This document summarizes a research study on the potential of fibre optic daylighting systems for interior illumination in tropical climates. The study aims to determine the illumination levels, impact on humidity and heat, and potential energy savings of a fibre optic system. It outlines the research questions and objectives, prior work in the field, methodology, analysis of illumination levels, humidity and temperature data, and estimates daily energy and emissions savings of around 0.29 USD and 680g of CO2 respectively from using such a system.

1. SCHOOL OF HOUSING, BUILDING AND PLANNING, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
PULAU PINANG, MALAYSIA. ͟͢͠͞
Voce Viva 4th March 2014/ Page 1
THE POTENTIAL OF FIBRE OPTIC DAYLIGHTING
FOR INTERIOR ILLUMINATION
IN TROPICAL CLIMATE
(Candidate: Muhammad Arkam B. Che Munaaim)
Percentage of energy consumed for interior lighting
according to country and sectors:
Country Year % in
Lighting
Sectors Source
USA 2011 21% Industrial US EIA
Singapore 2011 13% Green Office
Building
Yudel
son
Japan 2011 33% Commer
cial
IIEJ
United
Kingdom
2010 20% All sectors Griffiths
Malaysia 2009 19% Office
Building
Saidur
Global 2006 43% Commer
cial
Waide
Global 2006 31% Residential Waide
Global 2006 18% Industrial Waide
Global 2006 19% Overall Waide
1. Research Questions
Q1: What is the minimum, maximum and average
lux level can be obtained from a fibre optic daylighting
system?
Q2: What is the potential of fibre optic daylighting
system for tropical climate?
Q3: Will the fibre optic daylighting system
significantly effect on internal building relative humidity
level?
Q4: Is there any heat introduced to inside the
building by the fibre optic daylighting system?
Q5: How many savings in terms of electrical energy
and environmental benefits contributed by fibre optic
daylighting system?
2. Research Objectives
In order to assess the optimum approach for fibre optic
daylighting strategy which become the main objective
of this research, below specific objectives are outlined:
To examine the illumination level obtained by fibre optic
daylighting system in full scale experiment for various
tropical climate conditions related to solar radiation.
To investigate the effects of fibre optic daylighting
system in building for relative humidity and heat
parameters.
To evaluate the potential of saving on electricity energy
and CO2 resulting from fibre optic daylighting system in
tropical climate.
3. Significance of Research
This research related to the encouragement on energy
studies especially to meet MS1525:2007 which focussed
on the Renewable Energy (RE) and Energy-Efficiency
(EE) aspect in building design.
This research will conclude the possibility of using fibre
optic cable as a light medium mainly in light distribution
strategies thus creating an opportunity for maximizing
the solar daylighting system in illuminating the interior
building core daily.
This research will provide an empirical results of fibre
optic as a medium of daylighting distribution since will
cover the most basic parameters especially in lighting
level and human comfort in a building. This method also
will create an awareness among users in taking an
advantage from available daylighting in tropical climate.
4. Research Limitation
Normal tropical data is collected in 17 days collection
and perception of weather condition is based on
observation only. Since the main objective of the FOC
daylighting system is to illuminate interior spaces that no
sunlight penetration is possible, research will only
consider the total dark room for test bed.
5. Human Comfort Parameters
(Source: Malaysian Standard, 2007, GBI, 2009)
PARAMETERS RECOMMENDED VALUES
Lux Level 300-400 Lux
General offices, shops and
stores, reading and writing;
infrequent reading and writing.
TEMPERATURE :
Dry Bulb
Temperature
23 ⁰ C – 26 ⁰ C
HUMIDITY:
Design Relative
Humidity
55 % - 70 % ;
A space relative humidity below
70 % for comfort cooling
purposes.
Height of Light
Source
800 mm above the floor level

2. SCHOOL OF HOUSING, BUILDING AND PLANNING, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
PULAU PINANG, MALAYSIA. ͟͢͠͞
Voce Viva 4th March 2014/ Page 2
6. Daylighting Distribution Strategies
7. FOC light medium studies:
Research Field Of Studies
Hayman (1990),
GB
Fibre optic photocells using model
for daylighting.
