Flavonoids
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Detailed study of Flavonoids including its Definition, properties, types, classification, isolation/extraction
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Flavonoids
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites that are classified based on their chemical structure. They are abundant in many plant families and occur as both free compounds and glycosides. Key classes include flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, and anthocyanidins. Flavonoids have a variety of biological effects and are found in several plants that are used medicinally such as orange peel, garcinia, soybean, liquorice, cranberry, and buckwheat.
Flavonoids
This document discusses flavonoids, which are secondary plant metabolites that provide color and protect plants. It defines flavonoids and describes their biosynthesis, distribution in plants, properties, classification, and various health benefits. Specifically, it summarizes different types of flavonoids like flavonols, flavanones, isoflavonoids, and anthocyanins and their sources. It also outlines several medicinal properties of flavonoids including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-ulcer, anti-atherosclerotic, and hepatoprotective effects.
Flavanoids
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in plants that act as antioxidants. They have 15 carbon atoms arranged in two benzene rings connected by a 3 carbon chain. There are over 4,000 known flavonoids that are commonly found as flower pigments but also occur in other plant parts. Major classes of flavonoids include flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and isoflavonoids. Flavonoids have important biological functions like repairing damage, protecting plants from toxins and UV radiation, and possess anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antitumor properties in humans.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identification
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Flavonoids
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Phenylpropanoids are a diverse group of natural products composed of thousands of different compounds, synthesized from the primary metabolites, phenylalanine or tyrosine amino acids, through a series of enzymatic reactions. ... 4-Coumaryl Co-A serves as the common precursor to flavonoid and phenolic acids biosynthesis.
Alkaloids
The document discusses alkaloids, which are basic nitrogenous plant compounds that are physiologically active. It defines alkaloids and describes their distribution in plants, forms, nomenclature, extraction and classification. Key points include that alkaloids are found mainly in dicots and families like Apocynaceae, with properties like being crystalline solids, bitter taste, and soluble in organic solvents but not water. Common tests for alkaloids are Mayer's, Dragendorff's, Wagner's and Hager's tests. Alkaloids are classified based on their biogenetic pathway, plant source, basic chemical skeleton or type of amine group.
Flavonoids
it contains flavonoids chemisytry classification and structure elucidation of flavones and isoflavones
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Flavonoids
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites that are classified based on their chemical structure. They are abundant in many plant families and occur as both free compounds and glycosides. Key classes include flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, and anthocyanidins. Flavonoids have a variety of biological effects and are found in several plants that are used medicinally such as orange peel, garcinia, soybean, liquorice, cranberry, and buckwheat.
Flavonoids
This document discusses flavonoids, which are secondary plant metabolites that provide color and protect plants. It defines flavonoids and describes their biosynthesis, distribution in plants, properties, classification, and various health benefits. Specifically, it summarizes different types of flavonoids like flavonols, flavanones, isoflavonoids, and anthocyanins and their sources. It also outlines several medicinal properties of flavonoids including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-ulcer, anti-atherosclerotic, and hepatoprotective effects.
Flavanoids
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in plants that act as antioxidants. They have 15 carbon atoms arranged in two benzene rings connected by a 3 carbon chain. There are over 4,000 known flavonoids that are commonly found as flower pigments but also occur in other plant parts. Major classes of flavonoids include flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and isoflavonoids. Flavonoids have important biological functions like repairing damage, protecting plants from toxins and UV radiation, and possess anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antitumor properties in humans.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identification
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Flavonoids
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Phenylpropanoids are a diverse group of natural products composed of thousands of different compounds, synthesized from the primary metabolites, phenylalanine or tyrosine amino acids, through a series of enzymatic reactions. ... 4-Coumaryl Co-A serves as the common precursor to flavonoid and phenolic acids biosynthesis.
Alkaloids
The document discusses alkaloids, which are basic nitrogenous plant compounds that are physiologically active. It defines alkaloids and describes their distribution in plants, forms, nomenclature, extraction and classification. Key points include that alkaloids are found mainly in dicots and families like Apocynaceae, with properties like being crystalline solids, bitter taste, and soluble in organic solvents but not water. Common tests for alkaloids are Mayer's, Dragendorff's, Wagner's and Hager's tests. Alkaloids are classified based on their biogenetic pathway, plant source, basic chemical skeleton or type of amine group.
