Health information & Basic statistics forparamedicals
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This document discusses statistics and health information. It provides an overview of statistics, including its definition, functions, methods of data collection, presentation and analysis. It discusses topics like measures of central tendency, variability, sampling, types of data, and principles of data presentation through tables, graphs and other methods. The goal is to provide basic statistical concepts and skills for community health workers and paramedics.
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The document discusses India's primary health care system and community health care. It begins by defining health, healthcare, and community. It then outlines the levels of healthcare delivery and describes how primary health care in India evolved from recommendations made by various committees. The key aspects of primary health care delivery in India include its basis in the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration, focus on rural areas through a three-tier system, and emphasis on community participation and equitable access. The document also discusses community health centers, voluntary health agencies, and international organizations involved in India's health care system.
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Vision 2020 is a global initiative to eliminate preventable blindness by 2020. It targets diseases like cataract, refractive errors, childhood blindness, trachoma, and onchocerciasis globally. In India, it also focuses on glaucoma, corneal opacity, and diabetic retinopathy. The program implements a 4-tier system of primary vision centers, secondary service centers, tertiary training centers, and centers of excellence. Onchocerciasis is not included for India since it is not prevalent, and epidemic conjunctivitis is excluded globally and nationally. Cataract is the major cause of blindness in India. School screening programs help identify and refer children who cannot read certain lines to community health centers
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Epidemiology of blindness
1. Approximately 285 million people worldwide have visual impairments, with 246 million having low vision and 39 million being blind.
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3. In India, there are 7.8 million blind people and 45 million with low vision, accounting for 20% of the world's blind population.
4. The National Programme for Control of Blindness was launched in 1976 with the goal of reducing blindness prevalence from 1.4% to 0.3% by 2020 through strengthening eye care services, training human resources, and increasing public awareness.
Health information
Define health information (HI)
List the objective of HI
Enumerate the requirements of HI
List 3 uses of HI
Enumerate 7 major sources of HI
Vision 2020
The document outlines Vision 2020, a global initiative to eliminate avoidable blindness. It notes that 80% of blindness is avoidable and without interventions, blind cases could rise to 75 million by 2020. Vision 2020's goal is to reduce blindness by 100 million cases worldwide by 2020 through prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. In India, Vision 2020 aims to eliminate avoidable blindness through strategies like strengthening eye care infrastructure, reducing major causes of blindness like cataract and childhood blindness, and developing human resources like training more eye care professionals. The key approaches involve implementing programs targeting major blinding conditions, developing a district-level eye care service model, and using appropriate technology.
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Healthcare for community india
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Epidemiology of blindness
1. Approximately 285 million people worldwide have visual impairments, with 246 million having low vision and 39 million being blind.
2. The leading causes of blindness are cataract (62%), refractive error (19.7%), and glaucoma (5.8%).
3. In India, there are 7.8 million blind people and 45 million with low vision, accounting for 20% of the world's blind population.
4. The National Programme for Control of Blindness was launched in 1976 with the goal of reducing blindness prevalence from 1.4% to 0.3% by 2020 through strengthening eye care services, training human resources, and increasing public awareness.
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Define health information (HI)
List the objective of HI
Enumerate the requirements of HI
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Enumerate 7 major sources of HI
Vision 2020
The document outlines Vision 2020, a global initiative to eliminate avoidable blindness. It notes that 80% of blindness is avoidable and without interventions, blind cases could rise to 75 million by 2020. Vision 2020's goal is to reduce blindness by 100 million cases worldwide by 2020 through prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. In India, Vision 2020 aims to eliminate avoidable blindness through strategies like strengthening eye care infrastructure, reducing major causes of blindness like cataract and childhood blindness, and developing human resources like training more eye care professionals. The key approaches involve implementing programs targeting major blinding conditions, developing a district-level eye care service model, and using appropriate technology.
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Vision 2020
The Vision 2020 initiative aims to eliminate preventable blindness globally by 2020. Launched by the WHO in 1999, India has committed to developing a national plan of action to target the major causes of blindness like cataracts, refractive errors, and more. The plan focuses on preventative interventions, human resource development, and building infrastructure like vision centers, service centers, training centers and centers of excellence to provide eye care services and increase access at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels.
