Radiation can cause both acute and chronic effects depending on the exposure level. Acute radiation poisoning occurs with high, short-term exposure and can cause gastrointestinal issues, falling blood counts, and even rapid death. Chronic radiation syndrome occurs after long-term, low-level exposure and may result in blood problems and neurological issues over time. Radiation dose is measured in grays or sieverts, and exposure can be reduced through increasing distance from the source, limiting exposure time, and using appropriate shielding materials like lead or concrete.
Cavity theory.. Radiotherapy..
I explained about Bragg-gray, Spencer attix and Burlin theory..
In future I'll try to explain this with some more points. So wait for the updation.
I referred Radiation oncology (IAEA) book and
Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry by Frank Herbert Attix book
Cavity theory.. Radiotherapy..
I explained about Bragg-gray, Spencer attix and Burlin theory..
In future I'll try to explain this with some more points. So wait for the updation.
I referred Radiation oncology (IAEA) book and
Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry by Frank Herbert Attix book
interaction of ionizing radiation
1) Interaction of photon with matter
2) Interaction of Electron and proton with matter
3)Interaction of Neutron with matter
Calculation of air-kerma strength and dose rate constant for new BEBIG 60Co H...Anwarul Islam
Calculation of air-kerma strength and dose rate constant for new BEBIG 60Co HDR brachytherapy source: an EGSnrc Monte Carlo study
M. Anwarul Islam, Medical Physicist
SQUARE Hospitals Ltd, Bangladesh
anwar.amch@yahoo.com
interaction of ionizing radiation
1) Interaction of photon with matter
2) Interaction of Electron and proton with matter
3)Interaction of Neutron with matter
Calculation of air-kerma strength and dose rate constant for new BEBIG 60Co H...Anwarul Islam
Calculation of air-kerma strength and dose rate constant for new BEBIG 60Co HDR brachytherapy source: an EGSnrc Monte Carlo study
M. Anwarul Islam, Medical Physicist
SQUARE Hospitals Ltd, Bangladesh
anwar.amch@yahoo.com
the presentation describes the the purpose of calibration of Pyrometers, equipment requirement, black body source, details about master body and the format of calibration report.
MI cables are used for various industrial applications and to make thermocouples and RTDs.
Different types of MI Cables are MI thermocouple cables, MI RTD cables, MI Power cables, MI Heating cables, triaxial cables, coaxial cables and SPNDS.
basic structure of MI Cables comprises of conductors, insulating material and Metal sheath.
FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIATION PROTECTION – EXTERNAL & INTERNAL mahbubul hassan
Training Course on Radiation Protection for Radiation Workers
and RCOs of BAEC, Medical Facilities & Industries
24 - 28 October 2021
Training Institute
Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Savar, Dhaka
Radiation protection, also known as radiological protection, is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this". Exposure can be from a source of radiation external to the human body or due to internal irradiation caused by the ingestion of radioactive contamination.
Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine, and can present a significant health hazard by causing microscopic damage to living tissue. There are two main categories of ionizing radiation health effects. At high exposures, it can cause "tissue" effects, also called "deterministic" effects due to the certainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit gray and resulting in acute radiation syndrome. For low level exposures there can be statistically elevated risks of radiation-induced cancer, called "stochastic effects" due to the uncertainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit sievert.
Fundamental to radiation protection is the avoidance or reduction of dose using the simple protective measures of time, distance and shielding. The duration of exposure should be limited to that necessary, the distance from the source of radiation should be maxi mised, and the source shielded wherever possible. To measure personal dose uptake in occupational or emergency exposure, for external radiation personal dosimeters are used, and for internal dose to due to ingestion of radioactive contamination, bioassay techniques are applied.
Electromagnetic radiation_Environmental Health Hussain Raufi
This presentation illustrate the propagation of radiation, types, effects on various occasions to the human body. Moreover; the presentations also reflects the severity and its relations to the diseases.Further the benefits and uses of the radiation is also brought into consideration for the treatment of various diseases.
This presentation illustrate the propagation of radiation, types, effects on various occasions to the human body. Moreover; the presentations also reflects the severity and its relations to the diseases.Further the benefits and uses of the radiation is also brought into consideration for the treatment of various diseases.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
2. Radiation effects shows two types of Poisoning
according to the exposure obtained:
Acute Radiation Poisoning
Chronic Radiation Poisoning
3. *Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) also known as radiation poisoning,
radiation sickness or radiation toxicity, is a constellation of health effects
which occur within several months of exposure to high amounts of ionizing
radiation.
Relatively smaller doses
results:
*gastrointestinal effects:
-nausea and vomiting
*symptoms related to falling
blood count:
-infection and bleeding.
Relatively larger
doses can result:
*neurological effects
*rapid death.
Treatment :
*blood transfusions
*antibiotics
4. Chronic radiation syndrome is a constellation of health effects that occur
after months or years of chronic exposure to high amounts of ionizing
radiation.
It may manifest with low
blood cell counts and
neurological problems.
Radiation exposure can also
increase the probability of
developing some other diseases,
mainly different types of cancers.
5.
6.
7.
