21/08/2015 · Department of Civil Technology Written By: Ahmed Zakaria Page 11 Hosting Company: Fig 2: Al haramain Company headquarter Company address: Al Haramain Company for Commerce and Contracting Building Al Nahda Area Jeddah 2233 Saudi Arabia +966 2 694 2000 ahc@haramain.com.sa. 12.
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12/08/2015 · Department of Civil Technology Written By: Ahmed Zakaria Page 15 Hosting Company: a) Report writing Reporting is a controlling / informative mechanism which will help in evaluating the status of a project. It also help decision makers to follow the status of the project without being present physically on the site.
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www.academia.edu › 4202293 › Internship_report(PDF) Internship report | Sajesh Maharjan - Academia.edu
Download Free PDF. 1 An Internship Report with regard to J.B. Rajbhandary & DiBins Submitted by Sajesh Maharjan Roll no: 10450124 PU Registration Number: 2009-2-45-0066 An Internship Report Submitted to Ace Institute of Management Faculty of Management Pokhara University Submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Business Administration in Banking ...
Authors: Sajesh Maharjan
www.academia.edu › 15735540 › A_SUMMER_INTERNSHIP_REPORT(DOC) A SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT - Academia.edu
It has been operational in Pakistan since 1989. Toyota is a one of a kind Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer. As of September 2018, it was the sixth largest company in the world in terms of revenue. The economic conditions however have not been very favorable for the automotive industry.
Authors: jhanavi gadhavi
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highway survey and route selection and location and survey main objective and on the road project cycle comprises of the stages project identification detailed design improvement upgrading construction and feasibility study preliminary design detailed design identification of the need for a new road based on strategic economic and social considerations
highway survey and route selection and location and survey main objective and on the road project cycle comprises of the stages project identification detailed design improvement upgrading construction and feasibility study preliminary design detailed design identification of the need for a new road based on strategic economic and social considerations
Design & Construction of B.I.T. Driveway (As per rural specification)IJERA Editor
The motive of undertaking this project of “Design & Construction of B.I.T. Driveway (As per rural
specification)” is to study and evaluate the performance in real design and working conditions of the rural road
flexible pavement with IRC:37-2001 and IRC:SP:20-2002. In this paper, the work is carried out to measure the
traffic volume on the top surface of the B.I.T. Driveway. Rural connectivity is taken as one of the major
component in increasing the agricultural output and earning capacity of the rural population. There is a marked
improvement in quality of life by way of better educational facilities, improved health services, improved
attendance by the school teachers as well as students.
Highway engineering is an engineering discipline branching out from civil engineering. This subject involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods. There are certain geological conditions which should be considered while laying the highways. This module give those details in general.
Alignment: The position or the layout of the central line of the highway on the ground is called the alignment.
Highway Alignment includes both
a) Horizontal alignment includes straight and curved paths, the deviations and horizontal curves.
b) Vertical alignment includes changes in level, gradients and vertical curves.
Road Geometric Design-The alignment is the route of the road, defined as a se...Ange Felix NSANZIYERA
The geometric design of roads is the branch of highway engineering concerned with the positioning of the physical elements of the roadway according to standards and constraints.
ALIGNMENT OF RAILWAY LINE |ALIGNMENT OF RAILWAY TRACK |RAILWAY ENGINEERINGEduHUBOnline
Video LINK of PPT(Must WATCH for better Experience):-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1Dts33EMMA
This Presentation/Pdf/video is about the Alignment of railway lines which is a part of railway engineering. Here we are going to discuss about the alignment of the railway track, criteria for it.
Alignment of railway line refers to the direction and position given to the centerline of the railway track on the ground in the horizontal and vertical planes. Horizontal alignment means the direction of the railway track in the plan including the straight path and the curves it follows. Vertical alignment means the direction it follows in a vertical plane including the level track, gradients, and vertical curves. The various factors affecting alignment, and types of track alignments and their suitability in different terrains are discussed in this video.