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Sources of data
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Registration of vital events
Sample registration system
Notification of diseases
Hospital records
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Record linkage
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Other health service records
Environmental health data
Health manpower statistics
Population surveys
Other routine statics related to health
Non – quantifiable information
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Screening for Diseases
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Investigation of epidemic
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1. Verification of diagnoses and defining cases is the first step to understand the scope and characteristics of the epidemic.
2. Confirmation of an actual epidemic involves comparing case numbers to historical data to determine if there is unusual disease occurrence.
3. Defining the population at risk, rapidly searching for all cases, collecting data on characteristics, and analyzing patterns in time, place and person help identify potential causes and transmission routes.
Epidemiology Exercises
A 25-year-old man presented to the casualty ward with deep wounds on both legs from an injury the previous day. He had received the tetanus toxoid vaccine 12 years ago. The wounds were cleaned and sutured if necessary. Antibiotics were administered within 6 hours to prevent tetanus. The man also received a booster dose of the tetanus toxoid vaccine due to the long interval since his last dose to actively immunize against tetanus infection from the wounds.
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- A brief history and the development of different types of retinoscopes.
- The optical principles behind how retinoscopy works to assess refractive error.
- Different techniques for performing retinoscopy, including static, dynamic, and near retinoscopy.
- Factors that can impact the results or make retinoscopy more difficult in some patients.
- Uses of retinoscopy beyond assessing refractive error, such as detecting other ocular issues.
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- How the "great sanitary awakening" in the 19th century identified filth as a cause of disease, leading to a focus on cleanliness and prevention over reacting to outbreaks.
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Public Health Surveillance
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Dynamics of disease transmission
This document provides an overview of the dynamics of disease transmission. It discusses the key elements involved, including:
1) The infectious agent - the pathogen that causes disease. It covers aspects like infectivity, pathogenicity, and virulence.
2) The source or reservoir - where the infectious agent lives and multiplies, such as humans, animals, or the environment. It can be the starting point for disease occurrence.
3) Modes of transmission - how the pathogen moves between the reservoir and a susceptible host. This includes direct contact, droplets, vectors, and indirect transmission through vehicles like food, water, fomites etc.
It describes other important epidemiological concepts like incubation period, generation
Epidemic investigation
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
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This document discusses hospital outbreak investigations. It defines endemic and epidemic infections in hospitals. Common source and propagated epidemics are described. Steps in investigating outbreaks in hospitals and communities are provided, including forming an investigation team, developing a case definition, conducting epidemiological and laboratory analyses. The goals of outbreak investigations are outlined. Methods for confirming and controlling outbreaks are discussed.
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Screening tests aim to identify unrecognized disease in apparently healthy individuals. They differ from diagnostic tests in that they are applied to groups rather than individuals, use a single criterion, and are less accurate. Validity refers to a test's accuracy while reliability is its precision on repeat tests. Sensitivity measures a test's ability to identify true positives, and specificity measures its ability to identify true negatives. Screening programs must consider factors like disease burden, test characteristics, and whether early detection improves outcomes.
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The Vision 2020 initiative aims to eliminate preventable blindness globally by 2020. Launched by the WHO in 1999, India has committed to developing a national plan of action to target the major causes of blindness like cataracts, refractive errors, and more. The plan focuses on preventative interventions, human resource development, and building infrastructure like vision centers, service centers, training centers and centers of excellence to provide eye care services and increase access at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels.
