Quinone pharmacogosy
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pharmacognosy of class of phytoconstituent "QUINONE" which includes synonyms, biological source, chemical constituents and uses of examples like CHITRAK, HENNA, VIDANG etc. included in pharmacognosy-II of T.Y.Bpharmacy.
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Flavanoids
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in plants that act as antioxidants. They have 15 carbon atoms arranged in two benzene rings connected by a 3 carbon chain. There are over 4,000 known flavonoids that are commonly found as flower pigments but also occur in other plant parts. Major classes of flavonoids include flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and isoflavonoids. Flavonoids have important biological functions like repairing damage, protecting plants from toxins and UV radiation, and possess anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antitumor properties in humans.
2.Extraction of terpenoids
The document discusses various methods for extracting oils from plants, including expression, steam distillation, solvent extraction, CO2 extraction, and enfleurage. Steam distillation involves bubbling steam through plant material to release and collect essential oils, while solvent extraction uses solvents like hexane to extract oils and produce absolutes. CO2 extraction uses supercritical carbon dioxide to extract oils without heat or solvent residues. Each method has advantages and potential effects on the extracted oils.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identification
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Flavones
Flavones are yellow plant pigments that occur either freely or as glycosides. They are hydroxylated derivatives of 2-phenyl-4-chromone. Flavones are yellow solids that are soluble in water and ethanol. Their structure was determined to be C15H10O2 based on analytical data and molecular weight determination. When boiled with alcoholic KOH, flavones produce a mixture of four compounds: salicylic acid, acetophenone, o-hydroxyacetophenone, and benzoic acid, explaining their core structure. Several methods can be used to synthesize flavones, including Kostanecki's, Robinson's, modified Claisen's condensation, Baker-Ven
Flavonoids
it contains flavonoids chemisytry classification and structure elucidation of flavones and isoflavones
Terpenoids PPT. - Terpenes - Natural Products Chemistry
This document provides information about terpenoids, which are a large and diverse class of organic compounds derived from isoprene units. It discusses that terpenoids are commonly found in plants and have various important uses and properties. The document classifies terpenoids based on their carbon content, including monoterpenes which contain two isoprene units. It provides examples of important acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpenes and discusses their structures, natural sources, and significance.
Phenolic compounds
The document discusses plant phenolic compounds. It notes that thousands of phenolic structures are known, accounting for 40% of organic carbon in the biosphere. Phenolic compounds are primarily derived from the phenylpropanoid and acetate pathways and play important roles in plant cell walls, defense, wood/bark features, and flower color/flavor. Phenolic compounds can be classified into flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Key flavonoids discussed include quercetin, naringenin, and isoflavonoids like genistein and daidzein. Non-flavonoids include hydroxycinnamates, stilbenes like resveratrol, and tannins.
Terpenoid - General Consideration
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are produced mainly by plants and play roles such as contributing fragrances to flowers and flavors to fruits. The document discusses the definition, classification, occurrence, biosynthesis, and chemistry of terpenoids. It notes that terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain and can range from simple hemiterpenes to more complex polyterpenes. Their biosynthesis occurs primarily via the mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways which link isoprene units together.
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Flavanoids
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in plants that act as antioxidants. They have 15 carbon atoms arranged in two benzene rings connected by a 3 carbon chain. There are over 4,000 known flavonoids that are commonly found as flower pigments but also occur in other plant parts. Major classes of flavonoids include flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and isoflavonoids. Flavonoids have important biological functions like repairing damage, protecting plants from toxins and UV radiation, and possess anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antitumor properties in humans.
2.Extraction of terpenoids
The document discusses various methods for extracting oils from plants, including expression, steam distillation, solvent extraction, CO2 extraction, and enfleurage. Steam distillation involves bubbling steam through plant material to release and collect essential oils, while solvent extraction uses solvents like hexane to extract oils and produce absolutes. CO2 extraction uses supercritical carbon dioxide to extract oils without heat or solvent residues. Each method has advantages and potential effects on the extracted oils.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identification
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Flavones
Flavones are yellow plant pigments that occur either freely or as glycosides. They are hydroxylated derivatives of 2-phenyl-4-chromone. Flavones are yellow solids that are soluble in water and ethanol. Their structure was determined to be C15H10O2 based on analytical data and molecular weight determination. When boiled with alcoholic KOH, flavones produce a mixture of four compounds: salicylic acid, acetophenone, o-hydroxyacetophenone, and benzoic acid, explaining their core structure. Several methods can be used to synthesize flavones, including Kostanecki's, Robinson's, modified Claisen's condensation, Baker-Ven
Flavonoids
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Terpenoids PPT. - Terpenes - Natural Products Chemistry
This document provides information about terpenoids, which are a large and diverse class of organic compounds derived from isoprene units. It discusses that terpenoids are commonly found in plants and have various important uses and properties. The document classifies terpenoids based on their carbon content, including monoterpenes which contain two isoprene units. It provides examples of important acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpenes and discusses their structures, natural sources, and significance.
