This document discusses the biological effects of radiation at the molecular and cellular level. It describes how ionizing radiation can directly damage molecules like DNA through ionization or indirectly through reactive oxygen species. Double strand breaks in DNA are particularly harmful as they can lead to cell death if unrepaired or mutations if incorrectly repaired. Radiation is also capable of damaging cell membranes and inducing chromosome abnormalities. The cell cycle is disrupted and cells may die during or after attempted cell division. A variety of radiation types are discussed along with their properties and medical applications.
Biological effects of radiation provides the knowledge about how the radiation effects human beings and animals and how can we saves ourself from radiation.
Effects of radiation
Signs and symptoms of radiation
Infected period of radiation
Dosage
Calculation of dosage
Units and SI units used
Diseases caused by radiation
Radioresistant
Radiation protection, also known as radiological protection, is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this". Exposure can be from a source of radiation external to the human body or due to internal irradiation caused by the ingestion of radioactive contamination.
Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine, and can present a significant health hazard by causing microscopic damage to living tissue. There are two main categories of ionizing radiation health effects. At high exposures, it can cause "tissue" effects, also called "deterministic" effects due to the certainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit gray and resulting in acute radiation syndrome. For low level exposures there can be statistically elevated risks of radiation-induced cancer, called "stochastic effects" due to the uncertainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit sievert.
Fundamental to radiation protection is the avoidance or reduction of dose using the simple protective measures of time, distance and shielding. The duration of exposure should be limited to that necessary, the distance from the source of radiation should be maxi mised, and the source shielded wherever possible. To measure personal dose uptake in occupational or emergency exposure, for external radiation personal dosimeters are used, and for internal dose to due to ingestion of radioactive contamination, bioassay techniques are applied.
Biological effects of radiation provides the knowledge about how the radiation effects human beings and animals and how can we saves ourself from radiation.
Effects of radiation
Signs and symptoms of radiation
Infected period of radiation
Dosage
Calculation of dosage
Units and SI units used
Diseases caused by radiation
Radioresistant
Radiation protection, also known as radiological protection, is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this". Exposure can be from a source of radiation external to the human body or due to internal irradiation caused by the ingestion of radioactive contamination.
Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine, and can present a significant health hazard by causing microscopic damage to living tissue. There are two main categories of ionizing radiation health effects. At high exposures, it can cause "tissue" effects, also called "deterministic" effects due to the certainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit gray and resulting in acute radiation syndrome. For low level exposures there can be statistically elevated risks of radiation-induced cancer, called "stochastic effects" due to the uncertainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit sievert.
Fundamental to radiation protection is the avoidance or reduction of dose using the simple protective measures of time, distance and shielding. The duration of exposure should be limited to that necessary, the distance from the source of radiation should be maxi mised, and the source shielded wherever possible. To measure personal dose uptake in occupational or emergency exposure, for external radiation personal dosimeters are used, and for internal dose to due to ingestion of radioactive contamination, bioassay techniques are applied.
This power-point presentation is very important for radiology resident radiologist and radiographers and technician. this includes principles, technique , biological effects of radiation and how to protect, whats should normal radiation dose with latest update. This slide also includes ALARA PRINCIPLE thanks.
This power-point presentation is very important for radiology resident radiologist and radiographers and technician. this includes principles, technique , biological effects of radiation and how to protect, whats should normal radiation dose with latest update. This slide also includes ALARA PRINCIPLE thanks.
discusses about the effect of radiation that is hazardous to man and other living beings, how does these effects occur, and the necessity of minimizing the exposure to harmfull radiation
Basics of anatomy of endocrine glands and functions of their hormones with disorders as per the Pharmacy Council of India curriculum.
Only for educational purpose for undergraduate B pharmacy students.
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Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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1. Biological Effects
(Molecular and Cellular)
of Radiation
Compiled by:
Prof.Mirza Anwar Baig
Assistant Professor
AI's Kalsekar Technical Campus,Navi
Mumabi
1
2. At the end of topic students
should be able to
• Describe the biological effects of
radiation mentioned in this section.