Sources of Public Health Data
Data
Information
Intelligence
Health information system
Sources of data
Census
Registration of vital events
Sample registration system
Notification of diseases
Hospital records
Disease registers
Record linkage
Epidemiological surveillance
Other health service records
Environmental health data
Health manpower statistics
Population surveys
Other routine statics related to health
Non – quantifiable information
Health management information system
Central Bureau of health Ingelligence
National health profile
WHO Reports
Global Health Observatory
World bank
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Screening for Diseases
The document discusses key concepts related to screening in preventive medicine. It defines screening as tests or examinations applied to apparently healthy individuals to detect disease in early stages. The biggest challenges are distinguishing individuals with and without disease given many diseases exist on a spectrum. An ideal screening test is inexpensive, easy to use, acceptable, valid, reliable and has high yield. The criteria for screening include the disease being an important health problem with a long preclinical stage and treatability. Screening programs must be continually evaluated to ensure benefits outweigh costs.
Health planning and management
This document discusses health planning and management. It defines health planning as the orderly process of defining health problems, identifying unmet needs, surveying resources, and establishing realistic goals to improve health services. The key steps in health planning are analyzing the health situation, establishing goals and objectives, assessing resources, setting priorities, writing the formulated plan, implementation, monitoring, evaluation, and replanning. Various management techniques used in health planning are also described, including statistical techniques, activity analysis, mathematical techniques, and financial techniques.
Investigation of epidemic
This document outlines the steps involved in investigating an epidemic:
1. Verification of diagnoses and defining cases is the first step to understand the scope and characteristics of the epidemic.
2. Confirmation of an actual epidemic involves comparing case numbers to historical data to determine if there is unusual disease occurrence.
3. Defining the population at risk, rapidly searching for all cases, collecting data on characteristics, and analyzing patterns in time, place and person help identify potential causes and transmission routes.
Epidemiology Exercises
A 25-year-old man presented to the casualty ward with deep wounds on both legs from an injury the previous day. He had received the tetanus toxoid vaccine 12 years ago. The wounds were cleaned and sutured if necessary. Antibiotics were administered within 6 hours to prevent tetanus. The man also received a booster dose of the tetanus toxoid vaccine due to the long interval since his last dose to actively immunize against tetanus infection from the wounds.
Retinoscopy and its principles
This document provides an overview of retinoscopy, including:
- A brief history and the development of different types of retinoscopes.
- The optical principles behind how retinoscopy works to assess refractive error.
- Different techniques for performing retinoscopy, including static, dynamic, and near retinoscopy.
- Factors that can impact the results or make retinoscopy more difficult in some patients.
- Uses of retinoscopy beyond assessing refractive error, such as detecting other ocular issues.
Accommodation
Accommodation is the process by which the eye focuses on near objects. It occurs through changes in the shape and thickness of the elastic lens, induced by contraction of the ciliary muscle. The amplitude of accommodation is the difference between the near point and far point, measured in diopters. Accommodative ability peaks at around 10 years old and gradually declines with age. Presbyopia is the age-related loss of accommodation, causing difficulty with near vision. Other anomalies include insufficiency, spasm, paralysis and excessive accommodation, which can be caused by factors like refractive error, drugs, trauma or ocular disease. Assessment of accommodation involves measuring the near point, amplitude and facility of accommodation using tools like lenses, rulers and
Concept of Public Health and Its Challenges
The document provides an overview of the concept of public health, its history and challenges. It discusses:
- The definition of public health as promoting health through organized community efforts like sanitation, disease control, health education and access to care.
- How the "great sanitary awakening" in the 19th century identified filth as a cause of disease, leading to a focus on cleanliness and prevention over reacting to outbreaks.
- The work of Edwin Chadwick who documented poor living conditions and their impact on health, and proposed sanitary reforms be addressed through engineering and public boards of health.
- The core functions of public health as assessment, policy development and assurance to collect data,
Association and causation
This document discusses the concepts of association and causation in epidemiology. It defines key terms like correlation, relative risk, odds ratio, and attributable risk which are used to measure the strength of association between different factors. It also differentiates between association and causation, explaining that correlation does not necessarily imply causation. The document outlines different types of causal relationships like necessary and sufficient, necessary but not sufficient, and neither necessary nor sufficient. It also discusses approaches used to study disease etiology and evaluate evidence for a causal relationship.
