This document discusses radiation concepts for paramedical professionals. It defines different types of radiation sources including natural sources from space, internal radioactive materials in the body, and artificial sources like X-rays. It describes the effects of radiation exposure on human cells and factors that influence health effects like dose and duration. Both acute and chronic radiation exposures are addressed. The document also outlines international standards for measuring and limiting radiation exposure and the protective measures that can be taken.
This presentation illustrate the propagation of radiation, types, effects on various occasions to the human body. Moreover; the presentations also reflects the severity and its relations to the diseases.Further the benefits and uses of the radiation is also brought into consideration for the treatment of various diseases.
It's a complete review about the Infrared spectroscopy. In the ppt's you will get the basic principle and regions of IR spectrum. A complete knowledge of Vibrations in the Spectrum is present there, along with GIF to make you understand it properly. Effect of coupled interaction and hydrogen bonding on the IR spectrum are also explained. About its instrumentation, a full part is present which will tell you about radiation source, sample handling, monochromators and the detector. In the end you will see types of IR spectroscopy and then generalized applications of IR spectroscopy.
What is INFRARED? Explains the principle,uses and application of INFRARED in daily life. Technology of INFRARED in various fields like medical, archaeology,astronomy and many others.
This presentation illustrate the propagation of radiation, types, effects on various occasions to the human body. Moreover; the presentations also reflects the severity and its relations to the diseases.Further the benefits and uses of the radiation is also brought into consideration for the treatment of various diseases.
It's a complete review about the Infrared spectroscopy. In the ppt's you will get the basic principle and regions of IR spectrum. A complete knowledge of Vibrations in the Spectrum is present there, along with GIF to make you understand it properly. Effect of coupled interaction and hydrogen bonding on the IR spectrum are also explained. About its instrumentation, a full part is present which will tell you about radiation source, sample handling, monochromators and the detector. In the end you will see types of IR spectroscopy and then generalized applications of IR spectroscopy.
What is INFRARED? Explains the principle,uses and application of INFRARED in daily life. Technology of INFRARED in various fields like medical, archaeology,astronomy and many others.
the presentation describes the the purpose of calibration of Pyrometers, equipment requirement, black body source, details about master body and the format of calibration report.
MI cables are used for various industrial applications and to make thermocouples and RTDs.
Different types of MI Cables are MI thermocouple cables, MI RTD cables, MI Power cables, MI Heating cables, triaxial cables, coaxial cables and SPNDS.
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This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Radiation
1. ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF LOCAL SELF
GOVERNMENT
DELHI
“ Radiation Concepts for Paramedical”
DR.P.P.SINGH
By
Dr. P.P.SINGH
Faculty AIILSGD
Ex Medical Superintendent Cum Consultant pathologist
HRH Delhi
Ex. Director India Population Project 8 Delhi..
2. RADIATION
MAN IS EXPOSED TO RADIATION RECEIVED
FROM OUTER SPACE ON THE EARTH. WHICH IS
THE NATURAL PART OF OUR ENVIRONMENT.
MAN IS ALSO SUBJECTED TO INTERNAL
RADIATION , I.E. FROM RADIO ACTIVE MATTER
STORED IN BODY TISSUES LIKE URANIUM ,
THORIUM STRONTIUM, CARBON ( C14).
ARTIFICIAL OR MAN MADE SOURCE OF
RADIATION ARE – X-RAYS, NUCLEAR
EXPLOSIONS ETC.
3. * RADIO ACTIVITY IS THE DECOMPOSITION OF AN
ATOM BY EMISSION OF RADIANT ENERGY SUCH AS
ALPHA, BETA, GAMMA OR X-RAYS.
*RADIATION IS THE GIVING OFF OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ON PARTICULAR RAYS.
EFFECT OF ACTION OF RADIATION.
*THESE ACT DIRECTLY ON CYTOPLASM OF CELL
AND CAUSE DE-NATURATION OF PROTEINS ,
AFFECTS THE NUCLEUS . THE CELL DIVISION IS
AFFECTED AND RESULTING CELL OF FUTURE
GENERATION ARE BADLY DAMAGES.
4. SOURCES OF RADIATION
1. NATURAL.
2. MAN- MADE.
NATURAL
A, COSMIC RAYS IN THE ATMOSPHERE –
MAJORITY ARE FILTERED BY AIR.
B, ATMOSPHERIC GASES – GASES LIKE
RADON, THORON .
C, TERRESTRIAL – RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT
FOUND IN MINES & ON EARTH SURFACE.
D, INTERNAL – ELEMENT WHICH ARE
DECOMPOSED IN BODY EG ISOTOPE OF CARBON.
5. MAN- MADE
A, OCCUPATION ;- URANIUM MINES , ATOMIC
POWER , X-RAY IN MEDICAL & INDUSTRIAL FIELD.
NATURAL SUBMARINES , MAKING LUMINOUS
WATCH DIALS, PRESERVATION OF FOOD
STERILIZATION OF DRUGS, TESTING PLASTICS ,
ABRASIVE ETC.