• Enlist the hazardous effects of the
radiations on humans mentioned in
the course.
3. Radiations
• Radiation is energy that comes from a source and
travels through some material or through space.
• The different types of radiation differ only in their
respective wavelengths
• Low wavelength UV has the highest energy and is
potentially the most damaging
• Sunscreens can protect us from UV damage
3
4. The Electromagnetic SpectrumThe Electromagnetic Spectrum
We can see visible light.
We can feel the heat from IR and microwave radiation.
Our senses cannot detect most of the other wavelengths.
5. The SunThe Sun’’s Radiations Radiation
• More than half of the sun’s radiation is in the IR
region of the spectrum
• Nearly 40% is in the visible region of the spectrum
• Only 8% is in the UV region, but this higher energy
radiation can potential cause damage to living cells
10. Ionizing Versus Non-ionizingIonizing Versus Non-ionizing
RadiationRadiation
Ionizing RadiationIonizing Radiation
–– Higher energy electromagnetic wavesHigher energy electromagnetic waves
(gamma) or heavy particles (beta and(gamma) or heavy particles (beta and
alpha).alpha).
–– High enough energy to pull electronHigh enough energy to pull electron
from orbit.from orbit.
Non-ionizing RadiationNon-ionizing Radiation
–– Lower energy electromagnetic waves.Lower energy electromagnetic waves.
–– Not enough energy to pull electronNot enough energy to pull electron
from orbit, but can excite the electron.from orbit, but can excite the electron.10
11. Factors affecting biological activity
of radiations
• Penetrating power of radiations
• Tissue sensitivity
• Dose (energy) of radiations
• Surface area exposed
11
13. Ionizing (nuclear) radiation
A radiation is said to be ionizing when it has enough
energy to eject one or more electrons from the atoms
or molecules in the irradiated medium.
This is the case of alpha and beta radiations, as well
as of electromagnetic radiations such as gamma
radiations, X-rays and some ultra-violet rays. Visible
or infrared light are not, nor are microwaves or radio
waves.
13
15. • Penetration in materials
– Outside the body, an alpha emitter is not
a hazard unless it is on the skin
– Inside the body, an alpha emitter is a
bigger hazard if it deposits its energy in
sensitive tissue
Alpha rays
15
16. • Common alpha-particle emitters
– adon-222 gas in the environment
– Uranium-234 and -238) in the
environment
– Polonium-210 in tobacco
• Common alpha-particle emitter uses
– Smoke detectors
– Cigarettes/cigars
Sources- Alpha radiations
16
17. • Penetration in materials
– At low energies, a beta particle is not very
penetrating – stopped by the outer layer of
skin or a piece of paper
– At higher energies, a beta particle may
penetrate to the live layer of skin .
– Inside the body, a beta particle is not as
hazardous as an alpha particle because it is
not as big
– Because it is not as big, it travels farther,
interacting with more tissue (but each small
piece of tissue gets less energy deposited)
Beta rays
17
18. Gamma radiations
• Ionizing power is poor
• High penetrating power
• Form free radicals
• Injurious to health
X rays
Penetration power is sufficient to penetrate
tissues and can be detected outside.
Ionizing power is low
18
19. Properties of nuclear radiations
• High ionizing power- 1. alpha radiations
Moderate ionizing power- beta rad.
Low ionizing power- gamma & X rays
High penetrating power- gamma & X rays
Moderate penetrating power- Beta rays
Low penetrating power- alpha rays
19
21. The time scales for the short and long term effectsThe time scales for the short and long term effects
of radiation are symbolized in the figure and listedof radiation are symbolized in the figure and listed
in the tablein the table
21
22. • Radiation Causes Ionizations of:
ATOMS
which may affect
MOLECULES
which may affect
CELLS
which may affect
TISSUES
which may affect
ORGANS
which may affect
THE WHOLE BODY
22
26. Biological Effects of UV RadiationBiological Effects of UV Radiation
The consequences depend primarily on:
1. The energy associated with the radiation
2. The length of time of the exposure
3. The sensitivity of the organism to that
radiation
The most deadly form of skin cancer,
melanoma, is linked with the intensity of
UV radiation and the latitude at which you
live.