Different topics discussed are: -
Types of Railway Projects
Proper planning and Alignment of the railway line
Alignment of Railway Line
Horizontal alignment & Vertical alignment
Importance of Good alignment
Railway Line Constructions
The various factors affecting alignment, and types of track alignments
Basic Requirements of an Ideal Alignment
Selection of a Good Alignment
Economic Considerations of railway alignment
This video will be very helpful for all students of civil engineering who are going to study railway engineering, students who are looking to make a career in civil engineering, and for general knowledge about railway also, and also for civil engineering students preparing for govt exams.
#railwayengineering #alignmentofrailwayline
ORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECT
Design & Construction of B.I.T. Driveway (As per rural specification)IJERA Editor
The motive of undertaking this project of “Design & Construction of B.I.T. Driveway (As per rural
specification)” is to study and evaluate the performance in real design and working conditions of the rural road
flexible pavement with IRC:37-2001 and IRC:SP:20-2002. In this paper, the work is carried out to measure the
traffic volume on the top surface of the B.I.T. Driveway. Rural connectivity is taken as one of the major
component in increasing the agricultural output and earning capacity of the rural population. There is a marked
improvement in quality of life by way of better educational facilities, improved health services, improved
attendance by the school teachers as well as students.
Highway engineering is an engineering discipline branching out from civil engineering. This subject involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods. There are certain geological conditions which should be considered while laying the highways. This module give those details in general.
Alignment: The position or the layout of the central line of the highway on the ground is called the alignment.
Highway Alignment includes both
a) Horizontal alignment includes straight and curved paths, the deviations and horizontal curves.
b) Vertical alignment includes changes in level, gradients and vertical curves.
Road Geometric Design-The alignment is the route of the road, defined as a se...Ange Felix NSANZIYERA
The geometric design of roads is the branch of highway engineering concerned with the positioning of the physical elements of the roadway according to standards and constraints.
ALIGNMENT OF RAILWAY LINE |ALIGNMENT OF RAILWAY TRACK |RAILWAY ENGINEERINGEduHUBOnline
Video LINK of PPT(Must WATCH for better Experience):-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1Dts33EMMA
This Presentation/Pdf/video is about the Alignment of railway lines which is a part of railway engineering. Here we are going to discuss about the alignment of the railway track, criteria for it.
Alignment of railway line refers to the direction and position given to the centerline of the railway track on the ground in the horizontal and vertical planes. Horizontal alignment means the direction of the railway track in the plan including the straight path and the curves it follows. Vertical alignment means the direction it follows in a vertical plane including the level track, gradients, and vertical curves. The various factors affecting alignment, and types of track alignments and their suitability in different terrains are discussed in this video.
Different topics discussed are: -
Types of Railway Projects
Proper planning and Alignment of the railway line
Alignment of Railway Line
Horizontal alignment & Vertical alignment
Importance of Good alignment
Railway Line Constructions
The various factors affecting alignment, and types of track alignments
Basic Requirements of an Ideal Alignment
Selection of a Good Alignment
Economic Considerations of railway alignment
This video will be very helpful for all students of civil engineering who are going to study railway engineering, students who are looking to make a career in civil engineering, and for general knowledge about railway also, and also for civil engineering students preparing for govt exams.
