Any radiograph should include identification information such as the patient's name, date of birth, hospital information, and examination details. This identification should be readable, not obscure important anatomy, and be included within the collimated area. Various methods can be used to mark radiographs for identification like lead letters, photographic markers, perforating devices, and dot embossed films. Proper hanging orientation helps with anatomical understanding and diagnosis.

1. 
What is required in a radiograph in addition
to adequate demonstration of a part examined?

Very simply the answer is identification.

2. 
Any radiograph whatsoever should
included on it, preferably in
indelible form the following
information;

3. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Full name
Date of birth.
Hospital number or code.
Name of hospital.
Date and time of examination

4. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Right or left marker.
Position of patient or projection, e.g. PA, RAO, ERCET,
ect.
Timing of the film in given sequence, e.g. 5 min, 1 h,
ect.
Number of film in rapid sequence, e.g. in aortography.
Layer height in tomography.
Tube angulation used.
Whether moblie or ward radiograph.
Stereographs - direction of tube displacement.
Miscellaneous information, e.g.. Post micturition , after
fatty meal.

5. 2.
Readable when the radiograph is viewed from
correct aspect.
Not superimposed on any important anatomy.
3.
Included within the collimated area.
1.

6. 1.
Radiographer’s or technologist’s identity.
2.
The particular cassette or screen used.

7. 1.
2.
3.
Opaque letters and legends.
Perforating devices.
Actinic marker.

8. (1) Lead letters and legends
(a) Radiopaque legends and letters for use in marking radiograph
(b) Marker for radiographs upper the letter is incised in a thin piece of metal.
Centre the letter lead, mounted in a Perspex plaque. Lower single lead character.

9. .Right (R) and left marker for anatomical orientation
Anatomical marker
suitable for placing over
the edge of a
cassette to record on
the film either the right
or left.

10. Cone radiograph marker may obscured anatomical structures of interest

11. Accurately hung and mark radiograph
wrong hung PA projection

15. The character should not be placed where to obscure
a feature of diagnostic importance.
 If the irradiated field is limited by a cone or
collimator its useless to place a marker close to the
border of the cassette as it will receive no exposure.


16. (a) Contact printing.
(b) photographic marker (using simple lens
system).

Work either like direct printing boxes or like
simple camera and light is used to affect the
film.

17. An actinic marker of printing-box type.

20. A Kodak X-omatic cassette
showing the widow through
Which patient detail may be
Photograph.

21. A photographic maker, the from A is
transferred to a radiograph placed at B

22. 



Permanent identification.
Is economical in time.
Shows information neatly and uniformly.
Reduces the likelihood of error

23. 

Films and other records may be perforated
with letters or figures as means of identification
using machines.
Most applicable when a large number of
radiographs has to be marked with same
information e.g. hospital name and date of
examination.

24. Embossed dot;
Dental films packet,
as
well as on film it self
As raised dot.
When exposing the
film, the convexity of
the dot must be
towards the x-ray
tube, and the film is
positioned in the
mouth so that the dot
is always towards
the crown.
Provided that film is
viewed with dot
convexity toward the
observer.

25. Upper
R
87654321
12345678
87654321
12345678
Lower
L

26. Features of good illuminator are;
(1)Light of even intensity.
(2)Light should as white as possible.
(3)Minimal heat given off by the light source.
(4)A facility for varying the brightness.
(5)A high intensity light (spot light)
incorporated.
(6)Transparent film grips, so that
identification is always visible.

27. 
Torso, vertebral,
cranial, shoulder,
hip radiograph: as if
the patient is
standing in an
upright position.

29. 
Decubitus chest and
abdominal
radiographs: so that
the side of the
patient that was
positioned upward
when radiograph
was taken is upward
on the hung
radiograph.

30. Toe and AP and oblique
foot
radiographs: as if the
patient
is hanging from toes.

31. 
Lateral foot, ankle,
lower leg and femur
radiograph: as if
they are hanging
from the hip.

33. 
Finger wrist, and
forearm
radiographs: as if
the patient is
hanging from
fingertips.

34. 
Elbow and humerus
radiograph: as if
they are hanging
from the patients
shoulder.