Grise and
Patrick (2002),
USA
Potential of solar lighting by using
fibre optic cable with consideration
of the basic principle and method
of light concentration.
Kandili and
Ulgen (2007),
Turkey
Modelling system of transmission
concentrated solar energy via
optical cable.
Sansoni et al.
(2008), Italy
Internal lighting by solar collector
and fibre optic.
Han and Kim
(2009), Korea
High density daylight for interior
illumination by using fibre optic
cable with solar tracking and
concentrator.
Christopher
(2009), USA
Design and application of fibre
optic daylighting system.
Chen et al.
(2010), Malaysia
Fibre optic and solar concentrator
and test for its indoor illumination.
Hamzah and
Chen (2010a),
Malaysia
Reviewed on the limitation in
current daylighting in solar
concentrated devices with solar
tube and fibre optic cable.
Patrick et al.
(2011), Canada
Improving passive solar
concentrator for fibre optic
lighting.
Irfan and
Seoyong (2012),
Korea
Fibre optic-based daylighting
system with uniform illumination
based on heat problem.
Wong and Yang
(2012), Hong
Kong
Remote sources lighting system to
illuminate enclosed lift lobbies
using fibre optic cables.
8. FOC area of studies:
Research Field Of Studies Research
MethodH C T D
Hayman (1990), GB. Modeling/
Simulation
Grise and Patrick
(2002), USA
Simulation
Kandilli and Ulgen
(2007), Turkey
Mathe
matical
Modeling
Sansoni et al. (2008).
Italy
Computer
Simulation
Han and Kim (2009),
Korea
Empirical
Chen et al. (2010),
Malaysia
Modeling/
Mathe
matical
Hamzah and Chen
(2010b), Malaysia
Literatures
Patrick et al. (2011),
Canada
Modeling/
Empirical
Irfan and Seoyong
(2012), Korea
Modeling/
Simulation
Seung et al. (2013),
Korea
Modeling/
Empirical
Sapia (2013), Italy Computer
Simulation
H-Heat, C-Capture, T-Transmit, D-Distribute.
9. Tropical Climate
Name Geographic Distribution
Tropical
Rain
forest
Amazon, Congo, east coast of Central
America, east coast of Brazil, east coast of
Madagascar, Malaysia, Indonesia,
Philippines.
Tropical
Monsoon
Coastal areas of south-west India, Sri Lanka,
Bangladesh, Myanmar, southwest Africa,
Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, north-east
and southeast Brazil.
Tropical
Savanna
Northern and eastern India, interior Myanmar
and indo-Chinese Peninsula, northern
Australia, south central Africa, Venezuela,
centre of Brazil, western Central America,
south Florida and Caribbean Islands.
(Source: Petersen et al., 2009)
(Source: http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/present.htm)

3. SCHOOL OF HOUSING, BUILDING AND PLANNING, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
PULAU PINANG, MALAYSIA. ͟͢͠͞
Voce Viva 4th March 2014/ Page 3
10. Methodology
Figures
Construction Materials:
i) 2” cement render on normal concrete floor.
ii) Plastered brick wall both sided.
iii) Metal decking with steel truss pitch roof.
iv) 12mm gypsum board for ceiling finishes.
v) White painting interior and exterior.
vi) No window or other opening / fenestrations and no
roof insulation to suggest on worst case condition.
The FOC Daylighting components is based on the
recommendation made by Stiles et al. (1998), Andre and
Schade (2002), Grise (2002), Hansen and Edmonds
(2003), Ghisi and Tinker (2006), Kandilli and Ulgen
(2007), Sansoni et al. (2008), Hammam et al. (2007),
Jeong et al. (2009), Irfan and Seoyong (2012) and
Seung et al. (2013)
11. Selection of Components:
Receiver (Fresnel Lens) This research considers a
Fresnel lenses type of solar receiver with sun tracking
system as also selected by Ono and Cuello (2003),
Kandilli and Ulgen (2007), Sansoni et al. (2008) and
Couture et al. (2011) in their research. Fresnel lens is
widely used because it gives the good performance at a
low cost (Irfan and Seoyong, 2012).