#railwayengineering #alignmentofrailwayline
ORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECTORGANIZATION CHART OF THE PROJECT
To develop a premier world class education centre, for creating global project management professionals, thereby making Larsen & Toubro (L&T) a centre of excellence in project management.To develop a premier world class education centre, for creating global project management professionals, thereby making Larsen & Toubro (L&T) a centre of excellence in project management.To develop a premier world class education centre, for creating global project management professionals, thereby making Larsen & Toubro (L&T) a centre of excellence in project management.To develop a premier world class education centre, for creating global project management professionals, thereby making Larsen & Toubro (L&T) a centre of excellence in project management.To develop a premier world class education centre, for creating global project management professionals, thereby making Larsen & Toubro (L&T) a centre of excellence in project management.To develop a premier world class education centre, for creating global project management professionals, thereby making Larsen & Toubro (L&T) a centre of excellence in project management.To develop a premier world class education centre, for creating global project management professionals, thereby making Larsen & Toubro (L&T) a centre of excellence in project management.To develop a premier world class education centre, for creating global project management professionals, thereby making Larsen & Toubro (L&T) a centre of excellence in project management.To develop a premier world class education centre, for creating global project management professionals, thereby making Larsen & Toubro (L&T) a centre of excellence in project management.To develop a premier world class education centre, for creating global project management professionals, thereby making Larsen & Toubro (L&T) a centre of excellence in project management.To develop a premier world class education centre, for creating global project management professionals, thereby making Larsen & Toubro (L&T) a centre of excellence in project management.To develop a premier world class education centre, for creating global project management professionals, thereby making Larsen & Toubro (L&T) a centre of excellence in project management.To develop a premier world class education centre, for creating global project management professionals, thereby making Larsen & Toubro (L&T) a centre of excellence in project management.To develop a premier world class education centre, for creating global project management professionals, thereby making Larsen & Toubro (L&T) a centre of excellence in project management.To develop a premier world class education centre, for creating global project management professionals, thereby making Larsen & Toubro (L&T) a centre of excellence in project management.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
1. • This ppt should be considered as helping
aid and may or may not cover the entire
syllabus. Students are advised to refer the
textbooks.
• Faculties do not bear any responsibilities of
violation of copy right laws.
4. Planning survey:
Planning of highwaysis done in two phase
I. Assessment of road length requirement for
an area (it may be a district, state or the
whole country)
II. Preparation of master plan showing the
phasing of plan in annual and or five-year
plans.
5. Planning Survey
Economic studies Data collected must
confirm to:
▪Adequacy,
▪Accuracy,
▪Availability,
▪Accessibility
Population, its distribution and classification. Trend
of population growth; Listing of agricultural and
industrial development, their future trends
classification and listing of these details; other
activities viz. Income per capita, banking, post office
etc.
Financialstudies Source of income, Revenue from taxationon road
transport, Living standard,future trends-details like
vehicle registration,Court fees and Local taxes etc.
Traffic or road
use studies
Traffic volume, traffic flow patterns- 0 and D
studies, Mass transportation facilities, Accidents -
their costs, trends; Growth of vehicular traffic,
passenger trips and good movements.
Engineering
studies
Road locationand alignment studies, Classification;
Types of roads in use; Maintenance problems - Soil
and topographystudies; Road life studies.
6. Preparation of Plans
Plan types Description
Plan I General area plan showing almost all existing details viz.
topography, existing road network and drainage structure,
rivers, canals, nallahs etc., towns and villages with the
population; commercial industrial or agricultural activities are
also shown in this map.
Plan II This plan includes the distribution of population groups in
accordance with the categories made in the appropriate plan.
Plan III This plan shows the locations of places with their respective
quantities of productivity.
Plan IV This plan shows the existing road network with traffic flows
and desire lines obtained from Origin and Destination studies
of traffic. Proposals received 'from different sources may also
be shown in this plan.
7. Interpretation of planning surveys
The various details collected from the planning surveys and presented in the form of
plans should be interpreted in a scientific way before arriving at the final road
developmentprogram.
The data collected could be interpreted and used for the following important
purposes:
• To get the road net-work, out of the several alternate possible systems, which has
the maximum utility.
• To fix up priority of the construction projects, so as to phase the road development
plan of an area in different periods of time such as five-year plans and annual
plans.
• To assess the actual road use by studying the traffic flow patterns. This data may
therefore show areas of congestion which need immediate relief.
• Based on the traffic type and intensity and the performance of existing types of
pavement and cross drainage structures, a new structure may be designed using
the data and the past experience.
• Comparison of the areas may be obtained on the basis of their economic activities.
This information may therefore suggest the areas of immediate need for road
network.
• On statistical basis, the data obtained in fact finding surveys may be analysed for
the future trends in development of an area i.e., growth in productivity and
population which m turn generate higher traffic volume. This information may be
useful in the future planning.
