The document discusses the basic components and operation of an x-ray circuit. The main circuit provides power to the x-ray tube to produce x-rays and includes a main switch, exposure switch, and timer. The filament circuit supplies power to the filament to produce electrons through thermionic emission and includes a step-down transformer. Common components are transformers to increase or decrease voltage, rectifiers to convert AC to DC, and a timer to regulate exposure duration. The number of phases in the power supply affects the ripple and efficiency of x-ray production.
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with unique properties that make them invaluable in a wide range of applications, from medical imaging to industrial testing.
Discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895, X-rays have since become an essential tool in various fields due to their ability to penetrate materials, reveal internal structures, and provide valuable information about the composition and properties of matter.
Let's delve into some key X-ray properties and explore their applications in detail.
X-rays are produced when high-energy electrons collide with a metal target in an x-ray tube. Electrons are emitted from a heated cathode and accelerated toward the anode by a high voltage potential. Some electrons interact with atoms in the anode, producing x-ray photons. X-rays have different energies depending on the target material and voltage used. Additional filtration is often applied to produce clinically useful x-ray beams. Exposure factors like voltage, current, and time determine the quantity and quality of the emitted x-rays. X-rays are used to generate medical images by exploiting their ability to pass through and be absorbed by different tissues.
This document discusses techniques for visualizing soft tissues in radiography. Soft tissues have less differential attenuation compared to bones, making contrast reduced. Special techniques are needed to improve contrast and demonstrate soft tissues clearly. These include adjusting the kVp and adding filters to change image contrast. Using a normal or low kVp can help visualize certain soft tissues like adenoid and effusions more clearly. High kVp is useful for exams like BA enemas where thicker tissues are involved. Digital technology also helps improve soft tissue visibility compared to conventional radiography. Proper technique selection is important to optimize contrast and sharpness while reducing artifacts.
X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are decelerated upon impact with the target anode of an x-ray tube. The x-ray tube contains a cathode that emits electrons and a stationary or rotating anode target. When electrons collide with the anode, x-rays are produced via two processes: characteristic radiation from electron shell interactions and continuous bremsstrahlung radiation from deflected electrons. Additional components such as filters and housing manage heat dissipation and focus the x-ray beam for medical imaging applications.
Filters are used in x-ray imaging to shape the beam and increase the ratio of useful photons for imaging to those that increase patient dose or decrease image contrast. Filters are typically made of metal like aluminum or copper and are placed between the x-ray tube and patient. They absorb the low energy photons that do not penetrate tissue deeply but deposit much radiation in superficial tissues. This provides better tissue penetration by the beam while reducing the skin dose and improving contrast. Different types of filters include inherent, added, compound, and wedge filters which vary in materials and thickness used.
Beam restricted device and filter used in x raySushilPattar
This document discusses various beam restricting devices and filters used in radiography to reduce radiation exposure. It describes common beam restricting devices like diaphragms, cones, cylinders and collimators which are used to limit the size of the primary x-ray beam and reduce scatter radiation. It also discusses different types of filters like inherent, aluminum, compound and molybdenum filters which absorb low energy photons and improve image quality. Maintaining proper collimation and use of appropriate filters helps achieve the ALARA principle of keeping radiation exposure As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
This document discusses portable and mobile x-ray machines. Portable x-rays can be carried by one person and used in hospitals, distant locations, or patients' homes to image in-patients or guide surgeons. Mobile x-rays are larger wheeled units that can be motorized or pushed. They have components like a base, generator, control panel, and supported x-ray tube. Mobile x-rays are classified by power source like capacitor discharge or batteries, and by output like low, average, or high power. Capacitor discharge units use a charged capacitor as the power source, while battery powered units use rechargeable batteries. Safety precautions for portable and mobile x-rays include long exposure cables and lead protection
ICRP-International commission on Radiation ProtectionChandan Prasad
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is an independent non-governmental organization founded in 1928 to provide protection, recommendations, and guidance on radiation protection. The ICRP aims to contribute to an appropriate level of protection for people and the environment against radiation exposure without unduly limiting desirable human actions. It has developed the International System of Radiological Protection based on scientific understanding and value judgments, applying three fundamental principles: justification, optimization of protection, and dose limits. The ICRP is made up of over 200 volunteers from 30 countries representing leading scientists and policymakers in radiological protection.