28. Effect of radiation on body
(1) Hair
The losing of hair quickly and in clumps occurs with
radiation exposure at 200 rems or higher.
(2) Brain
Since brain cells do not reproduce, they won't be
damaged directly unless the exposure is 5,000 rems
or greater. can cause seizures and immediate death.
(3) Thyroid
The thyroid gland is susceptible to radioactive
iodine. In sufficient amounts, radioactive iodine can
destroy all or part of the thyroid.
(4) Reproductive Tract
Because reproductive tract cells divide rapidly, these areas of
the body can be damaged at rem levels as low as 200. Long-
term, some radiation sickness victims will become sterile.28
29. (5) Blood System
When a person is exposed to around 100 rems, the blood's
lymphocyte cell count will be reduced, victim more susceptible to
infection. This refered to as mild radiation sickness. Early symptoms
of radiation sickness mimic those of flu.
According to data from Hiroshima and Nagaski, show that
symptoms may persist for up to 10 years and may also have an
increased long-term risk for leukemia and lymphoma.
(6) Heart
Intense exposure to radioactive material at 1,000 to 5,000 rems
would do immediate damage to small blood vessels and probably
cause heart failure and death directly.
(7) Gastrointestinal Tract
Radiation damage to the intestinal tract lining will cause nausea,
bloody vomiting and diarrhea. This is occurs when the victim's
exposure is 200 rems or more.
29
30. The Effects of Radiation on the
Cell at the Molecular Level
• When radiation interacts with target atoms,
energy is deposited, resulting in ionization
or excitation.
• The absorption of energy from ionizing
radiation produces damage to molecules by
direct and indirect actions.
• For direct action, damage occurs as a result
of ionization of atoms on key molecules in
the biologic system. This causes inactivation
or functional alteration of the molecule.
• Indirect action involves the production of
reactive free radiacals whose toxic damage
on the key molecule results in a biologic
effect.
30
31. Damage by ionising
radiation
• Indirect effect:
– Ionising event can break molecular
bonds but effect may manifest
elsewhere
– e.g. ionisation of water molecules can
produce free radicals (molecule with
unpaired electron in outer shell).
• Highly reactive
• Capable of diffusing a few micrometres to
reach and damage molecular bonds in
DNA
31
32. Indirect Action
• These are effects mediated by free
radicals.
• A free radical is an electrically
neutral atom with an unshared
electron in the orbital position. The
radical is electrophilic and highly
reactive. Since the predominant
molecule in biological systems is
water, it is usually the
intermediary of the radical
formation and propagation.
32
33. Indirect Action- Radiolysis of
Water
Free radicals readily recombine to electronic and orbital
neutrality. However, when many exist, as in high radiation
fluence, orbital neutrality can be achieved by:
1.Hydrogen radical dimerization (H2)
2.The formation of toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
3.The radical can also be transferred to an organic
molecule in the cell.
H-O-H ® H+ + OH- (ionization)
H-O-H ® H0+OH0 (free radicals)
33
34. Indirect Action
• H0 + OH0 ®HOH (recombination)
• H0 + H0 ® H2 (dimer)
• OH0 + OH0 ® H2O2 (peroxide dimer)
• OH0 + RH ® R0 + HOH (Radical transfer)
• The presence of dissolved oxygen can modify
the reaction by enabling the creation of other
free radical species with greater stability and
lifetimes
• H0+O2 ® HO2
0 (hydroperoxy free radical)
• R0+O2 ®RO2
0 (organic peroxy free radical)
34
35. Indirect Action - The Lifetimes of Free
Radicals
• The lifetimes of simple free radicals (H0 or
OH0) are very short, on the order of 10-10
sec. While generally highly reactive they
do not exist long enough to migrate from
the site of formation to the cell nucleus.
However, the oxygen derived species
such as hydroperoxy free radical does not
readily recombine into neutral forms.
These more stable forms have a lifetime
long enough to migrate to the nucleus
where serious damage can occur.