Flavonoids
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2. Carotenoids are classified into carotenes and xanthophylls. Carotenes like alpha-carotene and beta-carotene contain no oxygen. Xanthophylls like lutein and zeaxanthin contain oxygen.
3. Alpha- and beta-carotene are carotenes. They are antioxidants and beta-carotene can be converted to vitamin A.
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Flavonoids ppt
This document provides an overview of flavonoids including their introduction, classification, isolation, purification, and methods for structural determination. Flavonoids are polyphenolic plant secondary metabolites with a C6-C3-C6 carbon skeleton found in flowers, leaves, bark, fruits, grains and nuts. They can be isolated from plant material by extracting with hot water or alcohol. Purification involves fractional crystallization or separation in solvent mixtures. Structural determination of flavonoids is done by observing their degradation products when fused with alkali, which produces identifiable phenols and aromatic acids.
Alkaloids lecture 1 (Introduction)
This document provides an overview of alkaloids, which are basic nitrogenous plant compounds that often have physiological effects. It discusses the definition, functions, nomenclature, classification, physical and chemical properties, qualitative tests, isolation, and quantitative assay of alkaloids. Key points covered include that alkaloids can act as protective agents in plants or be metabolic byproducts, are classified based on origin and structure, undergo reactions like dehydration with acids, and can be isolated from plants and quantified.
GLYCOSIDES
Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body.A glycoside is a molecule consisting of a sugar and a non-sugar group, called an aglycone. The sugar group is known as the glycone and can consist of a single sugar group or several sugar groups. The sugars is in its cyclic form and is covalently attached to the aglycon through the hydroxyl group of the hemiactal function.
There are many different kinds of aglycones. It can be a terpene, a flavonoid, a coumarin or practically any other natural occurring product (se figure 1)
The glycone can be attached to the aglycon in many different ways. The most common bridging atom is oxygen (O-glycoside), but it can also be sulphur (S-glycoside), nitrogen (N-glycoside) or carbon (C-glycoside). In general, one distinguishes between α-Glycosides and β-glycosides, depending on the configuration of the hemiactal hydroxyl group. The majority of the naturally occurring glycosides are β-glycosidesGenerally glycosides are more polar than the aglycones and as a result glycoside formation usually increases water solubility. This may allow the producing organism to transport and store the glycoside more efficiently
Many biologically active compounds are glycosides. The pharmacological effects are largely determined by the structure of the aglycone.
Glycosides comprise several important classes of compounds such as hormones, sweeteners, alkaloids, flavonoids and antibiotics
Shikimic acid pathway
The document discusses the shikimic acid pathway, which is used by plants and microorganisms to synthesize aromatic amino acids from carbohydrates. It involves several enzymatic steps beginning with phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate that ultimately produce chorismate. Chorismate is then converted to prephenate and further transformed to produce phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. The pathway is important for producing phenolic compounds, gallic acid, and other aromatic metabolites. Shikimic acid extracted from plants is used to produce the anti-influenza drug oseltamivir, and herbicides like glyphosate target enzymes in this pathway
Phenolic compounds
The document discusses plant phenolic compounds. It notes that thousands of phenolic structures are known, accounting for 40% of organic carbon in the biosphere. Phenolic compounds are primarily derived from the phenylpropanoid and acetate pathways and play important roles in plant cell walls, defense, wood/bark features, and flower color/flavor. Phenolic compounds can be classified into flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Key flavonoids discussed include quercetin, naringenin, and isoflavonoids like genistein and daidzein. Non-flavonoids include hydroxycinnamates, stilbenes like resveratrol, and tannins.
Glycosides
1. Glycosides are organic compounds found in plants and animals that contain a sugar (glycone) and non-sugar (aglycone or genin) portion. Upon hydrolysis, the sugar and non-sugar portions separate.
2. There are several types of glycosides based on the atom involved in the glycosidic linkage between the glycone and aglycone, including O-, C-, S-, and N-glycosides.
3. Two common cardiac glycoside drugs that contain glycosides are Digitalis and Aloe. Digitalis contains compounds like digitoxin and gitoxin that have cardiac effects. Aloe contains compounds like aloin that have laxative effects.
Alkaloids
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds that are often obtained from plants and demonstrate physiological effects.
- They are classified based on their biological origin, biosynthetic pathway, chemical structure, and pharmacological effects.
- Common alkaloids include morphine, quinine, caffeine, and nicotine. They are extracted from plants using various organic solvents and purified.
