Pharmaceutical Substances as Plant Origin

1. PHARMACEUTICAL SUBSTANCES
OF PLANT ORIGIN
BY
ADAM SHAHULHAMEED
01109151001

2. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants have played an essential role in theMedicinal plants have played an essential role in the
development of human culture.development of human culture.
The vast bulk of early medicinal substances were plantThe vast bulk of early medicinal substances were plant
derived.derived.
An estimated 3 billion people world wide continous to useAn estimated 3 billion people world wide continous to use
traditional plant medicines as their primary form health care.traditional plant medicines as their primary form health care.
Many of these were discovered by a targeted knowledgeMany of these were discovered by a targeted knowledge
based Ethno botanical approach.based Ethno botanical approach.
While some medicinal substances continue to be directlyWhile some medicinal substances continue to be directly
extracted from plant material,plant derived drugs can beextracted from plant material,plant derived drugs can be
manufactured.manufactured.
In addition chemical modification of many of these plantIn addition chemical modification of many of these plant
“lead” drugs have yielded a range of additional therapeutic“lead” drugs have yielded a range of additional therapeutic
substances.substances.

3. INTRODUCTION
 Plant produce a primary metabolites and secondary metabolites.
 Primary metabolites include carbohydrate, lipids, proteins. Primary
metabolites used for growth and metabolism. This can be produced
by photosynthesis and cell component synthesis.
 Plant produce a wide array of bio active molecule via secondary
metabolic pathways. Secondary metabolites is a natural products
derived from primary metabolites.
 Secondary metabolites is the major source for pharmaceuticals,
food additives, and pesticides.

4. CHEMICAL FAMILIES
 The bulk of plant derived medicines can be categorized into
a number of chemical families.
 Alkaioids
 Flavonoids
 Terpenes
 Terpenoids
 Steroids
 Quinines
 Coumarins
 xanthines
 salicylates

5. ALKALOIDS
 Alkaloids may be classified as relatively low molecular mass bases
containing one or more nitrogen atoms, often present in a ring
system.
 Alkaloids found mainly in plants. Over 6000 different alkaloids
have been extracted. They are especially abundant in flowering
plants particularly LUPINS,POPPIES,TOBACCO and POTATOES.
 Leaves of Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) contain alkaloids such as
Nicotine, Nornicotine, Anabasine.

6.  This is also used as sedative, antipasmodic, insecticide.
 Solubility of these substances in organic solvents.
 Subsequent chromatographic fractionation facilities
separation of individual alkaloid components.
 Many alkaloids are poisonous although at lower
conentrations they may be useful therapeutic agents.

7. LUPINS POPPIES
TOBACCO POTATOES

8. TYPES OF ALKALOIDS
 TRUE ALKALOIDS
It have heterocyclic ring with nitrogen. It is
derived from amino acid.
 PROTO ALKALOIDS
It does not have heterocyclic ring with
nitrogen. It is also derived from amino acid.
 PSEUDO ALKALOIDS
It have heterocyclic ring with nitrogen. It is
not derived from amino acid.

9. ALKALOID BASED DRUGS
 Atropine
 Scopalamine
 Morphine
 Cocaine
ATROPINE
It is found in the burries of the weeds dedly night shade and black night shade
(Atropa belladonna).
It is also synthesized in the leaves and roots of Hyoscyamus muticusi.At high
concentrations it is poisonous but when more dilute displays a number of beneficial
medical applications.
Atropine sulphate solutions ophthalmic procedures to dilate the pupil. It is also
used as pre anaesthetic. It inhibts secretion of saliva and mucus in the respiratory
tract which protects the patient from broncho constructions.
It is also used as treament of motion sickness. It inhibt gastric secretion.

10. ATROPA BELLADONA
HYOSCYAMUS MUTICUSI

11. ALKALOID BASED DRUGS
 SCOPALAMINE
It is found in the leaves of the plant Hyoscyamus niger
and shares some properties with atropine.
It treat motion sickness.
 MORPHINE
It is medically most important alkaloid present in opium.
Opium itself consists of the dried milky exudate extracted from
unripe capsules of the opium poppy.
Totally 50 alkaloids are extracted from opium.
It grown mainly in Asia , but also in some parts of India
and china.
Morphine is a powerful analgesic.These are effective in
head aches, myalgia and arthralgia. E.g Aspirins ,Novalgin.