35
36. Indirect Action- Free
Radicals
• The transfer of the free radical to a
biologic molecule can be sufficiently
damaging to cause bond breakage or
inactivation of key functions
• The organic peroxy free radical can
transfer the radical form molecule to
molecule causing damage at each
encounter. Thus a cumulative effect can
occur, greater than a single ionization
or broken bond.
36
37. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS WITH
IONIZING RADIATION
• DNA is the most important material
making up the chromosomes and
serves as the master blueprint for
the cell. It determines what types of
RNA are produced which, in turn,
determine the types of protein that
are produced.
I I
S-AT-S
I I
P P
I I
S-CG-S
I I
P P
I I
S-GC-S
I I
P P
I I
S-TA-S
I I
37
38. • There is considerable evidence
suggesting that DNA is the primary
target for cell damage from
ionizing radiation.
• Toxic effects at low to moderate
doses (cell killing, mutagenesis,
and malignant transformation)
appear to result from damage to
cellular DNA. Thus, ionizing
radiation is a classical genotoxic
agent. 38
39. • The lethal and mutagenic effects of
moderate doses of radiation result
primarily from damage to cellular DNA.
• Although radiation can induce a variety
of DNA lesions including specific base
damage, it has long been assumed that
unrejoined DNA double strand breaks
are of primary importance in its
cytotoxic effects in mammalian cells.
39
40. • Active enzymatic repair processes exist
for the repair of both DNA base damage
and strand breaks. In many cases
breaks in the double-strand DNA can be
repaired by the enzymes, DNA
polymerase, and DNA ligase.
• The repair of double strand breaks is a
complex process involving
recombinational events, depending
upon the nature of the initial break.
40
41. • Residual unrejoined double strand
breaks are lethal to the cell, whereas
incorrectly recoined breaks may
produce important mutagenic lesions. In
many cases, this DNA misrepair
apparently leads to DNA deletions and
rearrangements. Such large-scale
changes in DNA structure are
characteristic of most radiation induced
mutations.
41
42. Radiation Induced Chromosome
Damage
•Chromosomes are composed of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a
macromolecule containing genetic
information. This large, tightly coiled,
double stranded molecule is sensitive to
radiation damage. Radiation effects
range from complete breaks of the
nucleotide chains of DNA, to point
mutations which are essentially radiation-
induced chemical changes in the
nucleotides which may not affect the
integrity of the basic structure.
42
43. Radiation Induced Chromosome
Damage
• After irradiation, chromosomes may appear to
be "sticky" with formation of temporary or
permanent interchromosomal bridges
preventing normal chromosome separation
during mitosis and transcription of genetic
information. In addition, radiation can cause
structural aberrations with pieces of the
chromosomes break and form aberrant shapes.
Unequal division of nuclear chromatin material
between daughter cells may result in production
of nonviable, abnormal nuclei.
43
44. Radiation Induced Membrane
Damage
• Biological membranes serve as highly specific
mediators between the cell (or its organelles)
and the environment. Alterations in the
proteins that form part of a membrane ’s
structure can cause changes in its
permeability to various molecules, i.e.,
electrolytes. In the case of nerve cells, this
would affect their ability to conduct electrical
impulses. In the case of lysosomes, the
unregulated release of its catabolic enzymes
into the cell could be disastrous. Ionizing
radiation has been suggested as playing a role
in plasma membrane damage, which may be
an important factor in cell death (interphase
death)
44
45. Cell Cycle
• Irradiation of the cell causes cell
death at mitosis as a result of the
inability to divide.(Mitotic death)
• RNA and protein synthesis do not
halt in the sterilized cell. The result
is the production of the giant cell,
whose unbalanced growth
eventually proves lethal to the cell.
45
46. applications
• Contrast media and diagnosis
• Therapeutic applications
teletherapy: removal of lesions not possible by
surgery (gamma)
surface source: dermatologic and ophthalmic use
(beta)
extracorporeal (on blood vessels): change in
immune response (x ray)
infusions: to treat peritoneal and pleural diffusion
in malignant tumours (gamma and beta ray)
46