Lignans and flavonoids
Lignans and flavonoidsMAHAJAN DHANRAJ,R C PATEL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH, SHIRPUR
Lignans and flavonoids are plant compounds with potential health benefits. Lignans are dimers of phenylpropanoids found in flaxseed and other foods. When consumed, lignan precursors are converted by gut bacteria into enterolactone and enterodiol, which have weak estrogenic activity and other biological effects. Flavonoids are polyphenols that include subclasses like flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and anthocyanins found in fruits and vegetables. They are associated with reduced disease risk due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Both lignans and flavonoids are derived from phenylalanine through the shikimate pathway and undergo enzymatic conversions in theirAlkaloids (Pharmacognosy) MANIK
The document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing plant compounds. It defines alkaloids and explains that they are difficult to define precisely due to overlapping properties with other amines. It then covers the distribution of various alkaloids in different plant parts, their chemical properties, pharmacological actions, classification based on ring structure, extraction methods, and chemical tests to identify alkaloids.
Biosynthetic classification of alkaloids
Alkaloids are classified based on their biosynthetic precursors, which include amino acids like ornithine, tryptophan, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and histidine. Other precursors include purines. Major classes include tropane alkaloids from ornithine, indole alkaloids from tryptophan, quinoline alkaloids from tryptophan, papaver alkaloids from tyrosine, and purine alkaloids like caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline not derived from amino acids. Biosynthesis involves reactions like decarboxylation and transamination of amino acid precursors.
Glycosides
The document discusses the chemistry and biosynthesis of various glycosides. It begins by defining glycosides as molecules composed of a sugar molecule (glycone) linked to a non-sugar molecule (aglycone). It then discusses the chemistry and sources of several classes of glycosides - cardiac glycosides, sennosides, steroidal saponin glycosides like diosgenin, hecogenin and sarsapogenin. The biosynthesis of these glycosides involves the transfer of a sugar molecule from a UDP-sugar to the aglycone, catalyzed by glycosyltransferases. Key cardiac glycosides discussed are digoxin and digitoxin. Sennosides are anthraquinone glycos
Lignans
Lignans are phenylpropanoid dimers found widely in plants. Podophyllum lignans from Podophyllum species have anticancer and antiviral properties. Their structure contains five rings. Phenylpropane units in lignans are derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside is a prominent lignan in flaxseed that has antioxidant and antiplatelet effects. Quassinoids from Quassia species have insecticidal, antibacterial, and antitumor properties. Their basic structure contains a beta-carbolinium ion.
Volatile Oils
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are aromatic oily liquids found in many plants. They are highly volatile and evaporate easily at room temperature. Volatile oils are composed of hydrocarbons and oxidized hydrocarbons derived from terpenes. They are found stored in secretory cells, cavities, or channels located in different parts of plants. Volatile oils have various therapeutic uses and are also used in perfumes, cosmetics, and flavorings due to their strong aromas. They are extracted from plants using various techniques including water and steam distillation, solvent extraction, and enfleurage.
Shikimik acid pathway
Shikimic acid is an important biochemical metabolite found in plants and microorganisms. It was first isolated from the Japanese star anise plant in 1885. The shikimate pathway is a seven step metabolic route used by plants and microbes to synthesize the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. This pathway is not present in animals. Shikimic acid is the starting point for the biosynthesis of many important phenolic compounds like flavonoids, tannins, lignin, and gallic acid. It is also a precursor for indole derivatives and the psychedelic compound DMT. Glyphosate herbicide works by inhibiting the shikimate pathway in plants
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(Tea & Ruta).pdf
This document discusses phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, tea, and ruta. It provides information on their classification, chemical constituents, and functions. Phenylpropanoids are organic compounds derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine via the shikimic acid pathway. Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites with a 15-carbon skeleton structure. Tea contains polyphenols like catechins that have antioxidant effects. Ruta graveolens contains alkaloids, glycosides, and volatile oils and is used to treat headaches, arthritis, and menstrual issues.
Unit-II-Flavanoids.pptxaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
The document provides an overview of flavonoids, a class of secondary plant metabolites. It discusses the composition, structures, subclasses and properties of flavonoids. Key points include: flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in many plants; they have antioxidant effects and play roles in plant growth and pollination; major subclasses include flavones, flavonols, flavanones and anthocyanidins; glycosylation and other substitutions lead to diversity in flavonoid structures. The document also reviews the structures and properties of related subclasses like lignans and isoflavones.