Phenolic compounds
The document discusses plant phenolic compounds. It notes that thousands of phenolic structures are known, accounting for 40% of organic carbon in the biosphere. Phenolic compounds are primarily derived from the phenylpropanoid and acetate pathways and play important roles in plant cell walls, defense, wood/bark features, and flower color/flavor. Phenolic compounds can be classified into flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Key flavonoids discussed include quercetin, naringenin, and isoflavonoids like genistein and daidzein. Non-flavonoids include hydroxycinnamates, stilbenes like resveratrol, and tannins.
Terpenoid - General Consideration
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are produced mainly by plants and play roles such as contributing fragrances to flowers and flavors to fruits. The document discusses the definition, classification, occurrence, biosynthesis, and chemistry of terpenoids. It notes that terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain and can range from simple hemiterpenes to more complex polyterpenes. Their biosynthesis occurs primarily via the mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways which link isoprene units together.
Carotenoids - Definition, classification , properties etc
Here are short answers to your questions on carotenoids:
1. Carotenoids are yellow, orange or red pigments found in plants and algae. They are lipophilic and soluble in oils. Upon heating, acid or light, they may isomerize.
2. Carotenoids are classified into carotenes and xanthophylls. Carotenes like alpha-carotene and beta-carotene contain no oxygen. Xanthophylls like lutein and zeaxanthin contain oxygen.
3. Alpha- and beta-carotene are carotenes. They are antioxidants and beta-carotene can be converted to vitamin A.
4. Lyc
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Indole
Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. It contains a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring. Indole occurs naturally in human feces and has an intense fecal odor. It is also found in coal tar and contributes to the scents of many flowers. Electrophilic aromatic substitution of indole occurs preferentially on the five-membered pyrrole ring. Indole can be synthesized via Fischer indole synthesis or Leimgruber synthesis. It has several pharmaceutical and medical uses including for treating cancer, fibromyalgia, and schizophrenia.
anthocyanin
Anthocyanidins are pigments that give color to many flowers, fruits, leaves, and other plant structures. They are produced through flavonoid synthesis pathways and contain three carbon rings. Anthocyanidins exist in various colors depending on their chemical structure and pH level. They serve an important protective role for plants by absorbing UV radiation and neutralizing free radicals. Studies also suggest anthocyanins have health benefits for humans as antioxidants that may reduce cancer and heart disease risk when consumed from sources like berries.
flavonoids
This document discusses flavonoids, which are polyphenolic compounds found in many medicinal plants. It provides details on the classification, extraction, identification, and quantitative analysis of various types of flavonoids including anthocyanidins, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, and chalcones. The document also summarizes several medicinal plants that contain flavonoids with P-vitamin (capillary strengthening) activity, such as black chokeberry fruit, pagoda tree buds, lemon peel, and tea leaf. These plants and their flavonoid constituents are used to treat circulatory diseases.
Flavonoids
Detailed study of Flavonoids including its Definition, properties, types, classification, isolation/extraction
Flavonoids
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites that are classified based on their chemical structure. They are abundant in many plant families and occur as both free compounds and glycosides. Key classes include flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, and anthocyanidins. Flavonoids have a variety of biological effects and are found in several plants that are used medicinally such as orange peel, garcinia, soybean, liquorice, cranberry, and buckwheat.
Nicotine - Structural elucidation
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Terpenoids
1) The document discusses terpenoids, which are naturally occurring hydrocarbons found in plants. Terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain and can be simple or complex.
2) Key terpenoids like citral, camphor, and carvone are discussed in detail. Their isolation, properties, classification, and structural elucidation are explained. For example, citral is shown to be an acyclic compound containing two double bonds and an aldehyde group.