12. • SCOPALAMINE
MORPHINE

13. ASPIRINS
 The story of aspirin begins in the annals of folk medicine,
where willow bark and certain flowers (Filipendula ulmaria)
were used to relieve rheumatic and other pain.
 Because of Filipendula ulmaria (Meadow sweet) were also
found to contain salicylic acid which possesses anti pyretic,
anti inflammatory and analgesic properties.

14.  ANTI PYRETIC
The Anti Pyretics are the compounds which are
used for the Purpose of reducing fever lowering
the body temperature to the normal).
The most common anti pyretics are aspirin,
paracetamol Antipyrine and Phenacetin.
Their administration often leads to
perspiration.It is also a drug of abuse.

15. FILIPENDULA ULMARIA

16. COCAINE (BENZOYL
METHYLECGONINE)
 It is extracted from coca leaves (Erythoxylum coca) which grows
in south america and far east .It is used for medicinal and
recreational purposes.
 Cocaine was first isolated in 1859. It is used in ingredient in
softdrinks.
 It also proved as a powerful topical anaesthetic and coca leaf
extract.
 It is now rarely used medically several derivatives (Eg: Procaine ,
Lignociane , Tropacocaine )
 It is used as local anaesthetics.

17. ERYTHOXYLUM COCA

18. ADDITIONAL PLANT
ALKALOIDS
 EPHEDRINE
 PAPAVERINE
 QUININE
 VINCRISTINE
 VINBLASTINE
EPHEDRINE
 It is the main alkaloids produced in the roots of ‘Ephedra sinica’
 It have found medical application in china for atleast 5000 years.
 It was first purified from its natural source in 1887 and its chemical
synthesis was achieved in 1927.
 It was intially used in cardio vascular medicine and it is used to treatment
of mild hay fever and asthma. It is also used as a nasal decongestant and
cough suppressant.

19. ADDITIONAL PLANT
ALKALOIDS
PAPAVERINE
 It is an antipasmodic drug. It is an opium alkaloids (opioids).
 It is isolated in the mid-1800. It relaxes smooth muscle.
 It is a potent vaso dilator. It is also used to dilate pulmanary and other
arteries.
 It is used in the treatment of angina pectoris (usually caused by partial
blockage of the coronary artery)
 It is also used to treatment of heart attacks and bronchial spasms.
QUININE
 It is an alkaloid produced by various cinchona species. Eg:cinchona
pubescens or Fever tree or Red cinchona.
 It native in south America.
 The bark of these trees were intially used to treat malaria.

20. ADDITIONAL PLANT
ALKALOIDS
 Quinine was isolated in 1820. This found to be toxic not only to
protozoan plasmodium but also to several other protozoan species.
VINCRISTINE AND VINBLASTINE
 The madagascar periwinkle plant (Vinca-rosea) produces in the
region of 60 alkaloids including vincristine and vinblastine.
 These 2 closely related alkaloids ( which are obtained in yields of 3
and 2 gm/ tonne of leaves respectively)
 It is used as anti tumour agents. It is also used to treat Hodgkin’s
disease and certain forms of leukaemia.
 It is binding to tubulin , inhibiting microtubule formation during
cell division.

21. HODKINS DISEASE

22. EPHEDRA SINICA PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM
CINCHONA PUBSCENS

23. VINCA ROSEA

24. EPHEDRINE
PAPAVERINE
QUININE VINBLASTINE

25. ERGOT ALKALOIDS
 Ergot is a parasitic fungus ( Claviceps genus ) which grows
upon a variety of grains.
 It synthesizes over 30 distinct alkaloids (Eg: Ergometrine).
 It is the most medically significant.
 It is used to minimize bleeding in delivery.
 Another Ergot derivative is well known HALLUCINOGENIC
DRUG.
 D-Lysergic diethylamide ( LSD )
 2-5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetrine (DOM)
 N-N-Dimethyl trptamine ( DMT).

