Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids:
Liquorice, Dioscorea, Digitalis
For video lecture suscribe youtube channel snehal chakorkar.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids:
Liquorice, Dioscorea, Digitalis
For video lecture suscribe youtube channel snehal chakorkar.
Pharmacognosy
Final year B.Pharm
University of Mumbai
Phenylpropanoids are a diverse group of natural products composed of thousands of different compounds, synthesized from the primary metabolites, phenylalanine or tyrosine amino acids, through a series of enzymatic reactions. ... 4-Coumaryl Co-A serves as the common precursor to flavonoid and phenolic acids biosynthesis.
STUDY OF UTILIZATION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF BIOGENET...Nitu Singh
Accordingg to B Pharm V sem PCI syllabus of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II
This presentation includes Introduction of radioisotopes ,Tracer Techniques,Various methods and about various instrument used for tracing radioactivity in Biogenetic studies
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta
For video lecture join to youtube channel snehal chakorkar
Pharmacognosy
Final year B.Pharm
University of Mumbai
Phenylpropanoids are a diverse group of natural products composed of thousands of different compounds, synthesized from the primary metabolites, phenylalanine or tyrosine amino acids, through a series of enzymatic reactions. ... 4-Coumaryl Co-A serves as the common precursor to flavonoid and phenolic acids biosynthesis.
STUDY OF UTILIZATION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF BIOGENET...Nitu Singh
Accordingg to B Pharm V sem PCI syllabus of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II
This presentation includes Introduction of radioisotopes ,Tracer Techniques,Various methods and about various instrument used for tracing radioactivity in Biogenetic studies
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta
For video lecture join to youtube channel snehal chakorkar
This presentation will give the idea about the usefulness of herbs as health food. This presentation also includes some very important medicinal plants which can be used as health food.
Pharmacognosy unit-II alkaloids vinca , rauwolfia, belladonna, opium their biological source chemical constituents, use and morphological and microscopic characters
The alkaloids are defined as ‘basic nitrogenous plant products, mostly optically active and possessing nitrogen heterocyclic as their structural unit, with a pronounced physiological action.
The term alkaloid was coined by W. Meissner, a Germon Pharmacist. The first alkaloid to be synthesised was Coniine in1886.It was isolated in 1827.
These are organic product of natural and synthetic origin which are basic in nature and contain one or more nitrogen atom, normally of heterocyclic nature and posses specific pharmacological action on human or animal body.
The true alkaloids are toxic in nature.contain hetrocyclic nitrogen which is derided from amino acids and always basic in nature.
The term ‘ alkaloid ’ was coined by MEISSNER,
a German pharmacist, in 1819.
The French chemist, Derosne in 1803, isolated
narcotine . In the same year , morphine from
opium was isolated by Serturner .
Pelletier and Caventon isolated emetine in
1817 and colchicine in 1819.
From the beginning of 19th century till to date,
it has to proved to be a perpetual work to
discover new alkaloids from plants and
animals.
As per a Russian review in 1973, the numbe of
known alkaloids had reached upto 4959,
amongst which, the structures of 3293
alkaloids were elucidated.
At present, the number of alkaloids discovered
has exceeded 6000.
There are many different types of drugs that work on the CNS,
EPHEDRA, BELLADONA, TEA LEAVES
COFFEE SEEDS
COCA LEAVES
HYOSCYAMUS
AND THEIR PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Medicinal plants are important and basic drugs sources from ancient times. In this presentation we discussed some of the phytoconstituents of plants which are useful in daily life.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Chemical analysis of
flavonoids. Medicinal plants
and medical plant material that
contain flavonoids with
cardiovascular, P-vitamin and
haemostatic action
4. The B ring formation is produced by a shikimate pathway
5. The A ring and propane
fragment are formed via
acetate pathway
6.
7. Classification of flavonoids
Depending on the position of the linkage of the aromatic ring to the
benzopyrano (chromano) moiety, this group of natural products
may be divided into three classes:
the true flavonoids (2-phenylbenzopyrans); the isoflavonoids (3-
benzopyranes) and the neoflavonoids (2-benzopyranes)
13. Extraction and investigation methods of flavonoids
Ethanol and methanol are mainly used for flavonoid
extraction. Spirituous extracts are evaporated to water residue,
then diluted with water and treated by chloroform for lipids
and lipoids (chlorophylls, carotenoids, waxes, etc.) separation.
Purified water residue is treated by diethyl ether, ethyl acetate,
propanol, butanol in series, getting fractions of aglycones,
mono-, di-, triglycosides.
14. Identification
1. Cyanidin test
2. Test with boric and citric acids
3. An azo coupling
4. The reaction of alkali
5. Concentrated sulphuric acid test
6. The reaction with vanillin in concentrated
hedrochloric acid
7. The reaction of iron III chloride
8. The reaction of lead acetate
15. Compounds Cyanidin test КОН FeCl3 lead acetate
Flavanols Red-violet Yellow Brown Yellow
residue
Flavonols Red Yellow Green Yellow
residue
Flavones Orange Yellow Red-brown Yellow
residue
Chalcones Yellow Yellow-
orange
Brown Yellow
residue
Aurones Yellow Orange-red Brown Yellow residue
Catechins Yellow Colorless,
changing to
red
From brown
to blue
Yellow
residue
16. Quantitative analysis
There are plenty of methods for flavonoid assay: gravimetry,
titration, fluorimetry, polarography, photocolorimetry, but the
most widespread method is spectrometry. It is based on
reactions with metal ions, azo coupling, boric acid with further
determination of the optical density in UV and visible regions
of the spectrum at a proper wavelength.