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2. Carotenoids are classified into carotenes and xanthophylls. Carotenes like alpha-carotene and beta-carotene contain no oxygen. Xanthophylls like lutein and zeaxanthin contain oxygen.
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This document provides an overview of flavonoids including their introduction, classification, isolation, purification, and methods for structural determination. Flavonoids are polyphenolic plant secondary metabolites with a C6-C3-C6 carbon skeleton found in flowers, leaves, bark, fruits, grains and nuts. They can be isolated from plant material by extracting with hot water or alcohol. Purification involves fractional crystallization or separation in solvent mixtures. Structural determination of flavonoids is done by observing their degradation products when fused with alkali, which produces identifiable phenols and aromatic acids.
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This document provides an overview of alkaloids, which are basic nitrogenous plant compounds that often have physiological effects. It discusses the definition, functions, nomenclature, classification, physical and chemical properties, qualitative tests, isolation, and quantitative assay of alkaloids. Key points covered include that alkaloids can act as protective agents in plants or be metabolic byproducts, are classified based on origin and structure, undergo reactions like dehydration with acids, and can be isolated from plants and quantified.
GLYCOSIDES
Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body.A glycoside is a molecule consisting of a sugar and a non-sugar group, called an aglycone. The sugar group is known as the glycone and can consist of a single sugar group or several sugar groups. The sugars is in its cyclic form and is covalently attached to the aglycon through the hydroxyl group of the hemiactal function.
There are many different kinds of aglycones. It can be a terpene, a flavonoid, a coumarin or practically any other natural occurring product (se figure 1)
The glycone can be attached to the aglycon in many different ways. The most common bridging atom is oxygen (O-glycoside), but it can also be sulphur (S-glycoside), nitrogen (N-glycoside) or carbon (C-glycoside). In general, one distinguishes between α-Glycosides and β-glycosides, depending on the configuration of the hemiactal hydroxyl group. The majority of the naturally occurring glycosides are β-glycosidesGenerally glycosides are more polar than the aglycones and as a result glycoside formation usually increases water solubility. This may allow the producing organism to transport and store the glycoside more efficiently
Many biologically active compounds are glycosides. The pharmacological effects are largely determined by the structure of the aglycone.
Glycosides comprise several important classes of compounds such as hormones, sweeteners, alkaloids, flavonoids and antibiotics
Shikimic acid pathway
The document discusses the shikimic acid pathway, which is used by plants and microorganisms to synthesize aromatic amino acids from carbohydrates. It involves several enzymatic steps beginning with phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate that ultimately produce chorismate. Chorismate is then converted to prephenate and further transformed to produce phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. The pathway is important for producing phenolic compounds, gallic acid, and other aromatic metabolites. Shikimic acid extracted from plants is used to produce the anti-influenza drug oseltamivir, and herbicides like glyphosate target enzymes in this pathway
Phenolic compounds
The document discusses plant phenolic compounds. It notes that thousands of phenolic structures are known, accounting for 40% of organic carbon in the biosphere. Phenolic compounds are primarily derived from the phenylpropanoid and acetate pathways and play important roles in plant cell walls, defense, wood/bark features, and flower color/flavor. Phenolic compounds can be classified into flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Key flavonoids discussed include quercetin, naringenin, and isoflavonoids like genistein and daidzein. Non-flavonoids include hydroxycinnamates, stilbenes like resveratrol, and tannins.
Glycosides
1. Glycosides are organic compounds found in plants and animals that contain a sugar (glycone) and non-sugar (aglycone or genin) portion. Upon hydrolysis, the sugar and non-sugar portions separate.
2. There are several types of glycosides based on the atom involved in the glycosidic linkage between the glycone and aglycone, including O-, C-, S-, and N-glycosides.
3. Two common cardiac glycoside drugs that contain glycosides are Digitalis and Aloe. Digitalis contains compounds like digitoxin and gitoxin that have cardiac effects. Aloe contains compounds like aloin that have laxative effects.
Alkaloids
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds that are often obtained from plants and demonstrate physiological effects.
- They are classified based on their biological origin, biosynthetic pathway, chemical structure, and pharmacological effects.
- Common alkaloids include morphine, quinine, caffeine, and nicotine. They are extracted from plants using various organic solvents and purified.