Public Health Surveillance
This document provides an overview of public health surveillance. It defines surveillance as the ongoing collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data to inform public health programs and actions. The document outlines the historical origins of surveillance dating back to ancient Greece. It describes various types of surveillance including community-level surveillance, routine reporting systems, active and passive surveillance, sentinel surveillance, and surveys. It also discusses the integrated disease surveillance program in India and how it aims to strengthen surveillance systems at the state and district levels.
Vpd surveillance system
This document discusses the importance of vaccine preventable disease (VPD) surveillance systems and provides details on setting up and monitoring different types of surveillance. It describes passive, sentinel, and active surveillance and compares their methods. Guidelines are provided for setting up each type of surveillance, including selecting reporting sites, collecting standardized case information, and monitoring the quality and timeliness of reporting. Methods for confirming vaccine preventable disease cases and preparing line lists and reports are also outlined.
Health communication
This document discusses communication for health education. It defines communication as a two-way process of sharing ideas, feelings, and information between a sender and receiver. It identifies the key parts of the communication system as the sender, receiver, message, channel, and feedback. The document then discusses various types of communication channels, barriers to effective health communication, and the goals of health communication, including providing information, education, motivation, persuasion, counseling, and supporting health development and organization.
Dynamics of disease transmission
This document provides an overview of the dynamics of disease transmission. It discusses the key elements involved, including:
1) The infectious agent - the pathogen that causes disease. It covers aspects like infectivity, pathogenicity, and virulence.
2) The source or reservoir - where the infectious agent lives and multiplies, such as humans, animals, or the environment. It can be the starting point for disease occurrence.
3) Modes of transmission - how the pathogen moves between the reservoir and a susceptible host. This includes direct contact, droplets, vectors, and indirect transmission through vehicles like food, water, fomites etc.
It describes other important epidemiological concepts like incubation period, generation
Epidemic investigation
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
Outbreak Investigation
This document discusses hospital outbreak investigations. It defines endemic and epidemic infections in hospitals. Common source and propagated epidemics are described. Steps in investigating outbreaks in hospitals and communities are provided, including forming an investigation team, developing a case definition, conducting epidemiological and laboratory analyses. The goals of outbreak investigations are outlined. Methods for confirming and controlling outbreaks are discussed.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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A comparative study on remote tracking of parkinson’s disease progression usi...
In recent years, applications of data mining method
s are become more popular in many fields of medical
diagnosis and evaluations. The data mining methods
are appropriate tools for discovering and extractin
g
of available knowledge in medical databases. In thi
s study, we divided 11 data mining algorithms into
five
groups which are applied to a dataset of patient’s
clinical variables data with Parkinson’s Disease (P
D) to
study the disease progression. The dataset includes
22 properties of 42 people that all of our algorit
hms
are applied to this dataset. The Decision Table wit
h 0.9985 correlation coefficients has the best accu
racy
and Decision Stump with 0.7919 correlation coeffici
ents has the lowest accuracy.
Statistics ppts
The document provides information on the course content and practical components of a statistics course.
The theory section covers topics like introduction to statistics, measures of central tendency and dispersion, probability, normal distribution, correlation, regression, tests of significance, analysis of variance, and sampling methods.
The practical section involves applying concepts like graphical representation of data, measures of central tendency and dispersion, moments, correlation and regression analysis, t-tests, chi-square tests, and analysis of variance to real data. Reference books on agricultural statistics are also listed.
Biostatics ppt
This document provides an overview of biostatistics and descriptive statistics. It defines key biostatistics concepts like data, distributions, and descriptive statistics. It explains how to display data through tables, graphs, and numerical summaries. These include frequency distribution tables, pie charts, bar diagrams, histograms, and more. Descriptive statistics are used to numerically summarize and describe data through measures of central tendency and dispersion.
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Introduction and Applications of Biostatistics.pdf
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National Leprosy Eradication Programme
1) The document discusses India's National Leprosy Eradication Programme, including its history, strategies, infrastructure, and treatment protocols.
2) Key statistics provided include that India accounts for 60.9% of global leprosy cases, with a prevalence rate of 5.0 per 10,000 people.