Macroradiography is a radiographic technique used to magnify images relative to the object being imaged. It works by increasing the object-to-film distance, which magnifies the image size. Key factors that affect image quality include geometric unsharpness, which increases with magnification, and limitations of the x-ray tube's fine focal spot, which restricts output. Macroradiography is useful for examining small bony structures and pulmonary patterns at higher magnification.
The document discusses the history and components of fluoroscopy systems. Early fluoroscopy required complete darkness as it relied on rod vision, exposing patients and radiologists to high radiation. Modern systems use an image intensifier to amplify images 500-8000x, allowing viewing on a TV screen using cone vision with less radiation exposure. The image intensifier converts x-rays to light through an input phosphor, then light to electrons via a photocathode. Electrostatic lenses accelerate electrons onto an output phosphor, reconverting them to brighter light for display. Cesium iodide replaced earlier phosphors for better x-ray absorption and resolution.
X-ray generators are used to power x-ray tubes in radiology. They contain transformers, diodes, and circuits to select energy, quantity, and exposure time. Generators can be single-phase, three-phase, constant potential, or high-frequency. Three-phase generators provide a continuous output to reduce exposure time and improve image quality. Constant potential generators produce a near-DC waveform for more efficient acceleration of electrons.
This document provides an overview of x-ray machines and their components and uses. It discusses the history of x-rays and their discovery in 1895. The main components of an x-ray machine are described, including the high voltage generator, control panel, x-ray tube, collimator, grid, and film or digital sensor. Different types of x-ray machines are examined, such as conventional, computed radiography, and digital radiography systems. Factors that affect image quality like kilovoltage, milliamperes, and distance are outlined. The document also reviews exposure dose limits and protective procedures for radiation workers.
This document discusses radiography testing principles and techniques. It describes how radiography uses X-rays to detect internal defects by passing X-rays through a material and capturing the transmitted image on film. It discusses different film and filmless techniques like computed radiography and computed tomography. It also covers topics like image quality indicators and the wide applications of radiography testing in inspecting various materials and components.
The document discusses digital radiography, including computed radiography (CR) and direct radiography using flat panel detectors. It summarizes the limitations of conventional film-based radiography and then describes the key components and workings of CR and direct digital radiography systems. Some advantages include improved image quality, ability to manipulate images digitally, faster processing, and reduced need for retakes compared to conventional methods.
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. He observed that a screen coated with barium salt would fluoresce when placed near the tube, even though the tube was covered. This led him to conclude that a new type of penetrating radiation was being emitted. The first medical X-ray image ever taken was of Roentgen's wife's hand.
X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation that is able to pass through and penetrate materials like human tissue. They are used widely in medical imaging procedures. Digital radiography systems like computed radiography and digital radiography have largely replaced traditional film-based X-ray systems, allowing for the digital capture, processing,
This document discusses image receptors used in dental radiography. It defines image receptors, provides a brief history, and classifies receptors as analog film or digital sensors. It describes common intra-oral and extra-oral radiographs and films used, and compares analog film speeds and packaging types. Digital receptors like CCD, CMOS, and PSP sensors are also outlined. The document reviews pathogens that can survive on receptors and strategies to reduce cross-contamination risk. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of analog and digital dental image receptors.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
- Digital radiography involves capturing a radiographic image using an intraoral sensor, converting it to electronic data, and storing/viewing it on a computer.
- There are three main methods of digital imaging: direct digital imaging using an intraoral sensor, indirect using digitization of films, and storage phosphor imaging using reusable plates.
- DICOM is the international standard for transferring digital medical images and communication between devices. It allows images captured on one device to be viewed on another regardless of manufacturer.