17. Motherwort Herb – Leonuri herba, EP
Motherwort – Leonurus cardiaca L., Leonurus quinquelobatus
Mint family- Lamiaceae
Syn.: Throw-wort, Lion’s Ear, Lion’s Tail.
BASBAS:: complex flavonoids, alkaloides (major is
stachydrine),irydoides, tannins, terpenoids.
Major flavonoids – hyperoside, kaemferol-3-D-
glucoside rutin, quercetin, isoquercetin,
tannins and a small amount of essential oil.
The EP requires a minimum flavonoid content
for the drug of 0,2 % expressed as hyperoside
and assayed by adsorbance at 425 nm
Dosage forms:: infusion
included Mixture
antiasthmatlca Trascovi,
tincture included
CardioPhyt, Biovital,
Gerovital, Doppelherz#
Energotonic
Pharmacological activity: infusion and tincture as
sedative and hypotensive agent in cardiovascular
neurosis, the initial stages of hypertension,
cardiosclerosis, increased nervous excitability.
18. Hawthorn Fruit – Crataegi Fructus
Hawthorn Flower – Crataegi Flores
Hawthorn –Crataegus sanguinea Pall.,
Family Rosaceae– Rosaceae.
Syn.: May, mayblossom, maythorn
BAS:BAS: giperoside (0,7%), C-glycosides vitexin:,
rutin, dominate in the leaves.
The fruits contain epicatechin, oligomers
anthocyanidins, and also anthocyans,
pectins, ascorbic acid
Pharmacological activity :: Galene drugs have
cardiotonic, hypotensive, sedative and
antispasmodic action, reduce the excitability
of the central nervous system, have tonics
effect on the heart muscle, enhanced blood
circulation in coronary heart and
cerebrovascular, eliminate tachycardia and
arrhythmia
.Dosage forms :: Liquid extract of the fruit
included to “Саrdiovalenum”. Liquid
extracts from flowers included to
CardioPhyt, Biovital, Gerovital and
Phytulventum
19. Water pepper Herb – Polygoni hydropiperis Herba ,
Water pepper – Polygonum hydropiper L.,
Family Polygonacea– Polygonaceae.
Syn.: Smartweed, Biting persicaria, Bity tongue, Pepper plant
BASBAS:: rutin, quercetin, hiperosed,
cemppherol, tannins, vitamins
K and C.
Raw materials containing
substances such as colored
phagopirin causing
phagopiryzm (sensitivity to
light).
Pharmacological activity ::
hemostatic, незначний
послаблюючий ефект.
• Dosage forms: liquid extract
21. MRM which contain flavonoids with
P-vitamin activity
P-vitamin activity means that
medicine or herb strength capillaries.
22. Black chokeberry fruit – Aroniae melanocarpae Fructus recentes
Black chokeberry – Aronia melanocarpa (Michx) Elliot
Rosaceae
• Constituents. Cyanidin and it’s
glycosides, phenolic acids,
flavonoids- rutin, quercetin,
gesperidin; pectines; ascorbic acid;
big amount of iodine (5-6
mcg/100g), Folic acid, riboflavin,
tocopherol, carotinoids; lipids, wax,
paraffin.
• Uses. Fresh fruits and juice are
used for prevention of vitamin P
insufficiency, they are useful for
those with hypertension. Lipophilic
substances are the part of Aromelin
which has restorative action.
23. Pagoda tree buds – Sophorae japonicae Alabastrae
Pagoda tree fruit – Sophorae japonicae Fructus
Pagoda tree – Sophora japonica
Syn.: Chinese Scholar, Japanese pagoda tree.
Fabaceae
• Constituents. Up to 20% of
rutin.
Uses. As the main constituent
is rutin the plant is used in the
treatment of circulatory
diseases (Ascorutin, Vikalin,
Rutes). Tincture has
antiseptic properties.
24. Lemon peel – Citri Exocarpium
Lemon - Citrus limon
Rutaceae
Constituents: flavonoids, especially
neohesperidosides and rutinosides of
hesperetin and naringenin (rutin, eriocitrin,
neohesperidin, hesperidin) along with many
other flavonoids (44 flavone glycoside were
detected); essential oil (+ limonene as the
principle component, citral – determine the
odour); carotenoids, citric acid and many
other plant acids, coumarin derivatives,
pectins.
Uses. It’s used chiefly as an aromatic and stomachic. The efficacy of
lemon flavonoids in treating varicose veins is related to their ability to reduce
capillary fragility, increase integrity of the venous wall and increase the
muscular tone of the vein.
The raw material and its extracts are used to treat diseases of the blood vessels
and lymph system, including haemorrhoids, chronic venous insufficiency, leg
ulcers, nosebleeds.
25. Tea leaf – Theae folia
Tea – Thea sinensis (syn. Camellia sinensis) (L.)
Theaceae
Constituents: abundant flavonoids, including the
apigenin derivatives isoschaftoside and vicetin-3,
catechols, leucoanthicyanidins, theaflavins,
condensed tannins (10-20 %), 4-gallocatechol,
phenolic carboxilic acids (gallic, chlorogenic);
methylxanthines (caffeine, theobromine,
theophylline, adenine, xanthine); the flavour and
aroma substances, some of which arise during the
fermentation stage (hex-3-en-1-ol, benzyl
alcohol, linalool in black tea and geraniol in grean
tea); triterpenoid saponins.
Uses. Owing to its caffeine content, tea serves as a stimulant, and bacause of its
tannin content it can be used an anthidiarrhoeic. Polyphenols have P-vitamin
and the antioxidant activity. Strong tea is given in poisonings caused by central
nervous system inhibitors, alcohol, heavy metals.