3) The document also covers the isoprene rule for constructing terpenoid molecules from isoprene units, as well as methods for isolating terpenoids from plant materials and separating
Supercritical fluid extraction
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Reserpine(Structure Elucidation, Extraction and Isolation)
Reserpine(Structure Elucidation, Extraction and Isolation)
Introduction
Constitution of reserpine
Structure of Reserpic acid
Structure of Yobyrine
Synthesis of Yobyrine
Structure of Reserpine
Synthesis of Reserpine
Classification
Extraction
Isolation:
Identification test
Mode of Action
Terpenes
Plants produce terpenes as secondary metabolites to defend against herbivores and pathogens. Terpenes are the largest class of plant secondary metabolites and are formed from polymerization of isoprene units. They include mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes. Many terpenes have antimicrobial or insecticidal properties and are toxic to herbivores. Some terpenes produced as essential oils in plants can act as feeding deterrents. Terpenes also play roles in plant growth and development. Additionally, some terpene compounds released from forests can increase cloud thickness and reflect sunlight, acting as a natural cooling mechanism for the planet.
Lignans
Lignans are phenylpropanoid dimers found widely in plants. Podophyllum lignans from Podophyllum species have anticancer and antiviral properties. Their structure contains five rings. Phenylpropane units in lignans are derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside is a prominent lignan in flaxseed that has antioxidant and antiplatelet effects. Quassinoids from Quassia species have insecticidal, antibacterial, and antitumor properties. Their basic structure contains a beta-carbolinium ion.
Steroids
This document provides an overview of steroids, including their core structure, nomenclature, stereochemistry, and classification. Steroids contain a 17 carbon core arranged in four fused rings. They are named based on this core structure and functional groups. Steroids can have 64 possible stereoisomers due to the asymmetric carbons in the core. They are classified into groups including sterols, sex hormones, cardiac glycosides, and bile acids based on the functional groups on the R group. Cholesterol is an important animal sterol that is a precursor to vitamins and hormones.
Citral
Citral is a mixture of terpenoid isomers found in plants like lemon grass, lemon myrtle, and lemon balm. It has a lemon odor and consists of two isomers, geranial and neral. Citral can be isolated from lemon grass oil via steam distillation. It undergoes reactions like reduction, aldol condensation, and rearrangements. Its structure was elucidated using techniques like NMR, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy. Citral has applications as a flavoring and fragrance in perfumes due to its citrus smell.
Introduction of natural products
This document discusses natural products and their classification. It begins by defining natural products as organic compounds found in animals, plants, and microbes. Natural products are then classified as either primary or secondary metabolites. The main classes of secondary metabolites discussed are terpenoids and steroids, fatty acids, alkaloids, non-ribosomal polypeptides, and enzyme cofactors. Specific examples of natural products used in medicine like atropine, cocaine, and digoxin are also provided. Finally, the document outlines the process for isolating and developing natural products into drugs, including extraction, fractionation, structure determination, and clinical testing.
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This document provides an overview of alkaloids, which are basic nitrogenous plant compounds that often have physiological effects. It discusses the definition, functions, nomenclature, classification, physical and chemical properties, qualitative tests, isolation, and quantitative assay of alkaloids. Key points covered include that alkaloids can act as protective agents in plants or be metabolic byproducts, are classified based on origin and structure, undergo reactions like dehydration with acids, and can be isolated from plants and quantified.
Semi Micro Qualitative Organic chemistry lab manual
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- Details on specific preliminary tests to determine physical properties and the presence of elements like nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens.
- Instructions for conducting solubility tests to group compounds and indicate probable functional groups for further analysis.
Pharmaceutical substances as plant origin
The document discusses various pharmaceutical substances derived from plants. It begins by introducing medicinal plants' role in human culture and that early medicines were primarily plant-derived. It then covers major chemical families found in medicinal plants - alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, etc. Specific examples of important alkaloids are provided, such as morphine, atropine, cocaine. The document also discusses other chemical groups like xanthines, terpenes and provides examples of medically useful substances within each group.
Natural hair colorants
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Carotenoids - Definition, classification , properties etc
Here are short answers to your questions on carotenoids:
1. Carotenoids are yellow, orange or red pigments found in plants and algae. They are lipophilic and soluble in oils. Upon heating, acid or light, they may isomerize.
2. Carotenoids are classified into carotenes and xanthophylls. Carotenes like alpha-carotene and beta-carotene contain no oxygen. Xanthophylls like lutein and zeaxanthin contain oxygen.