Lignans and flavonoids
Lignans and flavonoidsMAHAJAN DHANRAJ,R C PATEL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH, SHIRPUR
Lignans and flavonoids are plant compounds with potential health benefits. Lignans are dimers of phenylpropanoids found in flaxseed and other foods. When consumed, lignan precursors are converted by gut bacteria into enterolactone and enterodiol, which have weak estrogenic activity and other biological effects. Flavonoids are polyphenols that include subclasses like flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and anthocyanins found in fruits and vegetables. They are associated with reduced disease risk due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Both lignans and flavonoids are derived from phenylalanine through the shikimate pathway and undergo enzymatic conversions in theirAlkaloids (Pharmacognosy) MANIK
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Biosynthetic classification of alkaloids
Alkaloids are classified based on their biosynthetic precursors, which include amino acids like ornithine, tryptophan, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and histidine. Other precursors include purines. Major classes include tropane alkaloids from ornithine, indole alkaloids from tryptophan, quinoline alkaloids from tryptophan, papaver alkaloids from tyrosine, and purine alkaloids like caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline not derived from amino acids. Biosynthesis involves reactions like decarboxylation and transamination of amino acid precursors.
Glycosides
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Lignans
Lignans are phenylpropanoid dimers found widely in plants. Podophyllum lignans from Podophyllum species have anticancer and antiviral properties. Their structure contains five rings. Phenylpropane units in lignans are derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside is a prominent lignan in flaxseed that has antioxidant and antiplatelet effects. Quassinoids from Quassia species have insecticidal, antibacterial, and antitumor properties. Their basic structure contains a beta-carbolinium ion.
Volatile Oils
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are aromatic oily liquids found in many plants. They are highly volatile and evaporate easily at room temperature. Volatile oils are composed of hydrocarbons and oxidized hydrocarbons derived from terpenes. They are found stored in secretory cells, cavities, or channels located in different parts of plants. Volatile oils have various therapeutic uses and are also used in perfumes, cosmetics, and flavorings due to their strong aromas. They are extracted from plants using various techniques including water and steam distillation, solvent extraction, and enfleurage.
Shikimik acid pathway
Shikimic acid is an important biochemical metabolite found in plants and microorganisms. It was first isolated from the Japanese star anise plant in 1885. The shikimate pathway is a seven step metabolic route used by plants and microbes to synthesize the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. This pathway is not present in animals. Shikimic acid is the starting point for the biosynthesis of many important phenolic compounds like flavonoids, tannins, lignin, and gallic acid. It is also a precursor for indole derivatives and the psychedelic compound DMT. Glyphosate herbicide works by inhibiting the shikimate pathway in plants
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Similar to Flavonoids
(Tea & Ruta).pdf
This document discusses phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, tea, and ruta. It provides information on their classification, chemical constituents, and functions. Phenylpropanoids are organic compounds derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine via the shikimic acid pathway. Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites with a 15-carbon skeleton structure. Tea contains polyphenols like catechins that have antioxidant effects. Ruta graveolens contains alkaloids, glycosides, and volatile oils and is used to treat headaches, arthritis, and menstrual issues.
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FLAVONOIDS.pptx
Flavonoids are a class of plant secondary metabolites found in fruits, flowers, seeds and vegetables. They have a 15 carbon skeleton structure consisting of two benzene rings (A and B) linked by a heterocyclic pyran ring (C). Flavonoids are classified based on the carbon of ring C that ring B is attached to and the degree of unsaturation and oxidation of ring C. Common subclasses include flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavanonols, isoflavones, and anthocyanidins. Flavonoids can be identified through color changes in reactions with reagents like aluminum chloride and lead subacetate.
FLAVONOIDS Pharmacognosy And Phytochemistry -I
FLAVONOIDSFLAVONOIDSClass of plant secondary metabolites
Word Flavonoids derived from the Latin word Flavus= yellow
Group of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable
Structure of flavonoids The flavonoids are possessing 15 carbon atoms and two benzene rings joined by a linear three-carbon chain the skeleton can be represented as the C6 - C3 - C6 system.
The three-carbon (-C3-) may be included through an oxygen bond between the two phenyl rings into
1- A five-membered heterocyclic ring (furan) as in aurones.
2- A six-membered heterocyclic ring (pyran) to give flavonoids which constitute the largest group. The flavonoid aglycone consists of a benzene ring (A) condensed with a six-membered ring (C) pyran ring, which at 2nd position adds a phenyl ring (B) as a substituent. C6-C3-C6 structure.
Crystalline solids sharp MP.