- Digital images have advantages over film such as modification capabilities, electronic storage/transfer, and reduced radiation exposure.
This document discusses various imaging modalities used for dental implants. It begins by introducing implants as a viable option for tooth replacement and outlines three phases of implant imaging: pre-surgical, surgical/intraoperative, and post-prosthetic. Several imaging techniques are described including panoramic, periapical and cephalometric radiography as well as computed tomography. Advantages and limitations of each technique are provided. The document emphasizes that diagnostic imaging should be interpreted alongside a clinical examination.
This document provides an overview of radiography in dentistry. It begins with an introduction to x-rays and their history and properties. It then discusses the components of dental x-ray machines and films. The document outlines the film processing steps and factors that control the density and contrast of radiographic images such as exposure settings and use of grids. Finally, it discusses various intraoral and extraoral radiographic techniques.
Basics of imaging by mohamed abou el gharFarragBahbah
This document provides an overview of various medical imaging modalities including X-rays, computed tomography (CT), ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear medicine. It describes some key details about each technique such as how images are produced, advantages, and disadvantages. For example, it states that CT uses X-rays and computers to produce high quality images while MRI utilizes strong magnetic fields and hydrogen atom energy to generate tissue-specific images without ionizing radiation. Nuclear medicine is described as using radioactive tracers and gamma cameras to image body tissues.
X-rays are used in medicine for medical analysis. Dentists use them to find complications, cavities and impacted teeth. Soft body tissue are transparent to the waves. Bones also block the rays.
This document provides an overview of digital radiography and compares computed radiography (CR) and direct digital radiography (DR) systems. It discusses the limitations of traditional film screen radiography including limited dynamic range and inability to manipulate images. For CR, it describes the use of storage phosphor plates which capture x-ray information for later readout and digitization. For DR, it explains direct and indirect conversion panels used to directly convert x-rays to electrical signals. Key advantages of digital systems include immediate image viewing, manipulation, and storage without chemical processing.
General x-ray machine and fluoroscopy
the presentation to medical workers
contain simple explanation about radiation protection in the radiology department
X-ray imaging uses X-rays that are generated by an X-ray tube and pass through the body. Differences in absorption of the X-rays creates a shadow-like image that can be detected by either screens or digital detectors. There are several types of medical X-rays including analog X-rays, digital X-rays, mammograms, CT scans, and fluoroscopy. Image detection has transitioned from screen-film systems to digital detectors like photostimulable phosphor plates and flat panel detectors. Flat panel detectors directly convert X-rays to a digital image and come in two main types - direct detectors using materials like selenium or indirect detectors using a scintillator to first convert X-rays to light,
Digital imaging involves capturing radiographic images digitally using various methods like computed radiography (CR), direct radiography (DR), or scan projection radiography (SPR). CR uses photostimulable phosphor plates while DR uses flat panel detectors, eliminating processing. Digital imaging provides advantages like improved image manipulation, reduced radiation exposure, and improved storage and sharing of images. Key types of digital radiography discussed are CR, DR, SPR, digital fluoroscopy, and digital subtraction angiography (DSA).
This document summarizes a radiographic system, which uses x-rays to perform diagnostic medical imaging. It describes the main components of an x-ray system including the table, Bucky film tray, grid system, x-ray tube, and collimators. It also discusses different types of x-ray imaging techniques like conventional radiography, CT, angiography, and mammography. Digital radiography is highlighted as an advancement over traditional film radiography. Considerations for purchasing and maintaining a radiographic system are provided.
Brief introduction to the latest innovations that are used at dentistry, where equipment used are fully digitized and computerized, with the differences between using conventional methods and digital equipment in dentistry.
Main equipment to be discussed are dental imaging systems and CAD/CAM systems
This document provides information on intensifying screens and radiographic grids. It discusses the history, construction, and functions of intensifying screens, including the types of phosphors used. It also covers screen speed, detail, and care. For radiographic grids, it outlines the history and development of grids as well as grid design, patterns, specifications and factors such as ratio and frequency. Research studies evaluating different screen-film combinations and their effects on image quality and radiation dose are also summarized.