3. Alpha- and beta-carotene are carotenes. They are antioxidants and beta-carotene can be converted to vitamin A.
4. Lyc
Biosynthesis of flavonoids
Class Course presentation,
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile ife
Nigeria.
Flavonoids
isolation, identification, General method of structural determination
Structural elucidation of quercetin
Indole
Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. It contains a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring. Indole occurs naturally in human feces and has an intense fecal odor. It is also found in coal tar and contributes to the scents of many flowers. Electrophilic aromatic substitution of indole occurs preferentially on the five-membered pyrrole ring. Indole can be synthesized via Fischer indole synthesis or Leimgruber synthesis. It has several pharmaceutical and medical uses including for treating cancer, fibromyalgia, and schizophrenia.
anthocyanin
Anthocyanidins are pigments that give color to many flowers, fruits, leaves, and other plant structures. They are produced through flavonoid synthesis pathways and contain three carbon rings. Anthocyanidins exist in various colors depending on their chemical structure and pH level. They serve an important protective role for plants by absorbing UV radiation and neutralizing free radicals. Studies also suggest anthocyanins have health benefits for humans as antioxidants that may reduce cancer and heart disease risk when consumed from sources like berries.
flavonoids
This document discusses flavonoids, which are polyphenolic compounds found in many medicinal plants. It provides details on the classification, extraction, identification, and quantitative analysis of various types of flavonoids including anthocyanidins, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, and chalcones. The document also summarizes several medicinal plants that contain flavonoids with P-vitamin (capillary strengthening) activity, such as black chokeberry fruit, pagoda tree buds, lemon peel, and tea leaf. These plants and their flavonoid constituents are used to treat circulatory diseases.
Flavonoids
Detailed study of Flavonoids including its Definition, properties, types, classification, isolation/extraction
Flavonoids
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites that are classified based on their chemical structure. They are abundant in many plant families and occur as both free compounds and glycosides. Key classes include flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, and anthocyanidins. Flavonoids have a variety of biological effects and are found in several plants that are used medicinally such as orange peel, garcinia, soybean, liquorice, cranberry, and buckwheat.
Nicotine - Structural elucidation
This document discusses the structural elucidation and synthesis of nicotine. It begins with an introduction to nicotine and how it is extracted from tobacco plants. The properties of nicotine are then described. The document then details the various experiments and reactions performed to determine nicotine's molecular structure, including oxidation, distillation, hydrogenation, and conversion reactions. Finally, it discusses two methods for synthesizing nicotine that were developed in 1928 and 1933.
Terpenoids
1) The document discusses terpenoids, which are naturally occurring hydrocarbons found in plants. Terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain and can be simple or complex.
2) Key terpenoids like citral, camphor, and carvone are discussed in detail. Their isolation, properties, classification, and structural elucidation are explained. For example, citral is shown to be an acyclic compound containing two double bonds and an aldehyde group.
3) The document also covers the isoprene rule for constructing terpenoid molecules from isoprene units, as well as methods for isolating terpenoids from plant materials and separating
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The document discusses biosynthesis and metabolic pathways. It begins by defining biosynthesis as the process by which living organisms form larger organic compounds from smaller subunits, usually using enzymes. Biosynthesis is known as anabolism. Examples given include photosynthesis producing glucose from water and carbon dioxide. The document then compares biosynthesis and chemical synthesis, noting key differences like biosynthesis occurring within living organisms using enzymes. It discusses primary metabolites like sugars and fatty acids needed for growth, as well as secondary metabolites derived from primary ones. Major metabolic pathways are outlined including cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and the Calvin cycle which fixes carbon during photosynthesis. The shikimic acid pathway is described as producing aromatic amino acids from carbohydrates.
Reserpine(Structure Elucidation, Extraction and Isolation)
Reserpine(Structure Elucidation, Extraction and Isolation)
Introduction
Constitution of reserpine
Structure of Reserpic acid
Structure of Yobyrine
Synthesis of Yobyrine
Structure of Reserpine
Synthesis of Reserpine
Classification
Extraction
Isolation:
Identification test
Mode of Action
Terpenes
Plants produce terpenes as secondary metabolites to defend against herbivores and pathogens. Terpenes are the largest class of plant secondary metabolites and are formed from polymerization of isoprene units. They include mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes. Many terpenes have antimicrobial or insecticidal properties and are toxic to herbivores. Some terpenes produced as essential oils in plants can act as feeding deterrents. Terpenes also play roles in plant growth and development. Additionally, some terpene compounds released from forests can increase cloud thickness and reflect sunlight, acting as a natural cooling mechanism for the planet.