Solubility in H2O & alcohol (Flavonoid glycoside)
Non-glycosidic flavonoid: Aglycon part-sol in organic solvents
3. Color: Flavonones Flavanol Isoflavones- Colorless
Flavonols Flavones Yellow Chalchones aurones Orange
Anthocyanidine acid Red
In basic: Blue
4. Flavanols: optically active
15 C skeleton 2 benzene linked by heterocyclic pyran ring
Being phenolic dissolves in alkalies → Yellow sol +HCl → colorless
Glycosidic linkage located at 3 or 7 C
Flavanones, Flaonoes are unstable compounds on oxidation → Chalcones, leucocyanidines
Flavonoid + FeCl3→ green/ purple/ red-brown color
CLASSIFICATION OF FLAVONOIDSDepending on the carbon of the C ring on which the B ring is attached and the degree of unsaturation and oxidation of the C ring.
B ring is linked in position 3 of the ring C are called isoavones
B ring is linked in position 4, neoavonoids.
The B ring is linked in position 2 and further subdivided on the basis of the structural features of the C ring.
These subgroups are avones, avonols, avanones, avanonols, avanols or catechins and anthocyanins.
Finally avonoids with open C rings are called chalcones.
Flavones (2-phenylchromen-4-one)
Have a double bond between positions 2 and 3 and a ketone in position 4 of the C ring. ex:- Apigenin, Luteolin
2. Flavonols (3-hydroxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one)
Have a hydroxyl group in position 3 of the C ring, which may also be glycosylated. Ex: Kaempferol, Rutin, Myricetin, Quercetin.
. Flavanones/ dihydroavones (2,3-dihydro-2-phenylchromen-4- one
Have C ring saturated; the double bond between positions 2 and 3 is saturated, ex: Hesperetin, Hespereidin, Naringenin
Subclassified: furanoavanones, prenylated avanones, pyranoavanones or benzylated avanones
4. Flavanonols (dihydroavonols)/ 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-2-phenyl chromen-4-one
Are 3-hydroxy derivatives of avanones; ex:Taxifolin, Silymarin
1. Shinoda test to dry powder or extract add 5 ml95% ethanol few drops of conc HCI and 0.5 g magnesium turnings Pink colour observed.
2. To a small quantity of residue add lead acetate solution. The yellow-coloured precipitate is formed. The addition of an
7-Flavanoids.pptx
Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic compounds found in plants. They have a C6-C3-C6 carbon skeleton structure with variations depending on the type. The main types are flavones, flavonols, flavanones, isoflavones, and anthocyanidins. Flavonoids act as pigments in flowers and play roles in plant growth and protection. They possess antioxidant effects and are an important part of the human diet.
Flavonoids Classification
Flavonoids are a class of plant secondary metabolites with antioxidant and color properties. They have a basic chemical structure of 15 carbon atoms arranged in a C6-C3-C6 skeleton. There are several subclasses of flavonoids including flavonoids, isoflavonoids, and neoflavonoids which differ based on their carbon ring structures. Flavonoids serve many important functions in plants involving flower coloration, UV filtration, nitrogen fixation, and disease resistance. They are widely found in fruits and vegetables and impart health benefits when consumed by humans.
Flavones & Flavonoids.pptx
Flavones and flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites with polyphenolic structures found widely in fruits, vegetables, and beverages. Flavones exist in dried plants as 7-O-glycosides and have applications as textile dyes, UV protection, and anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and antioxidant effects. Flavonoids are classified based on the carbon position where the B ring attaches to the C ring, including isoflavonoids, neoflavonoids, flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavanols, anthocyanins, and chalcones found in various fruits and vegetables. Flavonoids have potential health benefits including reducing blood pressure and risk
Pigments
This document discusses various plant pigments including chlorophyll, carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins. It provides details on their chemical structures, occurrence in plants, roles in photosynthesis and coloring foods. Chlorophyll a and b are the main light harvesting pigments in plants, while carotenoids like lycopene and lutein contribute to flower and fruit colors. Flavonoids include subgroups like anthoxanthins and anthocyanins which produce yellow or red/blue pigmentation in flowers. Anthocyanins are water soluble pigments that appear red, purple or blue depending on pH. Tannins are polyphenolic compounds that occur widely in plant tissues.