3) The program's objectives are to eliminate leprosy through early case detection, short-term multidrug therapy, health education, and rehabilitation. Treatment involves multidrug regimens administered monthly or daily depending on the type of leprosy.
Office management , book keeping and accounting
This document discusses office management, bookkeeping, and accounting for local government organizations. It provides an overview of key concepts like the role of an office, functions of supervisors, bookkeeping terms and principles of double-entry bookkeeping. Specific accounts that should be maintained are discussed like personal accounts, real accounts, and nominal accounts. The document also notes the differences between commercial and local body accounting and registers that should be maintained by municipalities.
Information Education Communication
The document discusses communication, education, and information techniques used in public health. It notes that health education is an important tool for disease prevention and promoting health. Providing information alone is not enough to change behaviors - the information must be tailored to people's education levels and cultures. Both information and education are needed to bring about behavioral changes. A variety of communication techniques can be used including group discussions, lectures, media campaigns, and printed materials. Good listening skills and an awareness of potential barriers are also important for effective communication.
National AIDS & STD control programme of India
The document discusses India's National AIDS Control Programme and strategies to control the spread of HIV/AIDS in India. It notes that the Director General of Health Services formed an AIDS cell in 1985 to coordinate HIV/AIDS activities. The national strategy includes establishing surveillance centers, identifying and screening high-risk groups, issuing guidelines for managing cases and blood safety, and conducting IEC activities and research. As of the document's writing, there were 62 surveillance centers and 29 blood testing centers. The highest numbers of HIV infections are seen in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and among injectable drug users in Manipur.
Role & responsibilities of sanitary Inspectors
1. The document outlines the various responsibilities and roles of a health worker, including maintaining maps of villages, conducting household surveys, keeping daily diaries and records, reporting mortality and morbidity, maintaining health cards and checklists, and conducting community surveys.
2. Key responsibilities include investigating infectious diseases and taking preventive measures, inspecting places of death, inquiring about unregistered births and deaths, inspecting nursing homes and dispensaries, and supervising food destruction and sanitation.
3. Additional duties involve inspecting food establishments, ensuring trade licenses are in order, attending to complaints, inspecting public venues, and performing other tasks assigned by superiors.
Revised National TB control Progrramme
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) and the Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) in India. It discusses:
1. What TB is, how it spreads, and its global and national burden. In India, it accounts for 1.4 crore cases and 4.23 lakh deaths annually.
2. The objectives and components of the RNTCP, launched in 1992, which uses the WHO-recommended DOTS strategy of Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course to achieve cure rates above 90%.
3. The structure of the RNTCP at central, state, district, and sub-district levels to facilitate DOTS implementation across India by 2006.
MATERNAL HEALTH CARE
This document discusses maternal health care for paramedics. It covers topics like obstetrics, management of pregnancy and labor under normal and abnormal circumstances, social obstetrics, social pediatrics, maternal and child health services, the need for specialized primary health services for mothers and children, national programs, targets populations, assessing needs, identifying high-risk pregnancies, normal pregnancy and possible complications by trimester, the role of trained birth attendants, and warning signs during pregnancy and labor.
New born care.
This document provides guidance on newborn care, under-five clinics, and reducing infant mortality. It discusses important newborn procedures like cord cutting and eye cleaning. It emphasizes exclusive breastfeeding, immunizations, and monitoring infant growth. Major causes of infant death are prematurity, infections, and lack of care during/after delivery. Establishing under-five clinics and improving access to health services, nutrition, sanitation and education can help reduce India's high infant mortality rate.
National Population Policy 2002
The document discusses India's National Population Policy from 2002 and the National Rural Health Mission. It aims to increase public health expenditures to 6% by 2010, implement public health programs through local self-governments, and identify specific women's health programs. The National Rural Health Mission aims to upgrade primary health centers to community health centers to provide comprehensive primary healthcare according to Indian Public Health Standards. Primary healthcare services outlined include outpatient care, emergency services, maternity/child welfare, reproductive health services, nutrition programs, school health, and adolescent health.