Lignans
Lignans are phenylpropanoid dimers found widely in plants. Podophyllum lignans from Podophyllum species have anticancer and antiviral properties. Their structure contains five rings. Phenylpropane units in lignans are derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside is a prominent lignan in flaxseed that has antioxidant and antiplatelet effects. Quassinoids from Quassia species have insecticidal, antibacterial, and antitumor properties. Their basic structure contains a beta-carbolinium ion.
Steroids
This document provides an overview of steroids, including their core structure, nomenclature, stereochemistry, and classification. Steroids contain a 17 carbon core arranged in four fused rings. They are named based on this core structure and functional groups. Steroids can have 64 possible stereoisomers due to the asymmetric carbons in the core. They are classified into groups including sterols, sex hormones, cardiac glycosides, and bile acids based on the functional groups on the R group. Cholesterol is an important animal sterol that is a precursor to vitamins and hormones.
Citral
Citral is a mixture of terpenoid isomers found in plants like lemon grass, lemon myrtle, and lemon balm. It has a lemon odor and consists of two isomers, geranial and neral. Citral can be isolated from lemon grass oil via steam distillation. It undergoes reactions like reduction, aldol condensation, and rearrangements. Its structure was elucidated using techniques like NMR, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy. Citral has applications as a flavoring and fragrance in perfumes due to its citrus smell.
Introduction of natural products
This document discusses natural products and their classification. It begins by defining natural products as organic compounds found in animals, plants, and microbes. Natural products are then classified as either primary or secondary metabolites. The main classes of secondary metabolites discussed are terpenoids and steroids, fatty acids, alkaloids, non-ribosomal polypeptides, and enzyme cofactors. Specific examples of natural products used in medicine like atropine, cocaine, and digoxin are also provided. Finally, the document outlines the process for isolating and developing natural products into drugs, including extraction, fractionation, structure determination, and clinical testing.
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This document provides an overview of alkaloids, which are basic nitrogenous plant compounds that often have physiological effects. It discusses the definition, functions, nomenclature, classification, physical and chemical properties, qualitative tests, isolation, and quantitative assay of alkaloids. Key points covered include that alkaloids can act as protective agents in plants or be metabolic byproducts, are classified based on origin and structure, undergo reactions like dehydration with acids, and can be isolated from plants and quantified.
Semi Micro Qualitative Organic chemistry lab manual
This document provides guidance on qualitative organic analysis, including:
- An overview of the systematic process for identifying unknown organic compounds, from preliminary tests to determining functional groups.
- Details on specific preliminary tests to determine physical properties and the presence of elements like nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens.
- Instructions for conducting solubility tests to group compounds and indicate probable functional groups for further analysis.
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Carotenoids - Definition, classification , properties etc
Carotenoids - Definition, classification , properties etc
Reserpine(Structure Elucidation, Extraction and Isolation)
Reserpine(Structure Elucidation, Extraction and Isolation)
Semi Micro Qualitative Organic chemistry lab manual
Semi Micro Qualitative Organic chemistry lab manual
Similar to Quinone pharmacogosy
Pharmaceutical substances as plant origin
The document discusses various pharmaceutical substances derived from plants. It begins by introducing medicinal plants' role in human culture and that early medicines were primarily plant-derived. It then covers major chemical families found in medicinal plants - alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, etc. Specific examples of important alkaloids are provided, such as morphine, atropine, cocaine. The document also discusses other chemical groups like xanthines, terpenes and provides examples of medically useful substances within each group.
Natural hair colorants
This document discusses natural hair colorants. It begins by defining hair colorants and describing the different types of hair coloring systems. It then introduces several natural plant-based colorants like hibiscus, turmeric, annatto seeds, beet root, cochineal, henna, indigo, rose petals, marigold, pomegranate, chamomile, madder and myrobalan. For each natural colorant, it provides the botanical name, family, description and key chemical constituents responsible for the color. It also compares the advantages and disadvantages of natural versus artificial hair dyes. Finally, it outlines the typical ingredients in a hair dye formulation including dye, modifiers, antioxid
Phenyl propanoids flavonoids and lignans
When
food containing, lignan precursors are
consumed they are converted to the enterolignans,
enterodiol and enterolactone by bacteria that
normally colonize the human intestine
Enterodiol
and enterolactone have weak estrogenic
activity but may also exert biological effects through
nonestrogenic mechanisms
Because
enterodiol and enterolactone can mimic
some of the effects of estrogens, their plant derived
lignan precursors are classified as phytoestrogens
Lignan
precursors that have been identified in the
human diet include pinoresinol, lariciresinol,
secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol and others
Phytochemistry
This document provides an introduction to phytochemistry and describes the major types of phytochemicals found in plants. It discusses that medicinal plants are a rich source of drugs and chemicals for traditional medicine. The first step in extracting value from medicinal plants is the production of extracts using various extraction methods. It then describes the main classes of phytochemicals - phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins - and some of their characteristics and importance. The document concludes with a table showing results of phytochemical screening of extracts from several plants.