This document discusses orthodontic records used by orthodontists to develop treatment plans for patients. It includes photographs, radiographs, and study cast models that are taken at various stages of treatment to monitor progress. The records provide important hidden information beyond what is clinically apparent. A team approach using multiple diagnostic criteria from different sources is recommended to develop the most complete understanding of each patient's orthodontic needs.
Objectives of the Presentation
To educate on the identification and causes of various ultrasound artifacts.
To provide practical remedies and techniques for minimizing or eliminating these artifacts.
To enhance the overall quality and reliability of ultrasound imaging in clinical practice.
MRI Image Artifacts are distortions or errors in the MRI images that do not represent the true anatomy or pathology of the subject being imaged.
These artifacts can be caused by a variety of factors including patient movement, hardware limitations, specific properties of the tissues being imaged, and the parameters set during the scanning process.
Radiation measurement and dosimetry play crucial roles in medical physics, ensuring the safe and effective use of ionizing radiation in various medical applications.
Definition of Bragg-peak , percentage depth dose, peak scatter factor, tissue air-ratio, tissue maximum ratio, scatter air ratio, isodose curves and radiation penumbra of different beams.
In this PPT we'll discuss into how social changes influence health outcomes and the role of cultural factors in shaping health behaviors and disorders.
Units of Radiation Measurements, Quality Specification, Half-Value Thickness,...Dr. Dheeraj Kumar
Radiation measurements are essential for quantifying radiation exposure, absorbed dose, and activity, providing crucial information for medical physics and radiology.
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Range of Secondary Electrons and Electron Build-Up: Impact on Scatter in Homo...Dr. Dheeraj Kumar
Welcome to the presentation on the Range of Secondary Electrons and Electron Build-Up in Medical Physics and Imaging.
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X-rays, being a type of electromagnetic radiation, interact with the atoms and molecules of human tissues as they pass through the body.
Linear Energy Transfer (LET) is a fundamental concept in the study of radiation biology and the effects of ionizing radiation on living tissues.
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Welcome to our presentation on X-ray Production and its significance in Medical Imaging.
Today, we'll explore the fascinating history of X-rays, their production mechanisms, and the role of X-ray tubes in medical applications.
The current population of India is 1,437,054,302 as of Thursday, February 22, 2024, based on Worldometer elaboration of the latest United Nations data 1.
India 2023 population is estimated at 1,428,627,663 people at mid year.
India population is equivalent to 17.76% of the total world population.
India ranks number 1 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population.
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Radionuclide generators are essential devices utilized in nuclear medicine to produce specific radioisotopes through the process of radioactive decay.
These generators serve as a continuous source of radioactive material for various medical applications, including diagnosis and therapy.
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Radioactivity spectrum of diagnostic imaging and therapy X ray..pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
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This process occurs as the nucleus attempts to reach a more stable state.
The emitted particles and energy are collectively referred to as radiation.
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Atoms are the fundamental units of matter.
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Unique identity determined by the number of protons (atomic number).
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Introduction: MRI, or Magnetic Resonance Imaging, is a versatile medical imaging technique with a wide range of clinical applications.
Soft Tissue Imaging: The unique ability of MRI to produce detailed images of soft tissues, such as the brain, muscles, and organs.
Non-Invasive Nature: MRI is a non-invasive and safe imaging modality, making it invaluable for clinical diagnosis.
MRI Definition: Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a medical imaging technique that non-invasively visualizes the internal structures of the body.
Basic Concept: MRI uses powerful magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of tissues and organs.
Importance: MRI is valuable in diagnosing a wide range of medical conditions and provides excellent soft tissue contrast.
