The document discusses biosynthesis and metabolic pathways. It begins by defining biosynthesis as the process by which living organisms form larger organic compounds from smaller subunits, usually using enzymes. Biosynthesis is known as anabolism. Examples given include photosynthesis producing glucose from water and carbon dioxide. The document then compares biosynthesis and chemical synthesis, noting key differences like biosynthesis occurring within living organisms using enzymes. It discusses primary metabolites like sugars and fatty acids needed for growth, as well as secondary metabolites derived from primary ones. Major metabolic pathways are outlined including cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and the Calvin cycle which fixes carbon during photosynthesis. The shikimic acid pathway is described as producing aromatic amino acids from carbohydrates.
According to the PCI Syllabus ,B Pharm V Sem Sub : Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II
It contains the general introduction of metabolic Pathways ,Metabolites and How primary metabolites are linked with secondary metabolites
According to the PCI Syllabus ,B Pharm V Sem Sub : Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II
It contains the general introduction of metabolic Pathways ,Metabolites and How primary metabolites are linked with secondary metabolites
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
It is an important biochemical metabolite in plants and microorganisms.
Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi the Japanese star anise, Illicium anisatum), from which it was first isolated in 1885 by Johan Fredrik Eykman.
The elucidation of its structure was made nearly 50 years later.
Shikimic acid is also the glycoside part of some hydrolysable tannins.
The shikimate pathway is a seven step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, parasites, and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan).
This pathway is not found in animals; therefore, phenylalanine and tryptophan represent essential amino acids that must be obtained from the animal's diet
Animals can synthesize tyrosine from phenylalanine, and therefore is not an essential amino acid except for individuals unable to hydroxylate phenylalanine to tyrosine).
Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body.A glycoside is a molecule consisting of a sugar and a non-sugar group, called an aglycone. The sugar group is known as the glycone and can consist of a single sugar group or several sugar groups. The sugars is in its cyclic form and is covalently attached to the aglycon through the hydroxyl group of the hemiactal function.
There are many different kinds of aglycones. It can be a terpene, a flavonoid, a coumarin or practically any other natural occurring product (se figure 1)
The glycone can be attached to the aglycon in many different ways. The most common bridging atom is oxygen (O-glycoside), but it can also be sulphur (S-glycoside), nitrogen (N-glycoside) or carbon (C-glycoside). In general, one distinguishes between α-Glycosides and β-glycosides, depending on the configuration of the hemiactal hydroxyl group. The majority of the naturally occurring glycosides are β-glycosidesGenerally glycosides are more polar than the aglycones and as a result glycoside formation usually increases water solubility. This may allow the producing organism to transport and store the glycoside more efficiently
Many biologically active compounds are glycosides. The pharmacological effects are largely determined by the structure of the aglycone.
Glycosides comprise several important classes of compounds such as hormones, sweeteners, alkaloids, flavonoids and antibiotics
Metabolic Pathways in Higher Plants and their DeterminationDr. Siddhi Upadhyay
a) Brief study of basic metabolic pathways and formation of different secondary metabolites through these pathways- Shikimic acid pathway, Acetate pathways and Amino acid pathway.
b) Study of utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of Biogenetic studies.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
It is an important biochemical metabolite in plants and microorganisms.
Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi the Japanese star anise, Illicium anisatum), from which it was first isolated in 1885 by Johan Fredrik Eykman.
The elucidation of its structure was made nearly 50 years later.
Shikimic acid is also the glycoside part of some hydrolysable tannins.
The shikimate pathway is a seven step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, parasites, and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan).
This pathway is not found in animals; therefore, phenylalanine and tryptophan represent essential amino acids that must be obtained from the animal's diet
Animals can synthesize tyrosine from phenylalanine, and therefore is not an essential amino acid except for individuals unable to hydroxylate phenylalanine to tyrosine).
Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body.A glycoside is a molecule consisting of a sugar and a non-sugar group, called an aglycone. The sugar group is known as the glycone and can consist of a single sugar group or several sugar groups. The sugars is in its cyclic form and is covalently attached to the aglycon through the hydroxyl group of the hemiactal function.
There are many different kinds of aglycones. It can be a terpene, a flavonoid, a coumarin or practically any other natural occurring product (se figure 1)
The glycone can be attached to the aglycon in many different ways. The most common bridging atom is oxygen (O-glycoside), but it can also be sulphur (S-glycoside), nitrogen (N-glycoside) or carbon (C-glycoside). In general, one distinguishes between α-Glycosides and β-glycosides, depending on the configuration of the hemiactal hydroxyl group. The majority of the naturally occurring glycosides are β-glycosidesGenerally glycosides are more polar than the aglycones and as a result glycoside formation usually increases water solubility. This may allow the producing organism to transport and store the glycoside more efficiently
Many biologically active compounds are glycosides. The pharmacological effects are largely determined by the structure of the aglycone.