UNIT 2.2 & 2.5 PGPHY-2 By M H ghante.pdf
This document discusses phenylpropanoids and flavonoids, including lignans found in plants like sesame and flaxseed. Lignans are dimeric compounds formed from phenylpropene derivatives. Tea contains caffeine, tannins, and polyphenols like catechins which are abundant and have antioxidant effects. Lignins are complex phenylpropane polymers that strengthen plant cell walls.
Flavonoids
Flavonoids are a group of plant secondary metabolites called phenolics. They contain an aromatic ring structure with one or more hydroxyl groups attached. There are over 3000 known flavonoids found throughout plants. Flavonoids may function as antioxidants, pigments, and have potential health benefits for humans. Common tests used to identify flavonoids include the Shinoda test and ferric chloride test.
Pharmacognosy Alkaloids
This document summarizes information about several alkaloids - vinca, rauwolfia, belladonna, and opium. It describes the biological source, morphological characteristics, chemical constituents, uses, and commercial applications for each one. Key information includes that vinca contains vinblastine and vincristine which have anticancer activity. Rauwolfia contains the main alkaloid reserpine which is used as an antihypertensive and tranquilizer. Belladonna contains hyoscyamine and is used for its anticholinergic properties. Opium contains morphine and codeine and is used as an analgesic but is addictive.
Alkaloids,Proteins and Enzymes
1.Alkaloids
-Definition
-Test for Alkaloids:Dragondroff's reagent,Mayer reagent,Wagner reagent,Hager reagent,Murexide test
-Occurence,Distribution and Loaction of Alkaloids
-Classification of Alkaloids:True alkaloid,Pseudoalkaloid,Protoalkaloid.
1.1 Vinca:
-Scientific name
-Synonym
-Biological Source
-Family
-Chemical constituents
-Uses/Medicinal Uses
1.2 Belladona
-Scientific name
-Synonym
-Biological source
-Family
-Characteristics:Colour,Odour,Taste
-Chemical constituents and Structure
-Uses
2.Phenylpropanoid
-Definition and structure of phenylpropanoid
3.Flavonoids
-Classification
-Uses
-Test for Flavonoids:Shinoda test,Lead acetate test,Sodium hydroxide test,Sulphuric acid test,Aqueous test
2.1 Tea
-Scientific name
-Synonym
-Biological Source
-Family
-Chemical constituents
-Uses
2.2 Ruta
-Scientific name
-Synonym
-Biological source
-Family
-Chemical constituents
-Uses
3.Steroids
-Definition and Structure
-Classification:Cardiac Glycoside,their general properties,Triterpenoids and their structure.
3.1Liquorice
-Scientifc name
-Synonym
-Biological Source
-Family
-Chemical Constituents
-Uses
3.2 Digitalis
- Scientific name
-Synonym
-Biological Source
-Family
-Chemical constituents
-Uses
4.Volatile oil
-Definition
-Properties
-Use
-Therapeutic activities
5.Cinnamon
-Scientific name
-Synonym
-Biological Source
-Family
-Chemical constituents
-Uses
6. Coriander
-Scientific name
-Synonym
-Biological source
-Family
-Chemical constituents
-Uses
-
Tannins
This document provides information about tannins, which are astringent, polyphenolic secondary plant metabolites. It discusses:
1. Tannins are naturally occurring complex organic compounds that have astringent properties and form colloidal solutions with water. They precipitate proteins and help protect plants from external threats.
2. Tannins are classified based on their molecular weight and hydrolysis properties. The main types are hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins, and complex tannins.