International organisations of Public Health importance
This document summarizes several international agencies important for public health and their roles. It discusses the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), International Red Cross, World Bank, Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation, and CARE. It outlines when each was established, their headquarters, regional structures, and functions focused on areas like child health, nutrition, disease control, and providing aid and loans for various national health programs in India.
Role & Responsibilities of Health Worker
1. The document outlines the various responsibilities and roles of a health worker, including maintaining maps of villages, conducting household surveys, keeping daily diaries and records, reporting mortality and morbidity, maintaining health cards and checklists, and conducting community surveys.
2. Key responsibilities include investigating infectious diseases and taking preventive measures, inspecting places of death, inquiring about unregistered births and deaths, inspecting nursing homes and dispensaries, and supervising food destruction and sanitation.
3. Additional duties involve inspecting food establishments, ensuring trade licenses are in order, attending to complaints, inspecting public venues, and performing other tasks assigned by superiors.
Municipal acts related to public health for paramedics.
The document summarizes various municipal acts pertaining to public health in India. It outlines the statutory and delegated powers given to public health officials to carry out objectives like maintaining vital statistics, preventing communicable diseases, providing medical relief, and promoting food and environmental sanitation. It discusses provisions across several acts that address registration of births and deaths, communicable disease notification and control, medical relief services, food safety, vector control, nuisance removal, and regulation of places like cemeteries, cinemas and nursing homes. The document also briefly mentions other relevant acts around domestic violence, Hindu marriages, and right to information.
Information Education & communication
The document discusses communication, education, and information strategies for health workers. It makes three key points:
1. Effective communication requires understanding factors like prejudices, attitudes, and life experiences that influence relationships. It also requires clear messaging with a sender, receiver, and message.
2. There are various communication techniques for health workers, including public meetings, group discussions, demonstrations, and various media. Good listening skills and addressing barriers are also important.
3. Providing health information alone is not enough; it must be converted to simple ideas tailored to the community's education level and culture through education and ensuring it meets their "felt needs" to effectively create behavior change.
Demography and fp
This document discusses demography and family welfare for paramedics. It defines demography as the scientific study of human populations, including changes in size, composition, and distribution. It outlines the stages of the demographic cycle and factors that influence population growth such as fertility, mortality, migration, and marriage. The document also discusses population pyramids, hazards of overpopulation, India's population trends, its national population policy, the scope of family welfare, and classifications of contraceptive methods.
Overview of thalassemia 2
- Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder caused by mutations in hemoglobin genes. It results in decreased or absent globin chains and abnormal hemoglobins.
- There are two main types - alpha and beta thalassemia. Beta thalassemia major requires lifelong blood transfusions and causes iron overload.
- India has a high burden of thalassemia with over 10,000 children born with thalassemia major each year. Carrier rates vary regionally from 1-15% in different parts of India.
- Management involves blood transfusions to prevent complications from anemia. Iron chelation therapy is also required to manage iron overload from frequent transfusions. Bone marrow
Smart city project.
1. The document provides an overview of health basics for smart cities presented by Dr. P.P. Singh. It discusses key topics like the five basic elements of living, communicable vs. non-communicable diseases, and the factors that influence health.
2. Environmental health is defined as controlling factors that can negatively impact physical development, health, and survival. Public health aims to prevent disease through community participation and controlling infections, sanitation, health services, and legislation.
3. Creating smart cities requires considering aspects like affordable and accessible healthcare, reducing inequalities, and focusing on prevention and well-being. Public health programs must adopt a holistic approach involving epidemiological surveillance, sanitation barriers, and
General epidemiology.
This document provides an overview of general epidemiology concepts for communicable diseases. It defines epidemiology and describes the epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment. It discusses the natural history of diseases and models like the iceberg phenomenon. It also outlines methods of disease transmission, prevention and control strategies like vaccination, and immunity types. Overall, the document serves as an introductory guide to epidemiological principles for para-medical professionals.
Mumps for paramedicals
1. Mumps is an acute infectious viral disease that causes swelling of the parotid salivary glands and can affect other organs. It is caused by the mumps virus and spreads through direct contact or droplets.