Glycosides comprise several important classes of compounds such as hormones, sweeteners, alkaloids, flavonoids and antibiotics
Metabolic Pathways in Higher Plants and their DeterminationDr. Siddhi Upadhyay
a) Brief study of basic metabolic pathways and formation of different secondary metabolites through these pathways- Shikimic acid pathway, Acetate pathways and Amino acid pathway.
b) Study of utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of Biogenetic studies.
Heterotrophic Metabolism
Bacterial Metabolism heterotrophic metabolism is the biological oxidation of organic substances such as glucose to produce ATP and simpler organic (or inorganic) chemicals that the bacterial cell need for biosynthetic or assimilatory activities.
Respiration
Respiration is a kind of heterotrophic metabolism that utilizes oxygen and produces 380,000 calories from the oxidation of one mole of glucose. (Another 308,000 calories are wasted as heat.)
Heterotrophic Metabolism
Bacterial Metabolism heterotrophic metabolism is the biological oxidation of organic substances such as glucose to produce ATP and simpler organic (or inorganic) chemicals that the bacterial cell need for biosynthetic or assimilatory activities.
Respiration
Respiration is a kind of heterotrophic metabolism that utilises oxygen and produces 380,000 calories from the oxidation of one mole of glucose. (Another 308,000 calories are wasted as heat.)
Krebs Cycle
The Krebs cycle is the oxidative mechanism in respiration that fully decarboxylates pyruvate (through acetyl coenzyme A). 15 moles of ATP (150,000 calories) are produced by the route.
Glyoxylate Cycle
The glyoxylate cycle, seen in some bacteria, is a variant of the Krebs cycle. The oxidation of fatty acids or other lipid molecules produces acetyl coenzyme A.
Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
ATP is produced in the last stage of respiration by a series of electron transfer processes within the cytoplasmic membrane that drive the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. For this process, bacteria utilise a variety of flavins, cytochrome and non-heme iron components, as well as several cytochrome oxidases.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
Biosynthetic pathways by pooja
1. Prepared by
Pooja H. Khanpara
Asst. Professor
Apip, jamnagar
Biosynthetic Studies &
Basic Metabolic Pathways
2. What is Biosynthesis?
Biosynthesis is a process of forming larger organic
compounds from small subunits within a living organism.
Biosynthesis is mainly done by enzymes.
Biosynthesis is also known as anabolism since simple
compounds are joined together to form macromolecules by
enzymes.
As an example, photosynthesis occurs inside the chloroplast.
The light energy is converted into chemical energy during
photosynthesis.
The larger molecule glucose is biosynthesized from water and
carbon dioxide by photosynthetic organisms.(ATP, Enzyme,
Cofactors)
3.
4. What is the Difference Between Synthesis
and Biosynthesis?
Synthesis vs. Biosynthesis
Synthesis refers to the formation of
macromolecules from small
molecules artificially.
Biosynthesis refers to the formation
of larger organic compounds from
small molecules within a living
organism.
Process
Synthesis is artificial and chemical. Biosynthesis is biological and
catalyzed by enzymes.
Resulting Polymers
Synthesis can result in polymers
which are organic or non-organic.
Biosynthesis is biological and
catalyzed by enzymes.
Occurrence
Synthesis occurs outside living
organisms.
Biosynthesis occurs within a living
organism.
5. Biosynthesis of Primary Metabolites
Living plants are solar-powered biochemical and biosynthetic
laboratory which manufactures both primary and secondary
metabolites from air, water, minerals and sunlight.
The primary metabolites like sugars, amino acids & fatty acids that
are needed for general growth & physiological development of
plant which distributed in nature & also utilized as food by man.
The secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, glycosides,
Flavonoids, volatile oils etc are biosynthetically derived from
primary metabolites.
Biosynthetic reactions are replica of common organic reactions like
catalytic reactions, phosphorylation, hydride transfer, oxidation,
elimination, acylation, alkylation, reduction, condensation,
rearrangement etc.
6. Metabolism & Metabolic Pathways
Cell Metabolism: Process by which living cell process
nutrient molecule & living state.
Metabolic Pathway: A complete set of chemical
reactions that occur in living cells, allowing cells to grow
and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to
their environments.
Living cell require energy for biosynthesis, transport of
nutrient, motility and maintenance.
Energy is obtained from the catabolism of carbon
compounds (carbohydrate)
Carbohydrates are synthesized from CO2 and H2O in the
present of light by photosynthesis.