3. Tannins have various pharmacological effects including antioxidant, wound healing, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective activities. They are widely distributed in plants and localized in vacuoles,
Secondary Metabolits
This document provides information on secondary plant metabolites. It begins by defining primary and secondary metabolites, with primary metabolites directly involved in growth and development, and secondary metabolites having other ecological functions. It then discusses several classes of secondary metabolites - terpenes and terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, quinones, and phenolic compounds. For each, it provides examples and describes their structure, biosynthesis, and biological roles. In particular, it focuses on terpene biosynthesis from isoprene units, steroid structure, types of alkaloids, quinone derivatives like ubiquinone, and anthocyanin pigments as examples of phenolic compounds.
Pinene
Pinene is a colorless liquid found in pine trees and other plants that gives them their characteristic scent. It exists as two isomers - alpha pinene and beta pinene. Pinene is the main component of turpentine and is obtained through the distillation of pine trees. It has several uses as an analgesic, antibacterial, and antioxidant and can also be synthesized from geranyl pyrophosphate. Derivatives of pinene include linalool and compounds used as fungicides, insecticides, and for removing heavy metals from solution. When pinene reacts with ozone it produces secondary organic aerosols that impact air quality and climate.
Natural dyes
Natural dyes are colorants derived from plants, invertebrates, or minerals. The majority come from plant sources like roots, berries, bark, leaves, and wood. Natural dyes can be grouped according to their chemical structures, such as carotenoids which include carotenes that produce orange and red-orange colors, and xanthophylls which are yellow. Flavonoids are water-soluble compounds that produce yellow, red, violet and blue colors in many flowers and fruits through anthocyanidins and anthocyanins. Anthraquinones and napthoquinones are also groups of natural dyes. Natural dyes have traditionally been used for coloring textiles, leather, and food.
Plant secondary metabolites
What are secondary metabolites?
Why they are produced?
Compartment of synthesis
Classes of secondary metabolites
Applications
Conclusion
References
Biosynthetic classification of alkaloids
Alkaloids are classified based on their biosynthetic precursors, which include amino acids like ornithine, tryptophan, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and histidine. Other precursors include purines. Major classes include tropane alkaloids from ornithine, indole alkaloids from tryptophan, quinoline alkaloids from tryptophan, papaver alkaloids from tyrosine, and purine alkaloids like caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline not derived from amino acids. Biosynthesis involves reactions like decarboxylation and transamination of amino acid precursors.
Alkaloids(2)
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing plant compounds that have physiological effects in humans and animals. They contain heterocyclic rings and can exist as primary, secondary, or tertiary amines. Common alkaloids include nicotine, atropine, and cocaine. In plants, alkaloids serve as defenses against herbivores and may aid growth. They are often crystalline solids that form salts and are soluble in non-polar solvents. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacological actions and can be classified based on their ring structures. Important alkaloid-containing plants discussed include belladonna, henbane, coca, and plants yielding quinine. Their biosynthesis often begins with amino acids
Alkaloids(2)
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing plant compounds that have physiological effects in humans and animals. They contain heterocyclic rings and can exist as primary, secondary, or tertiary amines. Common alkaloids include nicotine, atropine, and cocaine. In plants, alkaloids serve as defenses against herbivores and may regulate growth. They are classified based on their ring structures, such as pyridine-piperidine, tropane, quinoline, and others. Many alkaloids have pharmacological effects like analgesia, stimulation of the central nervous system, and effects on muscles or secretions. They are isolated from plants using solvent extraction and identified with color tests.
Resins and their types with balsams etc
Resins are solid or highly viscous substances produced by plants or through synthetic means that are typically convertible to polymers. They are mixtures of organic compounds that plants secrete for protective benefits in response to injury. Resins are classified based on their composition and include resin acids, resin esters, resin alcohols, resin phenols, and gluco resins. Balsams specifically contain aromatic acids like benzoin and cinnamic acid and are produced from trees including Storax, Peru balsam, Tolu balsam, and Benzoin. These balsams are composed of mixtures including lignans, cinnamic acid, esters, and sometimes volatile oils. They have traditional medical uses
Phytotherapy (Respiratory tract disorders)
Minor common disorders of the respiratory system can often be successfully treated with phytotherapy and it can be helpful as a supportive measure in more serious diseases, such as bronchitis, emphysema, and pneumonia. For severe infections, antibiotic therapy may be needed and although, most antibiotics are natural products. However, for colds and flu-like virus infections, decongestants (e.g., menthol and eucalyptus), broncholytics, and expectorants (including ipecacuanha, thyme, and senega), demulcents (e.g. mallow), antibacterials and antivirals (e.g. elderflower, pelargonium), and immune system
modulators (e.g. echinacea) are popular and effective.