8. Highway alignment and surveys
Highway alignment:
The position or the layout of
the centre line of the highway on the
ground is called the alignment. The
horizontal alignment includes the
straight path, the horizontal deviations
and curves. Changes in gradient and
vertical curves are covered under
vertical alignment of roads.
A new road should be aligned
very carefully as improper alignment
would result in one or more of the
following disadvantages:
(a) increase in construction cost
(b) increase in maintenance cost
(c) increase in vehicle operation cost
(d) increase in accident rate.
Long tangent
Sharp curve
9. Requirements
The basic requirements of an ideal alignment between two terminal stations are
that it should be:
Short: it is desirable to have a short or shortest alignment between two terminal
stations. A straight alignment would be the shortest, though there may be several
practical considerations which would cause deviations from the shortest path.
Easy: The alignment should be such that it is easy to construct and maintain the
road with minimum problems. Also the alignment should be easy for the
operation of vehicles with easy gradients and curves.
Safe: The alignment should be safe enough for construction and maintenance
from the view point of stability of natural hill slopes, embankment and cut slopes
and foundation of embankments. Also it should be safe for the traffic operation
with safe geometric features.
Economical: The road alignment could be considered economical only if the total
cost including initial cost, maintenance cost and vehicle operation cost is lowest.
All these factors should be given due consideration before working out the
economics of each alignment.
The alignment should be such that it would offer maximum utility by
serving maximum population and products. The utility of a road should be judged
from its utility value per unit length of road.
10. Change in alignment
Due to various practical difficulties a straight alignment which
works out to be shortest route is deviated from its course. The
following are the few circumstances under which the alignment
is deviated:
1. Intermediate obstructionsand topography.
2. A shortestroute may have very steep gradients and hence
not easy for vehicle operation.
3. There may be constructionand maintenance problems along
a route which may otherwise be short and easy.
4. Roads are often deviated from the shortest route in order to
cater for intermediate places of importance or obligatory
points.
11. Factors Controlling Alignment
The various factors which control the highway alignment
in general may be listed as:
(a) Obligatory points
(b) Traffic
(c) Geometric design
(d) Economics
(e) Other considerations
In hill roads additional care has to be given for:
▪ Stability
▪ Drainage
▪ Geometric standards of hill roads, and
▪ Resisting length: The resisting length of a road may be
calculated from the total work done to move the loads
along the route taking the horizontal length, the actual
difference in levels between the two stations and the sum
of ineffective rise and fall in excess of floating gradient.
12. a) Obligatory Points: There are control points
governing the alignment of the highways. These
control points may be divided broadly into two
categories.
i. Obligatory points through which the road
alignment has to pass may cause the alignment to
often deviate from the shortest or easiest path. The
various examples of this category may be bridge
site, intermediate town, a mountain pass or a
quarry.
13.
14.
15. ii. Obligatory points through which the road
should not pass also may make it necessary
to deviate from the proposed shortest
alignment. The obligatory points which
should be avoided while aligning a road
include religious places, very costly
structures, unsuitable land etc.
16. b) Traffic: The alignment should suit traffic requirements. Origin and
Destination study should be carried out in the area and the desire
lines be drawn showing the trend of traffic flow. The new road
should be aligned keeping in view the desired lines, traffic flow
patterns and future trends.
c) Geometric Design: Geometric design factors such as gradient,
radius of curve and sight distance also would govern the final
alignment of the highway.
d) Economy: The alignment finalised based on the above factors
should also be economical. In working out the economics, the
initial cost the cost, of maintenance and vehicle operation should
be taken into account. The initial cost of construction can be
decreased if high embankments and deep cuttings are avoided
and the alignment is chosen in a manner to balance the cutting
and filling.
e) Other Considerations:
➢ drainage considerations,
➢ hydrological factors,
➢ political considerations and monotony.