8. Radiation Doses SI unit Traditional unit Equivalency
Absorbed dose
is the concentration of energy deposited in tissue as a
result of an exposure to ionizing radiation. It tells us
the energy deposit in a small volume of tissue.
gray rad 1 gray = 100 rad
Equivalent dose
is an amount that takes the damaging properties of
different types of radiation into account. It addresses
the impact that the type of radiation has on that
tissue. (Different types of radiation have different damaging
properties.)
sievert rem 1 Sievert = 100 rem
Effective dose
is the sum of the weighted equivalent doses in all the
tissues and organs of the body.
sievert rem 1 Sievert = 100 rem
10. The amount of radiation an individual
accumulates will depend on how long the
individual stays in the radiation field.
Dose (mrem) = Dose Rate (mrem/hr) x Time (hr)
stay time- how long a person can stay in an area
without exceeding a prescribed limit.
Stay Time = DoseRate (mrem/hr) Limit (mrem)
Example:
How long can a radiation worker stay
in a 1.5 rem/hr radiation field if we
wish to limit his dose to 100 mrem?
Stay Time = 1500 mrem/hr 100 mrem
= 0.067 hr
= 4 minutes
11. The amount of radiation an individual receives
will also depend on how close the person is to
the source.
1. The Inverse Square Law
- Point sources of x- and gamma radiation
follow the inverse square law, which states that
the intensity of the radiation (I) decreases in
proportion to the inverse of the distance from the
source (d) squared:
2
1
2
2
2
1
d
d
I
I
12. Example: Radiographer A receives 5 mR per second of scatter
radiation standing 3 feet from the patient. What rate of radiation
does radiographer B standing 7 feet away?
Given
Reqd:
Answer: 0.92 mR/sec
ftd
ftd
mR
I
7
3
sec
5
2
1
1
?2 I
13. Example: The exposure rate one foot from a source is 500 mR/hr.
What would be the exposure rate three feet from the source?
Given:
Reqd:
Answer: 55.56 mR/hr
ftd
ftd
hr
mR
I
3
1
500
2
1
1
?2 I
14. 2. Gamma Exposure Rate Formula
The exposure rate from a gamma point source can be approximated from the following
expression:
Where:
C is the activity of the gamma emitter, in Curies
E is the gamma ray energy in MeV
f is the fraction of disintegrations yielding the gamma of energy E
d is the distance from the source in feet or meter
When d is in feet When d is in meter
I= 6CEf /d2 I= 0.5CEf /d2
15. An individual walks into a room containing a 500-Curie 60Co beam type irradiator. All
indications are that the beam exit port is closed. The individual stands in the path of
the beam and performs work on a piece of medical equipment located approximately
one meter from the source. The individual works for about 5 minutes and then exits
the room. Upon exiting, the individual discovers that the beam port was open the
entire time. You are the resident expert. You are called at home and asked to estimate
the dose received. What is the individual’s estimated dose?
Given:
C= 500 Curie
d= 1 m
t = 5mins
E= 1.33 MeV (see table for Co 60)
f = 0.9998 (see table for Co 60)
Required:
Dose=?
Answer: 28 R
16. When reducing the time or increasing the distance may not be possible,
one can choose shielding material to reduce the external radiation hazard.
The proper material to use depends on the type of radiation and its
energy.
*Alpha and Beta Radiation
*X and Gamma Radiation
*Half Value Layer
17. *Alpha and Beta Radiation
Maximum Range of Beta Particles vs. Energy.
18. *X and Gamma Radiation
Monoenergetic x- or gamma rays collimated into a narrow beam are
attenuated exponentially through a shield according to the following
equation:
I = Ioe-μx
Where:
I is the intensity outside of a shield of thickness x
Io is the unshielded intensity
μ is the linear attenuation coefficient of the shielding material
x is the thickness of shielding material.
19. *X and Gamma Radiation
The linear attenuation coefficient, μ, is the sum of the probabilities of
interaction per unit path length by each of the three scattering and
absorption processes - photoelectric effect, Compton effect, and pair
production. Note that μ has dimensions of inverse length (1/cm).
Mass attenuation coefficient : μm =
μ
𝜌
Where
μm = cm2/g
𝜌 = density (g/cm3)
20. Example: What is the dose rate after shielding a source that emits only 1 MeV
photons if the unshielded dose rate is 100 mrem/h and the source is shielded
by 1/2 inch lead?
Given:
Io = 100 mrem/hr
X= 0.5 in Pb
From the table @ 1 MeV:
𝜌 = 11.35 g/cm3
μm=0.068 cm2/g
Required:
I = ?
Answer: 37mrem/hr
21. *Half Value Layer
The half value layer (HVL) is the thickness of a shielding material required
to reduce the intensity of radiation at a point to one half of its original
intensity. It can be calculated by setting I=0.5Io and solving the
attenuation equation for x:
From the equation:
I = Ioe-μx
Let I=0.5Io Thus,
0.5Io= Ioe-μx
0.5=e-μx
HVLX
5.0ln
5.0
22. Determine the lead HVL for Cs-137 photons (0.662 MeV) using the shielding
equation.
Given:
E=0.662 MeV
From the Table:
μm=0.107 cm2/g
𝜌 = 11.35 g/cm3
Required:
HVL=?
Answer: 0.57 cm Pb