Tomography as a medical imaging technique that allows for the visualization of cross-sectional images of the human body. Emphasize that tomography provides detailed, three-dimensional views of anatomical structures, which can be invaluable for diagnosis and treatment planning in radiology.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
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O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
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Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
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Radiographic Film.pptx
1. Radiographic Film
Presenter: Dr. Dheeraj Kumar
MRIT, Ph.D. (Radiology and Imaging)
Assistant Professor
Medical Radiology and Imaging Technology
School of Health Sciences, CSJM University, Kanpur
2. Overview of Radiographic Film
• Radiographic film is a light-sensitive material used in medical imaging to record X-ray images. It
acts as a medium to capture X-rays that pass through the patient's body, resulting in an image that
helps diagnose various medical conditions.
• The history of radiographic film dates back to the early 20th century when it revolutionized the
field of radiology. Today, it remains an essential tool in medical imaging, despite the advancements
in digital technology.
• Radiographic film is utilized in various imaging modalities, including conventional radiography,
fluoroscopy, and mammography. Its versatility and ease of use make it a preferred choice in many
clinical settings.
3. History
• Discovery of X-rays: In 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a German physicist, accidentally
discovered X-rays while experimenting with cathode-ray tubes. He noticed that a mysterious,
invisible radiation could penetrate solid objects and produce images on photographic plates. This
ground breaking discovery laid the foundation for the field of radiology and medical imaging.
• Early Photographic Plates: Following Roentgen's discovery, early attempts at medical imaging
involved using photographic plates to capture X-ray images. These plates were sensitive to X-rays
but required long exposure times, making them impractical for clinical use.
4. History continue….
• Introduction of Glass Plate Radiographs: By the late 19th century, glass plate
radiographs became more widely used. The X-ray image was captured on glass plates
coated with photographic emulsion. These plates provided better image quality than early
photographic plates but still required lengthy exposure times.
• Flexible Celluloid Films: In 1896, Thomas Edison and Clarence Dally introduced the
idea of using flexible celluloid film for radiography. They coated celluloid sheets with a
photosensitive emulsion, leading to the creation of flexible X-ray films. However, the
quality of these early films was limited, and they were highly flammable.
5. History continue….
• Introduction of X-ray Film Screens: In the early 20th century, intensifying screens were
introduced to reduce exposure times during X-ray imaging. Intensifying screens contained
fluorescent materials that converted X-rays into visible light, which in turn exposed the
X-ray film. This significantly reduced patient radiation dose and improved image quality.
• Single-Emulsion Radiographic Film: In 1918, the single-emulsion radiographic film
was developed by using a single layer of photosensitive emulsion on one side of the film
base. This film offered improved sensitivity and image quality, making it a standard
choice for medical imaging for several decades.
6. History continue….
• Double-Emulsion Radiographic Film: In the 1940s, double-emulsion radiographic film
was introduced, which contained two layers of photosensitive emulsion on opposite sides
of the film base. This advancement further improved image quality and reduced the need
for retakes.
• Development of Screen-Film Systems: Throughout the mid-20th century, screen-film
systems became the dominant method of radiographic imaging. These systems combined
the use of intensifying screens with double-emulsion radiographic film, drastically
reducing exposure times and radiation dose while providing high-quality images.
7. History continue….
• Introduction of Computed Radiography (CR): In the 1980s, computed radiography
(CR) revolutionized medical imaging by replacing traditional film-based radiography
with digital imaging technology. CR systems used photo stimulable phosphor plates to
capture X-ray images digitally, eliminating the need for film processing.
• Transition to Digital Radiography (DR): In the late 20th century and early 21st century,
digital radiography (DR) systems gained popularity, directly capturing X-ray images
using solid-state detectors. DR offered faster image acquisition, better image
manipulation, and improved workflow efficiency.
8. Emergence of Digital Imaging
• In recent years, advancements in digital technology have continued to shape the field of radiology.
Digital imaging technologies, such as picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and
teleradiology, have transformed the way radiologists view, store, and share medical images.
• Radiographic film is gradually being replaced by digital imaging systems, which offer numerous
advantages in terms of image quality, accessibility, and integration with other medical systems.