Fibre Optic Cable (Plastic Acrylic) This research will
be using 6 x 10m plastic acrylic type of cable for
transmit the light from the receiver as it most commonly
used in fibre optic lighting in terms of tolerable losses at
reasonable cost as also applied by Cariou et al (1982),
Jaramillo et al. (1998 and 1999), Ciamberlini et al.
(2003) and Ono and Cuello (2003).
Diffusers (Plastic Acrylic) is chosen due to 2 materials
compatibility that connecting the cables-diffusers.
However, very few research in light diffusing system for
fibre optic cable daylighting where started in 2003 by
Sapia (Italy) and in 2011 by Patrick et al. (Canada).
12. Measurement and Data Collection
External Mini Meteorological Station
Internal Data Collection
13. Analysis Method:
RQ1 (O1) – Empirical, graph analysis in real condition
observation
RQ2 (O1) - Regression, graph analysis
RQ3 (O2) – Comparisons, graph analysis
RQ4 (O2) – Comparisons, graph analysis
RQ5 (O3) – Simulation, electrical equations, conversion,
mathematic calculation.
Justification on analysis method:
Based on the consideration on solar radiation and
external lux intensity in data analysis also been
conducted by A.Zain et al. (2002a), Irfan and Seoyong
(2012) for internal-external lux comparative analysis.
Simplified comparative analysis method was
implemented by A.Zain et al. (2002a), Hein and
Chirarattananon (2007) and and Mazran (2010) for heat
analysis.
Meanwhile Tsoutsos et al. (2005) who investigated the
environmental impact from solar energy followed by
Ghisi and Tinker (2006) when outlined the value of
saving per kWh as per concluded earlier than that by
Lancashire and Fox in 1996.

4. SCHOOL OF HOUSING, BUILDING AND PLANNING, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
PULAU PINANG, MALAYSIA. ͟͢͠͞
Voce Viva 4th March 2014/ Page 4
14. Lux Analysis
15. Humidity Analysis
[Left Axis: Relative Humidity, RH (%),
Right Axis: Solar Radiation (W/m2
)] (22nd
May 2013-ON)
[Left Axis: Relative Humidity, RH (%),
Right Axis: Solar Radiation (W/m2
)] (7th
June 2013-OFF)
It is can be concluded here that the fibre optic
daylighting system is not significantly influence the
internal relative humidity parameter since the building is
totally dark and enclosed and yet no notable change
detected for this parameter during data analysis.
16. Heat Analysis
Comparison of average surface temperature for fibre optic light
diffuser during system ON and OFF
Comparison of average internal temperature
during system ON and OFF
It is observed from above graphs that the fibre optic
daylighting system somehow introduces a measureable
heat on the diffuser’s surface and internal temperature
when comparing the days with the system ON to the
days with the system OFF. The different averaged at ±
2
o
C as what can be observed in the black circle.
17. Energy and Environmental Saving Analysis
351 watt is an amount of electrical energy required to
illuminate the room in achieving GBI and MS1525:2007
recommendation of minimum 300 lux based on
simulation. Estimated daily energy required,
E = 351 Watt X 8 hour
= 2,808 Watt hour.
= 2.8 kWh x 33.54 cent/kWh
= USD 0.29 / day, 8 hours of operation.
On environmental savings*, as suggested by Lancashire and
Fox (1996) and Ghisi and Tinker (2006):
*Saving from the installation per
operation day
Environmental
Benefits
680 gram 1,904 gram Carbon Dioxide
(CO2)
5.67 gram 15.88 gram Sulphur Dioxide
(SOx)
2.27 gram 6.36 gram Nitrogen Oxides
(NOx)
Above saving is obtainable by the condition of the
system is working well in suitable weather condition.