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Lignans are a class of plant polyphenols composed of two linked phenylpropane units. They are found in various plant families and act as antioxidants and defenses against pathogens. The basic lignan structure consists of two phenylpropane units linked by a C-C bond between their central carbons. Major subclasses include furofuran, furan, and dibenzylbutane lignans. Lignans have various biological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. They are often present in plants as glycosylated derivatives and some common examples include secoisolariciresinol and podophyllotoxin.
Secondary metabolites of cephalotaxus and their clinical importance
This document summarizes the secondary metabolites found in the plant genus Cephalotaxus. It discusses three main types of secondary metabolites: alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Key points include that homoharringtonine has been approved as a drug for treating chronic myeloid leukemia and that compounds like α-pinene and ferruginol show antimicrobial properties. The extraction process for secondary metabolites from Cephalotaxus involves crushing, solvent extractions, and evaporation to yield crude extracts for further study.
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Quinone pharmacogosy
- 2. CONTENTS:- 1. Introduction to Quinones 2. Chitrak pharmacognosy 3. Henna pharmacognosy 4. Vidang pharmacognosy
- 3. QUINONES • The quinones are a class of organic compounds that are formally derived from aromatic compounds such as benzene or naphthalene. • These are derived from conversation of an even number of –CH= groups into—C(=O)- groups with necessary rearrangement of double bonds. Quinones are of two types:- 1. Napthoquinones. 2. Benzoquinones. Napthoquinone:- Napthoquinones is a class of organic compounds structurally related to naphthalene. Eg- Chitrak, Henna. Benzoquinone:- Benzoquinone is a class of organic compounds structurally related to benzene. Eg- Vidang Napthoquinone Benzoquinone
- 4. Chitrak
- 5. BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- It consist of dried or fresh roots of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. belonging to the family plumbaginaceae. SYNONYMS:- White Leadwort, Chitrak, Chitra Agnimatha, Agnisikha.
- 6. PARTS USED:- ROOT ROOT BARK SEEDS
- 7. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- It consists mailny of Plumbagin (0.91%) Other constituents are - • Catechol tannins • Glucose • Steroidal glucoside • Sitosterol • Vanillic acid PLUMBAGIN
- 8. USES:- 1. The root of this herb is a powerful arco- narcotic poison. It causes abortion. 2. The root of the herb is used in cases of enlarged spleen. 3. The herb is used as a part of many ayurvedic compond remidies for rubifacient applications. 4. Root reduced to a paste is applied to abscesses to open them. A paste made of milk, vinegar or salt and water maybe applied in leprosy and other obstinate skin diseases, unhealthy ulcers, scabies etc. 5. Anti microbial. 6. Anti bacterial.
- 9. Henna
- 10. BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Henna consists of fresh or dried leaves of the plant Lawsonia inermis, family Lythraceae SYNONYMS:- Egyptian privet, Lawsonia- alba.
- 11. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- The active constituent of the leaf is Lawsone (0.5- 1.0 %). It is the main colouring constituent and is said to be a degradation product of primary glycoside hennoside A,B and C. Other constituents are:- 1. 5-10% gallic acid 2. white resin 3. sugars 4. tannin 5. xanthones Lawsone
- 12. USES:- 1. Henna is used as a favourite hair dye either alone or in combination for the treatment of gray hair. 2. It is used in several hair care products like rinses, conditioners, applications. 3. It imparts orange-red colour and is used in tattoo making. 4. Anti bacterial. 5. Anti fungal.
- 13. VIDANG
- 14. BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- This consists of dried fruits, of the plant Embelia ribes, belonging to family Myrsinaceae. SYNONYMS:– Embelia, Bidang, Wavding, Briberang.
- 15. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:- 1. Vidang fruits contain embelin (2%) and its dimer vilangin 2. quircitol (0.1%) 3. fatty material (5%) 4. 1% tannin 5. negligible amount of volatile oil 6. colouring matter and an alkaloid christembin. Embelin
- 16. USES:- 1. Mostly used as antihelmintic. 2. Astringent 3. Carminative 4. Stimulant 5. Fruits are effective against tapeworm but have no effect on hook worms and roundworm 6. Aqueous extract of vidang fruits is found to have anti-fertility action.
- 17. Thank you