An episiotomy is a cut (incision) through the area between your vaginal opening and your anus. This area is called the perineum. This procedure is done to make your vaginal opening larger for childbirth.
Antenatal exercises are exercises performed by the women in their antenatal period to enhance the circulation and prevent various kind of complications. It also gives a feeling of well being to the women.
kindly give your suggestion if you like this. Newborn care and safety are the activities and precautions recommended for new parents or caregivers. It is also an educational goal of many hospitals. it helpful for the students also for educative purpose.
An episiotomy is a cut (incision) through the area between your vaginal opening and your anus. This area is called the perineum. This procedure is done to make your vaginal opening larger for childbirth.
Antenatal exercises are exercises performed by the women in their antenatal period to enhance the circulation and prevent various kind of complications. It also gives a feeling of well being to the women.
kindly give your suggestion if you like this. Newborn care and safety are the activities and precautions recommended for new parents or caregivers. It is also an educational goal of many hospitals. it helpful for the students also for educative purpose.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
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Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
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Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...
MATERNAL HEALTH CARE
1. ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF LOCAL SELF
GOVERNMENT
DELHI
“ METERNAL HEALTH CARE for paramedics“
DR.P.P.SINGH
By
Dr. P.P.SINGH
Faculty AIILSGD
Ex Medical Superintendent Cum Consultant pathologist HRH
Delhi
Ex. Director India Population Project 8 Delhi..
2. Obstetrics
Management of Pregnancy/ labor . Purpurium
under natural & abnormal circumstance aiming at
healthy Maternal & child .
Social Obstetrics ;
Study of social & environment factor related
to Reproduction Health .
Social Pediatrics;-
study of social & environment factor related to
promotion of growth development- prevention of
Mortality .Provision of comprehensive health care to
children
3. M& CH Services
- Making available
- Ensuring utilization.
Staff
Hospital Quality
Patients’ Status
Community participation.
Preventive , Promotive & Curative Health services to Mother
and Child at Primary Health care.
4. Need for specialized PHS for M & Child
1. Large Section of Population.
Mother 22%
Child 42%
Total 65%.
2. High Risk group
MMR – 4-5/1000
Morbid in community.
80% life scar – child bearing ,
child rearing
2/3rd Anemic Mother
½ anemic Non pregnant.
Early marriage
Early Menarche
Repeated Pregnancy – High rate
of complications
5. First few year following Menarche
1.Anemia – Incomplete Pelvic Growth
- Obstructed Labor
2.90% Indian Women are high Risk.
-Anemia
--short Stature
-- Bad Obstetric history.
-Child Hood – period of growth / development , personality
formation
3.Child survival
4.Disease/ Environment
-5.Quality & availability of Health , community servicers .
-- 6.high IMR -80/1000---- 2015 44/1000 . 50% ist week NNMR with in
48 hrs ( prenatal ) CDR under Five- 50/1000.
6. 3. Preventable morbidity & mortality
-UIP
--ANC / PNC
-- Safe delivery.
-4. Physically compact Units
- MOTHER – HEALTHY – HEALTHY CHILD
-( Neonate , Child and Maternal care.)
-5. Unified , integrated , Simultaneous care of Women & children
-- ANC/PNC
--Infant
-- Under Five care.
-6. Unified Training of all those involved
- Logistic for Intervention, Simultaneous Supervision , management
/ evaluation is possible & feasible
7. Socio-economic Factors
Contribute to Reproduction are Controlable - 57% Girl married 15- 19
years.
11% Below 15 years.
7. Assessment Need for MCH
1. Birth Rate – helps to find base line – ANC 28/1000.
2. MMR – 2/3rd are preventable by hospital intervention ( Anemia, APH,PPH
Puerperal infections)
3. Prenatal mortality Rate --- 50/1000
28 weeks of pregnancy – 7 days of birth
BITWA --- Birth Injury, Infection , Trauma Weight – poor. Asphyxia
4. Place of Delivery . Large number at Home 95% are normal – needs
Environment , Transport &emergency OC.
5. Attendant at delivery – DAI / TBA
6. Prematurity – 25% premature either – Gestational or Weeks IUGR ( Intra
Uterine Growth Retardation) 50% cases are due to Poor Habits, Smoking,
Poverty , Undernourished Toxemia
7. ANC – Crux of MCH , Complete regular Check up , Minimum 3 visits., early
registration.
8. 8. Resources
Rural area – 4% need Doctor, 1% need Hospital
Well trained Para medical One PHC – One Medical Officer.for 30
thousand population –
In one year- 40 delivery ,1000 care of Infant 5000 Child under
Five.
MPW at sub center 5000 population
Look after 160 ANC / year
TBA – per 1000 population.
Eligible Couple & Expected ANC
9. • Family Welfare.
•Post partum programme
•Medical Termination of
Pregnancy Act 1971.
•Training TBA.
•Urban Revamping Scheme.
•Free education to Girls.
Reservation in occupation
employment paid leaves.
Special Nutrition programme.