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
-
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
22/05/201307:59:03
22/05/201308:34:03
22/05/201309:09:03
22/05/201309:44:03
22/05/201310:19:03
22/05/201310:54:03
22/05/201311:29:03
22/05/201312:04:03
22/05/201312:39:03
22/05/201313:14:03
22/05/201313:49:03
22/05/201314:24:03
22/05/201314:59:03
22/05/201315:34:03
22/05/201316:09:03
22/05/201316:44:03
22/05/201317:19:03
22/05/201317:54:03
Solar Radiation
Outside
Inside
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
-
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
6/7/20137:58:16:00
07/06/1308:33AM
07/06/1309:07AM
07/06/1309:42AM
07/06/1310:17AM
07/06/1310:52AM
07/06/1311:27AM
07/06/1312:02PM
07/06/1312:37PM
07/06/1301:12PM
07/06/1301:47PM
07/06/1302:22PM
07/06/1302:57PM
07/06/1303:31PM
07/06/1304:06PM
07/06/1304:41PM
07/06/1305:16PM
07/06/1305:51PM
Solar Radiation
Outside
Inside
26.0
27.0
28.0
29.0
30.0
31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36.0
1stDay8:00:00AM
8:55
9:50
10:45
11:40
12:35
13:30
14:25
15:20
16:15
17:10
2ndDay8:00:00AM
8:55
9:50
10:45
11:40
12:35
13:30
14:25
15:20
16:15
17:10
3rdDay8:00:00AM
8:55
9:50
10:45
11:40
12:35
13:30
14:25
15:20
16:15
17:10
Diffuser temperature system on (22nd May, 28th May and 1st June)
Diffuser temperature system off (5th June, 6th June and 8th June
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
1stDay8:00:00AM
8:55
9:50
10:45
11:40
12:35
13:30
14:25
15:20
16:15
17:10
2ndDay8:00:00AM
8:55
9:50
10:45
11:40
12:35
13:30
14:25
15:20
16:15
17:10
3rdDay8:00:00AM
8:55
9:50
10:45
11:40
12:35
13:30
14:25
15:20
16:15
17:10
Indoor temp system on (22nd May, 28th May and 1st June)
Indoor temp system off (5th June, 6th June and 8th June)

5. SCHOOL OF HOUSING, BUILDING AND PLANNING, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
PULAU PINANG, MALAYSIA. ͟͢͠͞
Voce Viva 4th March 2014/ Page 5
18. Summary
This research was outlined about the potential of fibre
optic daylighting for interior illumination in tropical
climate. To conclude the potential and restriction of the
system, sequencing experiments were conducted
started with the literature survey and designing the
empirical data collection method to satisfy the research
objectives and research questions.
Based on results of analysis that explained earlier, it is
trusted that the experiments conducted in field study
achieving the comprehension in understanding the
potential of fibre optic daylighting for interior illumination
in tropical climate.
19. Recommendation on Future Works
a) Full scale empirical studies on parabolic
receiver/solar concentrator type in determining
the efficiency and potential.
b) Future works/studies related to enhancement
of solar concentrator devices with pointolite
generated from low power but high intensity
artificial lights.
c) In conducting research for item (ii) above, a
green energy of light source such as solar
panel with battery is compulsory to be chosen.
d) Exploring the potential of “side emitting” fibre
optic daylighting instead of “end emitting”
approach which explored in this research.
e) Development of hybrid solar powered LED
lighting with fibre optic daylighting in one
system approach for interior illumination.
f) Development of comprehensive daylighting
strategies using fibre optic cable and automatic
roof skylight powered with a green energy.
Eventually, it is humbly admitted here that the whole
research was conducted with high consciousness in
achieving most prominent quality in research with
reputable methodology and data collections approach.
Reference made around the globe especially related to
main standard in lighting and interior illumination in
determining human comfort with related to the lighting. It
is believed that overall research and thesis outlined is
prepared to justify the importance on understanding the
potential of fibre optic daylighting for interior illumination
in tropical climate.
This thesis also the first in explicating the overall
potential of fibre optic daylighting strategy under remote-
source-daylighting research area that synthesizing
actual imperical data collected and analyzed in real
tropical climate condition.
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pp34-36.

7. SCHOOL OF HOUSING, BUILDING AND PLANNING, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
PULAU PINANG, MALAYSIA. ͟͢͠͞
Voce Viva 4th March 2014/ Page 7
21. APPENDIX
Publication List: Journals
The following are papers were submitted as a direct result of
this research.