Despite this transition, the rich history of radiographic film remains an integral part of the
evolution of medical imaging and continues to be appreciated for its contribution to the field of
radiology.
9. Types of Radiographic Film
• There are different types of
radiographic films available,
each with distinct characteristics
and applications. Let's explore
the main types:
10. Screen-Film Radiography
• Traditional radiographic film combined
with intensifying screens.
• Intensifying screens convert X-rays into
visible light, enhancing image formation.
• Two types: single-emulsion (used for
general radiography) and double-emulsion
(used for higher resolution imaging).
11. Digital Radiography (DR)
• Replaces traditional film with digital
sensors to capture X-ray images
directly.
• Two main types: Direct DR (uses
amorphous selenium or other
materials) and Indirect DR (uses a
scintillator to convert X-rays to
visible light).
12. Computed Radiography (CR)
• Utilizes photostimulable phosphor plates to
record X-ray images.
• These plates store energy when exposed to X-
rays and release it when scanned with a laser to
create the digital image.
• Each type of radiographic film has its
advantages and limitations, and understanding
their differences is essential for choosing the
appropriate imaging method for specific clinical
scenarios.
13. Structure of Radiographic Film
• Radiographic films consist of several layers
that work together to produce a high-quality
image. The primary components include:
• Emulsion Layer:
• Contains light-sensitive silver halide crystals
suspended in gelatin.
• These crystals react to X-rays, capturing the
image information.
14. Structure of Radiographic Film Continue….
• Base:
• Provides support and stability to the emulsion layer.
• Usually made of polyester, ensuring the film's durability.
• Protective Layer:
• Guards the emulsion from damage during handling and processing.
• Enhances the film's resistance to scratches and chemical reactions.
• The combination of these layers ensures efficient image formation and protects the film
from external factors that might compromise image quality.
15. Screen-Film Radiography
• Screen-film radiography is a widely used imaging technique that incorporates intensifying
screens to enhance image capture. The process involves the following steps:
• X-ray Interaction:
• X-rays pass through the patient's body, interacting with tissues and creating a latent image on the
radiographic film's emulsion.
• Intensifying Screens:
• Intensifying screens, placed on both sides of the radiographic film, convert X-rays into visible light.
• This light exposes the emulsion, creating a visible image on the film.
16. Screen-Film Radiography Continue…
• Image Formation:
• The combination of X-ray interactions and light
emission forms the final radiographic image.
• The resulting film can be developed and viewed for
diagnostic purposes.
• Screen-film radiography remains essential in
many clinical scenarios, but it has limitations,
such as lower image resolution compared to
digital methods.
17. Digital Radiography (DR)
• Digital radiography represents a
significant advancement in medical
imaging technology. Unlike
screen-film radiography, DR
directly captures X-ray images
using digital sensors. Let's explore
the two main types of DR:
18. Direct DR
• Utilizes solid-state detectors (e.g.,
amorphous selenium) to directly
convert X-rays into electrical
signals.
• These signals are processed and
converted into digital images
without the need for intensifying
screens.
19. Indirect DR
• Employs scintillator materials (e.g.,
cesium iodide) to convert X-rays into
visible light.
• The light is then detected by an
amorphous silicon photodiode array,
which converts it into electrical signals
for image formation.
20. • DR offers numerous
advantages, including rapid
image acquisition, dose
reduction, and the ability to
post-process images for better
visualization.
21. Computed Radiography (CR)
• Computed Radiography (CR) is another digital imaging method that utilizes
photostimulable phosphor plates. Here's how it works:
• X-ray Exposure:
• X-rays expose the phosphor plates, causing them to store energy in the form of a latent image.
• Image Readout:
• The phosphor plates are scanned with a laser, stimulating the release of stored energy as visible
light.
• Image Formation:
• The emitted light is detected and converted into a digital image that can be displayed on a computer.
22. CR offers flexibility and the ability to retrofit existing conventional
radiography systems for digital imaging.