2. The disease usually affects children between 5-15 years of age and presents as pain and swelling of one or both parotid glands. Complications can include orchitis, pancreatitis, meningitis and deafness.
3. Prevention is through vaccination with the live attenuated mumps vaccine, which provides protection in 95% of individuals with a single dose. Para-medical workers can help control outbreaks through identification, notification, health education and promoting immunization.
Ventilation
Ventilation is the process of supplying fresh air and removing stale air from an indoor space to maintain comfortable and healthy atmospheric conditions. There are natural and artificial methods of ventilation. Natural ventilation uses inlet and outlet openings to allow airflow, while artificial ventilation uses mechanical fans and systems like exhaust, plenum, combined, and air conditioning. Proper ventilation is important for removing toxins, odors, heat, and moisture from indoor spaces and supplying sufficient oxygen.
Overview on water
This document discusses water and health from an environmental perspective. It begins by defining key terms like health, environment, and ecology. It then describes various waterborne diseases and how they are transmitted, with a focus on cryptosporidiosis. The document outlines the Bradley classification system for water-related diseases and discusses different water sources, treatment methods, and quality standards. It emphasizes the importance of sanitation and access to safe drinking water for public health.
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Health information & Basic statistics forparamedicals
- 1. ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT DELHI “Health Information & Basic Statistics” For Para medicals By Dr. P.P.SINGH Faculty AIILSGD Ex Medical Superintendent Cum Consultant pathologist HRH Delhi Ex. Director India Population Project 8 Delhi.. DR.P.P.SINGH
- 2. HEALTH INFORMATION & BASIC STATISTICS FOR SI Statistics ---- STATUS (Italian word –STASTISTA) means – Political State. Used by KINGS & MONARCHs for collecting data on citizenry . State Wealth .Taxes collected . Population & so on Statistics used – as plural noun -- masses of figures. -- as singular noun – science of statistics. “ CROXTON & COWDEN “ defined as --collection --Presentation -- Analysis -- Interpretation of numerical data. 2
- 3. 1.COLLECTION OF DATA. 2.PRESENTATION OF DATA. 3.ANALYSIS OF DATA. 4.INTERPRETATION OF DATA 3
- 4. TYPE OF DATA A. PRIMARY DATA --- SELF COLLECTED. B. SECONDARY DATA – FROM RECORD, JOURNAL ETC 4
- 5. PRESENTATION OF DATA. . NUMBERS. . TABLES. . GRAPHS. . MAPS . PYRAMID 5
- 6. ANALYSIS OF DATA. -- TENDENCY --DISPERSION --CORRELATION COEFFICIENT. INTERPRETATION -- NUMBERS ARE TRANSFORMED TO THE STATEMENT 6
- 7. CHIEF FUNCTIONS OF STATISTIC 1. IT PRESENT THE FACTS IN DEFINITE FORM. 2. IT SIMPLIFIES THE COMPLEXITY IN DATA. 3. IT FACILITATE COMPARISONS. 4.IT ENABLES THE STUDY OF RELATIONSHIP. 5.IT ENABLES US TO DRAW VALID CONCLUSION FROM DATA. 6.IT HELPS IN FORECASTING. 7.IT HELPS IN FORMULATING POLICIES 7
- 8. METHODS OF COLLECTION OF DATA. 1, SAMPLING. 2, BY COUNTING THE WHOLE POPULATION METHOD OF INQUIRY USED. 1) QUESTIONNAIRE. 2)TELEPHONIC INFORMATION. 3)POSTAL INQUIRY. 4) INTERVIEW. 5) FIRST HAND REPORT. 8