ICDS , Prevention of
Nutritional Anemia
UIP
Mid day meal .
Act of Marriage age.
National policies for child
etc.
National Programmes
10. TARGET POPULATION
Pregnant women – 3.2%
Live birth --- > 3%
Post Natal --- > 3%
INFANT --- 92% ( PXB 1000-1)
Child ( 9months to 3yrs) --- 8%
Under Five ---- 13%
11. MATERNAL DEATH
A death while pregnancy or 42 days of delivery but not
related to accidents.
MMR
Total no of death due to complication of pregnancy ,Chlid
birth
OR with in 42 days of delivery , puerperal causes in a year
= -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
X 1000
Total number of Live births in same year.
Includes all Deliveries / Abortions , Pregnancy wastage , Still
Births.
12. CAUSES OF MATERNAL DEATHS.
I Obstetric cause, Hemorrhage APH /PPH , Infections , Toxemia (
Pre eclampsia/ Eclampsia)
II Non Obstetric causes. Anemia , Accidents Diseases –
Tuberculosis, Malaria , Malnutrition, RHD, diabetes , hyper tension
, Pelvic inflammation.
III Social Causes
Early& late marriage
Grand Multi para.
Repeated pregnancies.
Large family size.
Poor Nutrition.
Lack of Health services .
Poor sanitation
Transportation
Communication
Education
High incidence of Communicable diseases
Low status of Women
Shortage of Medical / paramedical staff.
Poor working & managerial ability
13. PREVENTIVE MEASURES of MMR
Preconception – Knowledge – priority intervention for
Safe Mother hood.
Ist Priority – Intervention.
2nd priority - Improving nutrition & Education
3rd priority – Increase over all socio economic up
lift of women.
Early Registration --- ANC
Timely Referral
Intra partum care.
Post natal care (PNC)
14. A . Essential care for all
Early Registration of ANC – before 12- 16 weeks.
Minimum three visits 12, 32, & 36 Weeks.
Prevention of Nutritional Anemia ( PANA) Prophylactic IFA (
100 mg Iron & 0.5 mg Folic acid ) two tab daily / 100days.
Therapeutic – three tablet / day 100days. , Deworming in 3rd
trimester
B Immuinisation – TT – two doses at the interval of one month, 3
weeks before expected date of delivery.
C. Ensure – FIVE cleans – HAND, Surface, Cord , Thread &
Blade.
D. Post natal Care – to avoid sepsis, hemorrhage , Spacing advice
.
E. Early detection of Complication ;- Anemia, APH ,PPH,
Toxemia ( Wt gain > 5 Kg in month, BP > 150mmof Hg.
F. Emergency care ;- vacuum extraction, Anesthesia., Blood
transfusion , Caesarian Sections, Manual removal of Placenta.
Suction curettage
Sterilization
F Care of Women in reproductive age ;; No Conception below 20
years and above 30 /35 years.
15. ANTE NATAL CARE
Three Trimester – 280 days
LMP – 12 Wk. –Ist Trimester
13wk – 28 wks – IInd trimester
29wk – 40 wks – IIIrd trimester
Purpose of ANC
Checkup to monitor ,progress & to identify the
complications.
To make aware about FRU
To have advance arrangements for transport,
anticipate Emergency.
Blood donor
Number of Visits
At least three visits 20,32 & 38 wks. More often
in Third trimester
16. First Contact Examination
1. Registration – Bio data
2. History of Pregnancy
• LMP – EDD
• Problem Anemia's etc
• Iron folic acid
• H/O infestation ,Radiation ,Drugs and Diet etc
3. History of Previous Pregnancy
ANC, Place of delivery. ( Home ? Institutional)
H/O hemorrhage , immunization , Abortion contraception
practice.
4. General Examination
Weight, ( 2kg / month) Height ( 140 Cm) HB- > 10 gram%
Lymph adenopathy, Neck veins Thyroid, Peritoneal edema
,
Pulse , BP ( any change 30/15 mm in Systolic/diastolic ),
Jaundice
5. Systemic Examination for
o Diabetes , Hypertension, Goiter ,RHD, Hepatitis –
STD/AIDS.
o PID or Malignancies
o Family history – Twines, congenital abnormalities
17. Obstetric Examination
1. Confirm Pregnancy.
2. Breast Size
Erectile hyper pigmented Areola.
Montgomery’s tubercles on areola.
Nipple secretions – 12th weeks onward
Chlosma gravidonn face.
Linea Vigra from xephisternum to pubic
symphysis.
Striao graviodorum
3. Per Abdomen Examination
Fundal height
16 wks – half way pubis/ umbilicus
28wks at umbilicus.
32 wks upper 1/3rd / lower third 2/3rd
38 wks side bulge by 40 wks.
4. Foetal parts – active movements 20 wks
5. Foetal Heart (FHS) 18-20 wks. Rate 120-140/minutes
6. Per Vaginal Examination – pap smear prepared.
18. BASE LINE INVESTIGATION
o HB, Peripheral Smear.
oUrine – albumin / sugar
oBP
oPap smear
oBlood group- RH status
oSerological test – VDRL
oBlood sugar
oAustralia antigen / HIV
19. ADVICE/SERVICESS
Subsequent visit.
