The key factors that control road alignment include: - Obligatory points that the road must or must not pass through such as bridges, mountains, and towns - Traffic patterns and desire lines - Geometric design standards for grade, curvature, and sight distances - Construction and maintenance costs to minimize cutting, filling, and grading - Drainage considerations, political boundaries, and avoiding monotony The optimal alignment balances these engineering and economic factors while providing a safe and efficient road design.

1. RET 565: CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY & INFRASTRUCTURE “ WHAT ARE THE FACTORS CONTROLLING ALIGNMENT OF ROAD?” GROUPS MEMBERS : HAFIZATUN NADIAH BT MOHD NOOR JUNAIDAH BT JAILANI ZUHAILA BT ZAKARIA FARHANA BT SAFAR KHAIRUL ANUAR BT MA’AROF

2. Road Alignment Problem

4. Geometric design of road

8. A circular curve connecting two straight /tangent s Forces acting on a vehicle when travelling round a circular curve

10. Parabolic vertical curve Types of crest and sag vertical curves

12. Stopping sight distance

13. Factors that control the alignment of road

17. THE END