26. ERGOMETRINE HALLOCINOGENIC DRUG

27. FLAVONOIDS
 It is also known as Bio flavonoids or vitamin P.
 It is a class of plant secondary metabolites.
 It is the most important plant pigments for flower colouration
producing a yellow , red , blue pigmentation.
 Flavonoids are 15 carbon poly phenols produced by all vascular
plants. 4000 distinct flavonoids have now been identified.
 It has limited no of therapeutic activity. These substances are
generally degraded if taken orally.
 It is administrated medically via intravenous route. No of
flavonoids have display anti viral activity.
 FUNTION
 Chemical messenger , cell cycle inhibitor , low toxicity , anti
allergic , anti inflammatory , anti microbial , anti cancer and anti
diarrhea activeties. It is also inhibit tumour invasion .

28. STRUCURE OF FLAVONOIDS

29. CLASSIFICATION OF
FLAVONOIDS
• According to chemical structure flavonoids can be
categorised into
 FLAVONES
 FLAVANONES
 ISO FLAVONES
 CATECHINES
 ANTHOCYANIDINES
 CHALCONES

30. XANTHINES
CAFFEINE
 It is synthesized by several plants. It was originally isolated from
tea in 1838.It is methyl xanthine which stimulates the CNS and It
increasing mental alertness.
 It also acts as diuretic and it also stimulates gastric acid
secretion.
THEOPHILLINE
 It is a minor constituent of tea. It is prepared by direct chemical
synthesis for medical use. It relax smooth muscle.
 It can be used as a broncho dilator and treatment of asthma and
bronchitis
AMINOPHYLLINE
 It is derivative of Theophilline ( Theophilline ethylenediamine 2:1).
 It has greater aqueous solubility.

31. TEA PLANT

32. XANTHINE AMINOPHYLLINE

33. THEOPHYLLINE

34. TERPENES
 It is the polymers of the 5-carbon compound isoprene. It
properties are similar to hydrocarbons.
 Terpenoids are substituted terpenes (It contain additional
chemical groups such as alcohol , phenols , aldehyde and ketones )
 Terpenes such as limonene , menthol and camphor form
components of various essential oils with pseudo pharmaceutical
uses .
 It exhibt anti tumour activity (Eg: Taxol).
DITERPENOID TAXOL
 It is first isolated from pacific yew tree (Taxus Brevifolia).
 Betulinic acid is a five ringled triterpene. It is an anti cancer
agent. It is produced relatively substantial quantities in the bark
of white birch tree.

35. PACIFIC YEW TREE WHITE BIRCH TREE

36. DITERPENOID TAXOL
 Betulinic acid is capable of selectively destroying melanoma cells
by inducing apoptosis.
 The current most effective drug is decarbazine is only effective
in 25% of cases.
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
 It is a steroids which a carbohydrate component is attached. It is
produced by variety of plants. The major cardiac glycosides that
have found medical use. It is isolated from species of DIGITALIS
(fox gloves ) leaves.
 This contain 2 glycoside components
 DIGOXIN
 DIGITOXIN

37. BETULINIC ACID

38. CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
 It increases heart muscle contraction. It is also used in the
treatment of heart failure. Both can be administrated either
orally or by injection.
 DIGOXIN induces an immediate action but short lived effect.
 DIGTOXIN is slower activity but its effects are prolonged.
COUMARINS
 It is synthesized by a variety of plant species. Most significant
coumarins are dicoumarol and its derivative warfarin.
 DICOUMAROL and WARFARIN are now used as a anticogulants.

39. COUMARINS
DICOUMAROL

40. CONCLUSION
ALL THINGS THERE IS A POISON
,THERE IS NOTHING WITH OUT
POISON.IT DEPENDS ONLY UPON THE
DOSE,WHETHER A POISON IS A
POISON OR NOT………

41. sss
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