Phenyl propanoid pathway by kk sahu sir
SYNOPSIS
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
DEFINITION
PRIMARY VS SECONDARY PLANT METABOLISM
SECONDARY METABOLITES
PHENOLIC COMPOUND
PHENYLPROPANOID PATHWAY METABOLITES
PHENYLPROPANOID BIOSYNTHESIS
BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS TO PHENOLIC CLASSES
SOME IMPORTANT PRODUCTS OF PHENYLPROPANOID PATHWAY
LIGNANS AND LIGNINS
FLAVONOIDS
METABOLIC ENGINEERING OF PHENYLPROPANOID PRODUCTION
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Flavonoids and carotenoids
Flavonoids are phenolic naturally occurring plant material usually bound to sugar as glycosides.
Flavonoids are represented by C6 C3 C6
Carotenoids are organic pigments that are found in the chloroplasts and chloroplasts of plants and some other photosynthetic organisms, including some bacteria and some fungi. Carotenoids can be produced from fats and other basic organic metabolic building blocks by all these organisms.
Flavonoids, lignan, quassinoids
This document summarizes flavonoids, lignanans, and quassinoids. It describes their structures, including that flavonoids are based on the flavan nucleus and have a chromene ring condensed with a phenyl ring. Lignanans have a C-C bond between two phenylpropane units. Quassinoids are bitter constituents from Simaroubaceae that are triterpene degradation products highly oxygenated with lactone rings. It also outlines their biosynthesis, noting flavonoids originate from the shikimic acid pathway and lignanans form through enzymatic dimerization. Their pharmacological actions are also listed.
Phenyl propanoids flavonoids and lignans
When
food containing, lignan precursors are
consumed they are converted to the enterolignans,
enterodiol and enterolactone by bacteria that
normally colonize the human intestine
Enterodiol
and enterolactone have weak estrogenic
activity but may also exert biological effects through
nonestrogenic mechanisms
Because
enterodiol and enterolactone can mimic
some of the effects of estrogens, their plant derived
lignan precursors are classified as phytoestrogens
Lignan
precursors that have been identified in the
human diet include pinoresinol, lariciresinol,
secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol and others
09100210151327198
This document reviews flavonoids, a group of polyphenolic compounds found in plants. Flavonoids have diverse chemical structures and characteristics. They are potent antioxidants and have been shown to protect against coronary heart disease. Dietary intake of flavonoids ranges from 23-170 mg per day depending on location. Major dietary sources include tea, onions, apples, and red wine. More research is still needed to fully understand flavonoid absorption, metabolism, mechanisms of action, and relationship to heart disease risk.
Anthocyanin n flavonoid
1. Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments that give fruits and vegetables their red, blue, and purple colors. They contain phenol groups and glucose molecules.
2. Anthocyanins change color based on pH - they appear red at low pH and blue or colorless at higher pH. Their color also depends on temperature, light exposure, and the presence of metals.
3. Flavonoids are a class of plant secondary metabolites related to anthocyanins. There are several subclasses including flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavanonols, and isoflavones that differ in their chemical structure and substitutions. Many have antioxidant effects.
Glycosides 2021 (3)
The document discusses flavonoids, a large group of plant metabolites that include flavones, flavonols, flavanones, isoflavonoids, anthocyanidins, and flavan-3-ols. Flavonoids are found naturally in plants and have various functions like pigments, growth regulators, and antimicrobial properties. They also have therapeutic uses like antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, and hepatoprotective effects. The document describes the isolation, identification, and properties of various flavonoid subclasses and compounds like hesperidin, rutin, catechins, and silymarin. It provides information on the source, structure, and pharmacological activities of important flavonoids.
Flavonoid
Flavonoids are the products of secondary metabolism of plants and, currently, over 4000 have been identified.
In fruits and vegetables, they are usually found in the form of glycosides and sometimes as acylglycosides, while acylated, methylated and sulfate molecules are less frequent and in lower concentrations.
They are water-soluble and accumulate in cell vacuoles.
Plant phenolics and shikimate pathway
Biological Functions of Plant Phenolics:Large number of phenolic compounds occur in plants as secondary metabolites which perform the following functions:
(i) Some of them act as chemical deterrents against herbivores and pathogens.
(ii) Plant phenolics such as lignins provide mechanical strength to the plants and have significant proective functions in them.
(iii) Some phenolics play important role in plants in attracting pollinators and fruits & seeds dispersers.
(iv) Some plant phenolics play important role in allelopathy (Greek, allelon = of one another; pathos = diseases). Allelopathy is the influence of chemicals released by one plant species on another plant or animal with resulting benefits to the species which contains them.