B, RADIOACTIVE FALL OUT. ;- NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS
RELEASES HIGH ENERGY , TEMPERATURE, HEAT
LIGHT , RADIATION AND MANY ISOTOPES.
6. EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMAN BODY:
FACTORS INFLUENCING ARE :-
1. TYPE OF RADIATION.
2.DOSE OF RADIATION.
3.TIME OF RADIATION.
4 EXPOSURE OF WHOLE BODY OR
PART.
5.DISTANCE FROM SOURCE OF
RADIATION.
6. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
7. RADIATION EXPOSURE MAY BE ACUTE OR
CHRONIC.
ACUTE EXPOSURE : LARGE DOSE OF SHORT
DURATION.
CHRONIC EXPOSURE : SMALL DOSE OVER LONG
PERIOD.
THE COMMON EFFECTS ARE:-
1. ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME : 400-500
RADS.
2. OVERALL EFFECT : 50% DEATH AND 100%
WILL MANIFEST SICKNESS, NAUSEA, VOMITING, HAIR
LOSS, DIARRHOEA WITH BLOOD , ULCERS IN MOUTH ,
FEVER AND DEATH
3.AN EXPOSURE TO DOSE OF 3000RADS –
100% WILL DIE IN ONE WEEK.
8. CHRONIC EFFECTS:
1. THRESHOLD EFFECTS : TO THOSE A
CERTAIN MINIMUM DOSE IS GIVEN FOR
TREATMENT . THE EFFECT ARE:
I– DECREASE IN BLOOD CELL,
II--GI EFFECT – NAUSEA , VOMITING ,
DIARRHOEA .
III--REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM – STERILITY,
ABORTION, DAMAGE
TO FETUS.
2. NON THRESHOLD EFFECT ARE:
I. GENES MUTATION.
II CANCER OF LUNG, BLOOD, SKIN,
THYROID ETC.
9. PROTECTION AGAINST RADIATION :-
1. HEALTH PROMOTION
I, HEALTH EDUCATION REGARDING
HANDLING X-RAY MACHINE.
II, PERSONAL HYGIENE.
III, GOOD HOUSE KEEPING ( CLEAN ,TIDY
AND NEAT).
2. SPECIFIC PROTECTION :
I, USING MINIMUM EFFECTIVE DOSE.
II, AVOIDANCE OF INDISCRIMINATE USE.
III, USE LEAD APRONS, GOGGLES.
IV, DECREASING TIME OF EXPOSURE.
V, USING SHIELD AND KEEPING DISTANCE.
VI, ENCLOSING PROCEDURE TOTALLY.
10. 3. EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT.
PUBLIC HEALTH CHECK UP – BY FILM BADGE (
DOSIMETER) AND BLOOD CELL EXAMINATION .
MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE – CANNOT BE
DISCHARGED IN AIR OR STREAM , SPECIAL TREATMENT
LIKE PRECIPITATION OR STORAGE IN CEMENT CONCRETE
BOX AND DISPOSED IN DEEP SEA.
INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES INVOLVED IN RESEARCH IN
RADIATION – 1. W H O.
2. IAEA ( INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY
AGENCY)
3.ICRP (INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION.
11. MEASUREMENT OF RADIATION
THERE ARE THREE WAYS;-
1. ROENTGEN – IT IS THE EXPOSURE UNIT IF AMOUNT
OF RADIATION ABSORB IN AIR AT GIVEN POINT I.E. NUMBER
OF IONS PRODUCED IN 1 ML OF AIR.
2. RAD – IT IS THE UNIT OF ABSORBED DOSE PER
GRAM OF TISSUE OR ANY MATERIAL 1 MRAD = 0.001.
3. REM – IT IS MODIFYING FACTOR .THE REM
INDICATES THE DEGREE OF POTENTIAL DANGER TO HEALTH.
( WHERE RAD AND REM ARE EQUAL RADIATION IS
HIGHLY PENETRATING.)
12. INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS
1. COULOMB PER KILOGRAM (C/KG) =
ROENTGEN 2.58X10-4CKG. (
UNITS OF EXPOSURE)
2. GRAY (GY) = RAD 1 RAD = 0.01GY
(UNIT OF ABSORBED DOSE)
3.SIEVERT (SV) = REM . 1 SV = 100 REM
13. PENETRATIVE POWER OF DIFFERENT RAYS:-
COMMON ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATIONS.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
APPROXIMATE PENETRATING ABILITY
TYPE OF RADIATION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AIR TISSUE LEAD
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. ALPHA PARTICLES 4 CM 0.05 CM 0
2. BETA PARTICLE 6 – 300 CM 0.06-4.0 CM 0.005 – 0.3MM.
3. GAMMA RAYS 400 MTS 15 – 30 CM 30 MM.
4. X RAYS 120 – 420 MTS 15 – 30 CM 0.3 MM.
5. COSMIC RAYS SOME COMPONENTS VERY HIGH
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOURCE : LITTLE J.B.( 1966) N.ENG.J.OF MED. 275-929