17. Engineering Surveys for Highway Location
The stages of engineering surveys are:
1. Map Study
2. Reconnaissance
3. Preliminary surveys
4. Final location and
5. Detailed surveys.
18. 1. Map Study (Topographic map obtained form
Survey of India with 15m to 30m contour
interval)
The probable alignment can be located on
the map from the following details available on the
map.
a) Alignment avoiding valleys, ponds or lakes
b) When the road has to cross a row of hills, possibility
of crossing through a mountain pass
c) Approximate location of bridge site for crossing
rivers, avoiding bend of the river, if any.
d) Elevation difference between two points on the
mountain range (one on top of the hill other at foot
hill-gradient)
19. 2. Reconnaissance
Some of the details to be collected during reconnaissance
are:
a) Valleys, ponds, lakes, marshy land, ridge, hills, permanent structures and
other obstructions along the route which are not available in the map.
b) Approximate values of gradient, length of gradients and radius of curves
of alternate alignments.
c) Number and type of cross drainage structures, maximum flood level and
natural ground water level along the probable routes.
d) Number and type of cross drainage structures, maximum flood level and
natural ground water level along the probable routes.
e) Sources of construction materials, water and location of stone quarries.
f) When the road passes through hilly or mountainous terrain, additional
data regarding the geological formation, type of rocks, dip of strata,
seepage flow etc. may be observed so as to decide the stable and
unstable sides of the hill for highwayalignment.
20. 3. Preliminary Survey
The main objectives of the preliminary survey are:
i. To survey the various alternate alignments proposed after
the reconnaissance and to collect all the necessary physical
information and details of topography, drainage and soil.
ii. To compare the different proposals In view of the
requirements of a good alignment.
iii. To estimate quantity of earth work materials and other
construction aspects and to workout the cost of alternate
proposals.
iv. To finalise the best alignment from all considerations.
The preliminary survey is carried out by conventional
methods or by modern rapid approach (aerial photography).
21. Stages in preliminary survey
i. Primary traverse: The first step in the preliminary survey is to
establish the primary traverse, following the line recommended in
the reconnaissance.
ii. Topographical features: After establishing the centre lines of
preliminary survey, the topographical features are recorded.
iii. Leveling work: Leveling work is also carried out side by side to
give the centre line profiles and typical cross sections.
iv. Drainage studies and Hydrological data
v. Soil survey : Soil survey is an essential part of the preliminary
survey as the suitability of the proposed location is to be finally
decided based on the soil survey data. The soil survey conducted
at this stage also helps in working out details of earth work,
slopes, suitability of materials, subsoil and surface drainage
requirements and pavement type and the approximate thickness
requirements.
vi. Material survey
vii. Traffic survey
viii. Determination of final centre line
22. 4. Final Location
The centre line of the road finalised in the
drawings is to be translated on the ground
during the location survey. This is done using a
transit theodolite and by staking of the centre
line. The centre line stakes are driven at suitable
intervals, say at 50 metre intervals in plain and
rolling terrains and at 20 metre in hilly terrain.
23. 5. Detailed Survey
a) Temporary bench marks are fixed at intervals of about 250 metre
and at all drainage and under pass structures. Levels along the
final centre line should be taken at all staked points. The cross
section levels are taken upto the desired width, at intervals of 50
to 100 metre in plain terrain, 50 to 75 metre in rolling terrain, 50
metre in built-up areas and 20 metre in hilly terrain.
b) All topographical details are noted down and also plotted using
conventional signs.
c) Adequate hydrological details are also collected and recorded.
d) A detailed soil survey is carried out to enable drawing of the soil
profile. The depth upto which soil sampling is to be done may be
1.5 to 3.0 metre below the ground line or finished grade line of
the road whichever is lower. However in case of high
embankments, the depth should be upto twice the height of the
finished embankment. CBR value of soils along the alignment may
be determined for designing the pavement.
The data collected during the detailed survey should
be elaborate and complete for preparing detailed plans, design
and estimates of the project.