Identify high risk – APH ,Spotting,Multy para ,
Primigravida, Previous C/S , Hieght, Twins, Hydroamnios ,
Anaemia.
Examination /Investigations
Diet – 300 calories extra.,14gram Protein, IFA, Iodine,
green leafy vegitables , 1gram Calcium Lactate.( Social
ceremony – DOHAL -Jewan
Personal Hygiene - cleaniliness, Exercise, sleep , rest
after meal, avoid tobacco/alcohol radiation and hand
scrubs.
Immunisation – TT- 5th & 7th month. Earlier in first
pregnancy.
About Warning Signals – bleeding , discharge, Abdominal
or pelvic pain, fever, swellingof feet, blurring of vision,
dizziness , reduction of urine out put, nauseating vometing
, headache / fluctuating BP, loss of foetal movements.
Contraception & child rearing. Breast feeding etc.
Home visit
Stress.
20. IDENTIFYING HIGH RISK
Primi gravid - <15 years or > 35 yrs.
Height below 140 cm.
Multi para – 4 or more
Bad obstetric history--- Abortion, still birth ,
premature ,ectopic, C/S , PPH, APH.
Medical conditions – TB, Diabetes, Hypertension ,
Heart disease.
Conceived after infertility treatment.
21. First Trimester <12
wks
Nausea, Vomiting ,
weight gain 1-2kg
Absence of period
frequent urination ,
Tubal pregnancy ,
Hyper emesis
dehydration
Veginal bleeding
Abortion
II Trimester 13 – 28
wks
Slight fluid in nipple ,
quickening
Gradual increase in
fundal height,
noticeable
enlargement of
Abdomen
Fetal jerks
/movements
FHS
Weight Gain 3.5- 5 Kg
Abortion
Toxemia
IIIrd Trimester 29- 40
Wks
Frequent urination
,Fundus reaches
Diaphragm , Slight
oedema
Hemorrhage , mal
presentation of head.
Excessive fluid (
Hydroamenios)
NORMAL PREGNANCY & POSIBLE
COMPLICATIONS
22. TBA _ Trained/ Traditional Birth Attendant
Training at PHC – 8 days Theory & 22 days practice
General Anatomy & Physiology
Labor Diagnosis & Pregnancy.
High risk identification
Identification of danger sign
About Referral system
Care of Cord.
Removal of Placenta.
.
23. WARNNING SIGNALS
Sluggish Pains -- Slow progress.
Cord or hand prolapse ---Sudden Change in FHS
Poor progress of good uterine contractions
Mucconium Stain --- Sever Headache
Fever & Convulsions. ----Bleeding APH or PPH
Placenta not separated with in 30 minutes.
Deterioration of condition
Sever Anemia leads to CHF.
24. Preparation of Labour
DDK-- Disposable Delivery Kit
Five cleans – Surface, Hands , Blade ,Thread & cord.
LABOUR STAGES – THREE
I- From time of pain start to time CX fully dilated .
II- Full dilatation of Cx to delivery of baby.
III – Delivery of baby to delivery of Placenta
P.S. ;- 12- 13 hrs in Prime gravid. ½ in multi gravid
25. PARTO GRAPH
Useful clinical guide for early detection of mother
who are not likely deliver normally needs medical assistance.
Following point are to be recorded;-
1. FHS
2. Cervical dilatation.
3. Descent of Head
4. Uterine contractions
5. Maternal vital conditions.
Recognition of;-
1. Obstructed labour
2. Uterine rupture
3. PPH
PS;-1.if All above are recognized early can reduce the
MMR .
2. If No increase in cervical dilatation or blood
loss more than ½ liters case needs to be referred to PHC or
District Hospital
26. Ist Stage of Labour
labour pains Regular / Strong uterus become
hard.
Period 10 hrs in Primi / 5 hrs in second
Encourage – emptying of bladder
Give soap and water enema.
Can walk till bag of water is broken
Membrane brake in later should not move
about chances of cord prolapse.
II nd stage of Labour
o1-2 hrs.
oEncourage to push only during pains.
oShe must relax in between
oProvide support to perineum with pad of clean
cloth.
oWhen baby head is about to come till mother to
stop pusing and take deep breath – deliver head
slowly
oCut cord 2.5 inches from the umblicus
27. Harmful Practice
women should not push in Ist stage.
Uterus should not be massaged or pushed
Do not give any medicine / inj in Iind stage.
III rd stage of Labour –
10 – 15 minutes normal
Dry baby & put to the breast.
Always ensure Five clean.
Signs of separation of Placenta.
Uterus is hard & globular.
Sudden gush of blood
Extra valval portion of cord lengthen.
If fundus of uterus is gently pushed up forward umblicus
cord will not reced in to the vagina.
Check the placenta as soon as delivered , if it is not
complete – refer immediately.