23. Image Quality and Artifacts
• Image quality is crucial in radiology, as it directly impacts diagnostic
accuracy. Several factors influence image quality, including:
• Spatial Resolution:
• The ability of the system to distinguish fine details and structures in the image.
• Higher spatial resolution results in sharper images and improved diagnostic
capabilities.
24. Image Quality and Artifacts Continue….
• Image Contrast:
• The difference in brightness between different tissues and structures in the image.
• Optimal contrast allows for better visualization and differentiation of anatomical features.
• Image Noise:
• Random fluctuations in pixel intensity, reducing image clarity and detail.
• Image noise should be minimized to achieve high-quality radiographs.
• Artifacts can compromise image quality and lead to misinterpretation of results. Common
Artifacts include motion blur, grid lines, and processing Artifacts. Identifying and mitigating
Artifacts are crucial for accurate diagnoses.
25. Handling and Storage of Radiographic Films
• Proper handling and storage of radiographic films are essential to maintain image quality and
prolong their lifespan. Follow these guidelines:
• Film Handling:
• Always handle films with clean, dry hands to avoid contamination.
• Avoid bending or folding the film to prevent damage.
• Film Storage:
• Store films in a cool, dry environment away from direct sunlight.
• Use protective sleeves or boxes to shield films from dust and scratches.
• Labelling and organizing films are vital to ensure easy retrieval and proper patient documentation.
26. Film Processing
• In traditional screen-film radiography, film processing is a critical step to produce high-quality images.
The process involves several stages:
• Development:
• Immersing the exposed film in a chemical developer to convert the latent image into a visible image.
• Fixation:
• Removing unexposed silver halide crystals from the film using a chemical fixer.
• Washing:
• Rinsing the film in water to remove residual chemicals.
• Drying:
• Allowing the film to dry completely before viewing or archiving.
27.
28. Radiographic Film Analysis
• As radiology students, the ability to analysis radiographic images is vital for accurate diagnosis.
Consider the following criteria during image evaluation:
• Image Clarity:
• Assess the sharpness and detail of anatomical structures.
• Image Density:
• Evaluate the brightness and darkness of tissues in the image.
• Positioning:
• Check for proper patient positioning and alignment to the X-ray beam.
• Artifacts:
• Identify and analyse any Artifacts that may affect image quality.
29. Transition to Digital Imaging
• With the rapid advancement of digital imaging technology, the healthcare industry is
transitioning from traditional radiographic film to digital systems. This shift offers
numerous benefits, including:
• Faster Image Acquisition:
• Digital systems provide real-time image capture, reducing patient waiting times.
• Enhanced Image Manipulation:
• Digital images can be post-processed to optimize visualization.
• Lower Radiation Dose:
• Some digital systems use lower X-ray doses, contributing to patient safety.
30. Future Trends in Radiographic Film
Technology
• The future of radiographic film technology is promising, with ongoing research
and development in the field. Some potential trends include:
• Advanced Digital Detectors:
• Continual improvements in solid-state detectors for higher image resolution.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) Integration:
• AI algorithms may assist in image analysis and diagnosis.
• Portable and Wireless Solutions:
• Compact and wireless digital imaging devices for greater convenience.
31. Conclusion
• In conclusion, radiographic film remains a cornerstone of diagnostic
radiology. Understanding the different types of radiographic film, their
structures, and their applications will serve us well in our future careers.
• As radiology students, developing our image analysis skills and embracing
digital imaging technologies will enable us to provide accurate and efficient
diagnoses to improve patient care.
32. References
• Smith, J. (2020). Fundamentals of Radiography. Springer International
Publishing.
• Bushong, S. C. (2017). Radiologic Science for Technologists. Elsevier.
• Image critique in radiography - A practical guide. (2016).
Radiography, 22(1), e1-e7.
33. Questions and Answers
• Now, the floor is open for questions. Feel free to ask any queries you may
have about radiographic film, digital imaging, or any related topics.