Radar uses radio waves to detect distant objects. It works by transmitting radio pulses and measuring their reflection off targets to determine range, angle, speed and other characteristics. There are two main types of radar: continuous wave radar which transmits a continuous radio signal, and pulsed radar which uses high power pulses. Radar has many applications including air traffic control, weather observation, speed enforcement, and military uses like air defense and missile guidance. It can operate in all weather conditions and is a vital detection system.

1. Radar
SEMINAR ON
RADAR
Swayoni Bandopadhyay
CAMELLIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
STREAM- ECE , 3rd
YEAR
BATCH- 2011- 2015

2. INDEX
Introduction
The Range
Range Measurement
Atmospheric Effect
Types of Radar
Applications
Conclusion
Bibliography

3. What is Radar?
RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging)
is a way to detect and study far off
targets by transmitting a radio pulse in
the direction of the target and
observing the reflection of the wave.
It’s basically radio echo

4. RADAR
RAdio Detection And Ranging
Radar observables:
• Target range
• Target angles (azimuth & elevation)
• Target size (radar cross section)
• Target speed (Doppler)
• Target features (imaging)
Antenna
Transmitted
Pulse
Target
Cross
Section
Propagation
Reflected
Pulse
(“echo”)

5. The Range
In general v=d/t and d=vt
The range is just a distance
Since radio waves travel at the speed of
light (v = c = 300,000 km/sec )
range = c•time/2

6. Radar Range Measurement
Transmitted
Pulse
Reflected
Pulse
Range
Target
• Target range =
cτ
2
where c = speed of light
τ = round trip time

7. Atmospheric Effects

8. • Atmospheric attenuation
• Reflection off of earth’s
surface
• Over-the-horizon
diffraction
• Atmospheric refraction
Radar beams can be attenuated, reflected and
bent by the environment
Radar beams can be attenuated, reflected and
bent by the environment

9. Radar Types

10. Primary Type Of Radar
Continuous wave radar
Continuous-wave radar is a type
of radar system where a known stable
frequency continuous Wave
radio energy is transmitted and then
received from any reflecting objects
Two broad categories of continuous
wave radar are
Modulated and Unmodulated radar
Pulse wave radar
Pulsed radar transmits high power,
high-frequency pulses toward the
target. Choice of pulse repetition
frequency decides the range and
resolution of the radar.
Two broad categories of pulsed
radar are Moving Target Indicator
MTI and Pulse Doppler Radar.

11. Fields of Applications
Military applications, security, surveillance etc.
Weather observation
Air Traffic Control
Radar speed meters
Collision Avoidance Radars
Inspection of Construction work
Road maintenance

12. MILITARY
Important Part of Air Defence System, Operation of offensive
Missiles &Other Weapons.
Target Detection, Target Tracking & Weapon Control.
Tracks the targets, directs the weapon to an intercept and assess
the effectiveness of engagement.
Also used in area, ground &air surveillance.

13. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
Used to safely control Air Traffic
in the vicinity of the airports and
enroute.
Ground vehicular traffic &
aircraft taxing.
Mapping of regions of rain in
the vicinity of airports &
weather.

14. DAY TO DAY APPLICATIONS
A LIFE SAVER
Livermore engineering technologist
used a micro power impulse radar
sensor attached to an extender to
search for trapped people through
rubble at ground zero of world trade
center following the September
11,2001 terrorist attacks.
ROAD MAINTAINANCE
The HERMES (high performance
electromagnetic roadway mapping and
evaluation system)
Bridge inspector is a Radar based sensing
system mounted in a trailer. This image
shows a area where a delamination
in the concrete may have occurred.

15. TUNNEL WALL INSPECTIONTUNNEL WALL INSPECTION MINE INSPECTIONMINE INSPECTION
LOCATING UNDER GROUND PIPESLOCATING UNDER GROUND PIPES LOCATING GRAVELOCATING GRAVE

16. CONCLUSION
RADAR is used to find velocity, range and position
of the object. Advantage of RADAR is that it
provide superior penetration capability through any
type of weather condition.
LIDAR is advanced type of radar which uses
visible light from laser.

17. BIBLIOGRAPHY
M. Kulkarni, “Microwave and Radar Engineering”, 3rd edition, Umesh Publication,
2003, pp. 493 – 536
Merri.I.skolnik, “Intoduction to Radar System”, 3rd edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2003
“Types of Radar”, Engineers Garage,2012[online]. Available:
http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/type-of-radars [accessed: September 2012]
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar
http://www.radartutorial.eu/01.basics/rb01.en.htm