- 9. NECESSITY OF SAMPLING 1. MOST POSSIBLE METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA. 2. COST INVOLVED IS LOW AND FEWER PERSON ARE REQUIRED. 3. RESULTS ARE AVAILABLE FAST. 4.RELIABILITY INCREASES AS SIZE OF STUDY. 5.FOR CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION OR IN FOOD HYGIENE SAMPLING IS THE ONLY METHOD OF KNOWING QUALITY. SAMPLING IS NOT USEFUL WHERE MEDICO-LEGAL INFORMATION IS NECESSARY OR SOURCE OF EPIDEMIC IS TO BE STUDIED. 9
- 10. Types of Sampling methods a) Universal or Population – Total person animal or objects. b) Sample --- Portion of population c) Representative sample means it tallies with the universe in all respect except the numbers TYPE OF SAMPLING:- 1) RANDOM 2)SYSTEMATIC -- IN A DEFINITE SEQUENCE 3) STRATIFIED -- FROM DIFFERENT STRATA OF SOCIETY 4. MULTI STAGE – SAMPLE FROM DIFFERENT AREA(STATE, DISTT, TALUKAS , VILLAGE ) 5) MULTI PHASIC – SAMPLE OUT OF SAMPLE FOR INVESTIGATION 6) CLUSTER 7) MATCHED 10
- 11. 1.MEASUREMENT DATA (QUANTITATIVE DATA)– THE DATA ARE OBTAINED BY MEASUREMENT WHICH MAY FRACTIONAL … E.G. BLOOD SUGAR, BODY WEIGHT AGE ,HEIGHT ETC. 2. ENUMERATIVE DATA (QUALITATIVE DATA ) – THE DATA ARE QUALITATIVE AND REPRESENT A PARTICULAR ATTRIBUTED CHARACTER E.G. CURED AND NOT CURED , NUMBER OF MALE / FEMALE STUDENTS IN THE CLASS 11
- 12. PRESENTATION OF DATA IS BY FOLLOWING TYPES 1) BY TABULAR METHOD 2) BY GRAPHIC METHOD 3) PRESENTATION BY MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY(AVERAGE) 4) BY MEASURE OF VARIABILITY 12
- 13. PRINCIPLES OF PRESENTATION 1. ARRANGEMENT OF DATA IN SUCH A WAY THAT READER WILL TAKE INTEREST. 2. MAKING DATA SUFFICIENTLY SHORT WITHOUT LOSING ITS IMPORTANCE. 3.SOME QUICK IMPRESSIONS ARE POSIBLE. 4. TO FACILITATE FURTHER STATISTICAL ANALYSIS. 13
- 14. 1.TABULAR 2.GRAPHS 3.BAR DIAGRAM.– SIMPLE, MULTIPLE & COMPONENT BAR. 4PIE DIAGRAM. 5.SCATTER DIAGRAM. 6.COLOUR MAP. 7.HISTOGRAM. 8.PYRAMID 9.PICTORIAL 10.FREQUENCY POLYGON 14
- 15. MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY A. MEAN B. MEDIAN. C. MODE THE VARIABILITY A. BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY. B. RANDOM VARIABILITY C. SAMPLING ERROR MEASURE OF VARIABILITY A. RANGE B. STANDARD DEVIATION C. COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION 15
- 16. STANDARD DEVIATION 1. FINDING OUT MEAN 2.FINDING OUT DEVIATION FROM MEAN 3.SQUARE THE DEVIATION 4.SUM THE SQUARE 5. DIVIDE WITH TOTAL NUMBERS - 1.(VARIANCE) 6.SQUARE ROOT OF VARIANCE SD = √∑ (X-X)2 N-1 16
- 17. S D COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION = --------- X 100 MEAN 17
- 18. 18 Approach;- G - Greet A – ask for consent. T – Tell the purpose. H – Help & Health Education . E – Ensure about confidentiality R – Revisit to give thank
- 21. Sales 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr 21
- 22. 22
- 23. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 1 2 3 Y-Values Y-Values 23
- 24. Sales 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr 24
- 26. 26 1. Total Population 2. Male : Female Ratio. 3. Infant 4. Fully immunized Infant. 5. Occupation wise distribution. 6. Literacy Rate. Or % of children going to School. 7. Number of Eligible Couples. 8. Number of protected couples 9. Range of age. 10.Present the data in BAR, Graph & Histogram. 11. Community Need.