24. Drawings
Sl.No Title of the drawing Purpose/Salient features Prescribed
convenientscale
1 Locality map Locationof the construction area
with existing and proposed road
alignment along with important
towns and economicallyimportant
centre
1:250000 (1cm =
2.5km)
2 Site map or index
map
Special informationat and around
the project road
1:50000
3 Land acquisition
plans
Existing villagemap or similar
map is used for detailingthe final
centre line of the alignment,
property boundarieswith survey
numbers and related special
information along the alignment
1:2000 to 1:8000
25. 4 Plan and
longitudinal
section
Every 1 km length of the alignment
should be shown on a single sheet
consisting of all geometric
features of the road with necessary
drainagedetails
For plain and
rolling errain:
1:2500 horizontal
and 1:250 vertical
scales.
For built-up areas
and
hillyterrain: 1:1000
horizontaland 1:
100
vertical scale
5 Cross-section map Existing and proposed ground
levels; all cross-section elements
of road; detailedcross-sections
should be drawn at salient
locationssuch as at curves, cuts,
fills
etc
1: 100
26. 6 Cross-drainage structures Standarddesigns of
culverts,
small bridges etc.
1:50
7 Road junction Junctiondetails
showing existing
and proposed roads,
road markings, sign
boardsetc.
1:500 to 1:600
8 Drawings for retainingstructures,
roadwayamenities, locationof sign
boardsand others
Relevant
information should
be
Suitablescale, large
enough to show the
required details
27. Re-alignment
Necessity of re-alignment:
1. Improvement of horizontal alignment design elements, such as radius, super-
elevation, transition curve, clearance on inner side of the curve of shifting the
curve to provide adequate sight distance, elimination of reverse curves and
undesirablezigzags, etc.
2. Improvement of vertical alignment design elements like steep gradients, changes
in summit curves to increase sight distance, correction of undesirable undulations
like humps and dips, etc.
3. Raising the level of a portion of a road which is subjected to flooding
submergence or water-logging during monsoons.
4. Re-construction of weak and narrow bridges and culverts and changes in water-
way at locationsslightly away from the existing site.
5. construction of over-bridges or under-bridges at suitable locations across a railway
line in place of level crossing or across another road to provide grade separated
intersection.
6. Re-alignment required due to a portion of the road being's submerged under
water at the reservoir area on accountof construction of a new dam.
7. Construction of a bypass to avoidthe road running through a town or city.
8. Defense requirements.
28. Steps in the Re-alignment Project
1. Reconnaissance of the stretch of road to be re-aligned, study of the deficiencies
and the possible changes in alignment.
2. Survey of existing road recording the topographic features and all other existing
features including drainage conditions along a strip of land on either side of the
road. The width of the land to be surveyed depends on the amount of shifting
anticipated when the road is re-aligned. The field work may be carried out using
plane table and level or by tacheometry.
3. Observations of spot levels along the centre line of the road and cross section
levels at suitable intervals to note the gradient, cross slope, super-elevation etc.
The cross section levels should be taken at closer intervals at horizontal and
vertical curves and at cross drainageworks.
4. Soil survey along the stretches of land through which the re-aligned road may
possibly pass; preparation of typical soil profiles after testing the soil samples in
the laboratory.
5. Comparison of economics and construction or feasibility of alternative proposal of
re-alignment and special study of stretches which are difficult for the re-alignment.
6. Finalisation of the design features of re-aligned road stretches.
7. Preparation of drawings .
29. Preparation of Drawings for Re-alignment Project
1. Plan showing existing road, proposed alignment,
contours and all other features of importance.
2. Longitudinal section showing natural ground
elevation, surface of the existing road and the grade
line for the re-construction.
3. Cross section showing the existing roadway and
new roadway drawn at 250 m intervals on straights, at
the beginning and end of transition curves and at the
middle of circular curves. Cross sections are drawn at
50 m interval where the new carriageway falls entirely
outside the existing one.
30. Reference:
1. Khanna S.K and Justo C.E.G., (2001),
“Highway Engineering”, 8th Edition,
Nemchand and Bros., Roorkee.
2. R Srinivasa Kumar., “Text Book of Highway
Engineering”, University Press, 2011.