1) Muhammad Arkam, C.M., Karam, M.O., Ismail, M.R.
and Abdul Malek, A.R. (2013). The Potential of Fiber
Optic Daylighting System In Tropical Malaysia. Indoor
and Built Environment. Corrected, awaiting AE’s
Recommendation (Submitted 29th
August 2013)
2) Muhammad Arkam, C.M., Karam, M.O., Ismail, M.R.
and Abdul Malek, A.R. (2013). An Empirical Study of
Heat Gain Impact In Tropical Building Interiors from
Fiber Optic Daylighting System. Energy Efficiency.
Under review (Submitted 18th
September 2013)
3) Muhammad Arkam, C.M., Karam, M.O., Ismail, M.R.
and Abdul Malek, A.R. (2014). A Review Study on
the Application of the Fiber Optic Daylighting System
in Malaysian Buildings. Journal of Sustainable
Building Technology & Urban Development. Under
review (Submitted 13th
Jan 2014)
Exhibitions
1) Muhammad Arkam Che Munaaim (2012). The
Potential of Light Transmission Using Fibre Optic
Cable For Interior Illumination In Malaysia. In: Ekspo
Rekacipta dan Pameran Penyelidikan UniMAP 2012.
20th
Disember 2012. Dewan Pauh Putra UniMAP,
Perlis.
2) Muhammad Arkam Che Munaaim and Norazlina
Ismail (2012). The Potential of Light Transmission
Using Fibre Optic Cable For Interior Illumination In
Malaysia. International Engineering Invention and
Innovation Exhibition (i-ENVEX) and Malaysian
International Young Inventors Olympiad (MIYIO)
2012. 26th
-29th
April 2012. 2020 Hall, Kangar, Perlis.
3) Muhammad Arkam Che Munaaim and Norazlina
Ismail (2012). The Potential of Light Transmission
Using Fibre Optic Cable For Interior Illumination In
Malaysia. In: Ekspo Rekacipta dan Pameran
Penyelidikan UniMAP 2011. Awarded of Bronze
Prize. 11th
Januari 2011. Dewan Pauh Putra, Perlis.
4) Muhammad Arkam Che Munaaim and Norain Ali
(2012). Light Transmission Using Light Tube For
Interior Illumination In Malaysia. In: Ekspo Rekacipta
dan Pameran Penyelidikan UniMAP 2011. 11th
Januari 2011. Dewan Pauh Putra, Perlis.
Presentations
1) Muhammad Arkam Che Munaaim (2013).
Presentation for The Institute of Engineers and
Technology’s (United Kingdom) in CEng Professional
Review, University of Manchester, United Kingdom,
29th
November 2013.
2) Muhammad Arkam Che Munaaim (2014), in
Research Seminar Series, Faculty of Natural and
Built Environment, Sheffield Hallam University,
Sheffield United Kingdom, 12th
February 2014.
Technical Visit to USM Research Facility
Below arrangements to visit was conducted during installation
and data collection.
1) Ir. Ahmad Izdihar, PEng, GBIF. Visit to site on behalf
of GBI Malaysia and Exergy Malaysia Sdn Bhd for
Proposed Prime Minister’s Office Platinum GBI
Certification Potential (Innovation) on 29th
August
2013.
2) Ir. Amran Mahzan, KFM Project Sdn Bhd on behalf of
PMC, PMO’s GBI Platinum Certification Potential
(Innovation) on 29th
August 2013.
3) Cypark Berhad (En Shahrul Azad), Technical Visit for
explore Solar Lighting Equipment‘s potential, 20th
May 2013.
4) Mega Jati Consult Sdn Bhd (En Mohd Hilmi Ir. Abd
Mokhti), Technical Visit for explore Solar Lighting
Equipment‘s potential, 20th
May 2013.
5) Application to Visits: Green Technology Ltd, Hong
Kong (June 2013) for Fibre Optic Daylighting
Strategy via email. Postponed due to unpublished
results.
6) Application to Visits: Sri Lanka’s Green Energy
Consultant (April 2013) for Fibre Optic Daylighting
Mock Up via email. Postponed due to unpublished
results.
7) Application to Visits: Singapore’s Green Mark
Consultant (April 2013) for Fibre Optic Daylighting
System via email. Postponed due to unpublished
results. Postponed due to unpublished results.