A brief details on flavonoids
This PPT include the description of flavonoids which is useful for pharmacognosy students. It include flavonoids description, classification and identification test.
Natural compounds boc sciences
In fact, many of the drugs available today contain active ingredients extracted from natural products. Since 1994, nearly half of all drugs were discovered using natural products. Furthermore, between 2005 and 2007, there were 13 new drugs based on natural products that entered the commercial market, including the following 5 new products: small molecule ixabepilone, retapamulin, trabectedin, and the peptides exenatide and ziconotide. Clearly, natural product drug discovery programs continue to play a significant role in the clinical development of new therapies in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Flavonoids
- 1. FLAVONOIDS
- 2. • Class of plant secondary metabolites • Word Flavonoids derived from latin word: “Flavus”= yellow • Group of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable
- 3. Structure of flavonoids: The flavonoids are possessing 15 carbon atoms; two benzene rings joined by a linear three carbon chain the skeleton can be represented as the C6 - C3- C6 system.
- 4. Physiological role: 1- Role in plant defense mechanism:- They have a very limited role in this respect due to their low toxicity when compared with other plant secondary metabolites such as alkaloids. 2- They are the pigments of flowers and attract pollinating insects. 3- They play a role in plant growth control by inhibiting & activating enzymes.
- 5. Physical Properties 1. Crystalline solids, sharp Melting point 2. Solubility: in H2O & alcohol (Flavonoid glycoside). Non glycosidic flavonoid: Aglycone part-sol. in organic solvents 3. Color: Flavonones, Flavanol, Isoflavones- Colorless: Flavonols, Flavones: Yellow, Chalchones, aurones: Yellow Orange 4. Anthocyanidin : Red, blue, Purple 5. optically active
- 6. Chemical properties • 15 C skeleton, 2 benzene linked by heterocyclic pyran ring • Being phenolic, dissolves in alkalies →Yellow sol. +HCl → colorless • Glycosidic linkage located at 3 or 7 C • Flavanones, Flavonones are unstable compound , on oxidation → Chalcones, leucocyanidines • Flavonoid + FeCl3→ green/ purple/ red to brown color
- 7. CLASSIFICATION • The three-carbon (-C3-) may be included through an oxygen bond between the two phenyl rings into: • A five-membered heterocyclic ring (furan) as in aurones. • A six-membered heterocyclic ring (pyran) to give flavonoids which constitute the largest group. The flavonoid aglycone consists of a benzene ring (A) condensed with a six membered ring (C) pyran ring, which at 2nd position adds a phenyl ring (B) as a substituent. C6-C3-C6 structure
- 10. 1. Flavones (2-phenylchromen-4-one): Have a double bond between positions 2 and 3 and a ketone in position 4 of the C ring. ex:- Apigenin, Luteolin 2.Flavonols: Have a hydroxyl group in position 3 of the C ring, which may also be glycosylated. Ex: Kaempferol, Rutin, Myricetin, Quercetin. 3. Flavanones: Have C ring saturated; the double bond between positions 2 and 3 is saturated, ex:Hesperetin, Hespereidin, Naringenin 4. Flavanonols : ex:Taxifolin, Silymarin
- 11. 5. Isoflavones and Neoflavonoids ids can be regarded as abnormal flavonoids. 6. Flavanols Ex: Catechin 7. Anthocyanidins : Anthocyanidins are common plant pigments. Color of the anthocyanins depends on pH. 8. Chalcones and dihydrochalcones
- 12. CHEMICAL TESTS
- 14. ACTIONS OF FLAVONOIDS 1-Flavonoids as antioxidants: The flavones and catechins seem to be the most powerful flavonoids for protecting the body against reactive oxygen species (ROS). 2- Anti ulcer effect: Majority of peptic ulcers are associated with helicobacter pylori, Quercetin seems to play a very important role in the prevention and treatment of peptic ulcer.
- 15. 3- Anti atherosclerotic effects: Flavonoids seems to suppress LDL oxidation and inflammatory progression in the artery wall. 4- Anti-inflammatory effect: flavonoids like quercetin are shown to inhibit the cyclooxygenase pathway. This inhibition reduces the release of arachidonic acid.
- 16. 5-Hepatoprotective activity: Many flavonoids have also been found to possess hepato-protective activity e.g silymarin, apigenin, quercetin and naringenin.