7. ~ produce energy to the cell
~ requires energy
glucose to glycogen
8. Major Metabolic Pathways
Cellular respiration:
Glycolysis
Anaerobic respiration
Kreb’s cycle / Citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
Creation of energetic compounds from non-living matter:
Photosynthesis (plants, algae cynobacteria)
Chemosynthesis (some bacteria)
Other pathways occurring in (most or) all living cell:
Fatty acid oxidation (β-oxidation)
Gluconeogenesis
HMG-CoA reductase pathway (isoprene prenylation)
Pentose phosphate pathway (hexose monophosphate)
Porphyrin synthesis (or heme synthesis) pathway
Urea cycle
9. Metabolites
Metabolites are the intermediates & products of
metabolism.
The term metabolite is usually restricted to small
molecules.
A primary metabolite is directly involved in the
normal growth, development, and reproduction.
A secondary metabolite is not directly involved
in those processes, but usually has important
ecological function.
10. Importance of photosynthesis in
formation of primary metabolites
Photosynthesis is the process where plants convert sunlight into
energy, then store it as carbohydrates, sugars, such as glucose.
Photosynthesis may be the most important process in ecosystems,
both brings in energy needed within the ecosystem, and
produce oxygen (O2) needed for cellular respiration, and the
production of more ATP.
Photosynthesis has three basic steps:
1. Energy is captured from the sunlight.
2. Light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP
and NADPH.
3. Chemical energy is used to power the synthesis of organic
molecules (e.g. carbohydrates) from carbon dioxide (CO2).
11. Photosynthesis
H2O + light + ADP + P ---> O2 + ATP + e-
After the above steps occur in
photosystem II, the electron is finally sent
to photosystem I, where the following
happens.
e- + NADP+
+ H ---> NADPH
Now there are two high energy molecules,
fully charged and ready to be used. Plants
make more energy that it needs
immediately, so the NADPH and ATP are
used to make glucose as follows:
CO2 + ATP + NADPH ---> C6H12O6
This happens in Calvin cycle.
12. Calvin Cycle
The Calvin cycle is the last step in photosynthesis.
The purpose of the Calvin Cycle is to take the energy from
photosystem I and fix carbon. Carbon fixation means building organic
molecules by adding carbon onto a chain. The following formula
summarizes the Calvin cycle.
C5 + CO2 + ATP + NADPH → C6H12O6
Where C5 is a five carbon molecule, such as pyruvate, when is
recycled as glucose is synthesized.
The first step in the Calvin cycle is for the 3C5 to bind with 3CO2,
producing a six 3-carbon organic molecules (6C3).
Next, 6ATP and 6NADPH energizes the binding of a C3 to make a 6-
carbon molecule (C6), glucose.
The remaining 5C3 continues moving through the Calvin cycle,
being turned back into the starter C5 organic molecule.
14. Glycolysis
(Embden-meyerhoff pathway)
Glycolysis represents an anabolic pathway common in both
aerobic and anaerobic organisms.
Sugars and polysaccharides are transformed into glucose or
one of its phosphorylated derivatives before being processed
any further. In the course of degradation, ATP is produced.
Pyruvate may be regarded as the preliminary final product of
the degradation. Pyruvate is fed into the citric acid cycle
via an intermediate product.
This pathway produces energy in the form of ATP. The
starting product glucose is completely oxydized to water and
carbon dioxide.
15.
16. Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s cycle)
The citric acid cycle, is the common mode of oxidative
degradation in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
It accounts for the major portion of carbohydrate, fatty acid and
amino acid oxidation and produces at the same time a number of
biosynthetic precursors.
The GTP generated during the succinate thiokinase (succinyl-
CoA synthetase) reaction is equivalent to a mole of ATP by virtue
of the presence of nucleoside diphosphokinase.
The 3 moles of NADH and 1 mole of FADH2 generated during
each round of the cycle feed into the oxidative
phosphorylation pathway.
Each mole of NADH leads to 3 moles of ATP and each
mole of FADH2 leads to 2 moles of ATP. Therefore, for each mole
of pyruvate which enters the TCA cycle, 12 moles of ATP can be
generated.
17.
18. Carbohydrate Utilization
Storage carbohydrate such as the starch of plants or the
glycogen of animals is made available for energy production
by a process.
As a result of this, the energy-rich carbohydrate is eventually
oxidized to CO2and H2O.
During the process, the hydrogen atoms liberated are carried by
coenzymes into the cytochrome system, in which energy is
released in stages, with the possible formation of ATP and ADP
and inorganic phosphate.
Eventually the hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water.
The overall reaction of glucose in terms of ADP and ATP is
C6H12O6 + 6CO2 + 38 ADP + 38P (inorganic) → 6H2O + 6CO2 + 38
ATP
19. The primary and secondary metabolites
derived from carbon metabolism
23. Shikimic acid
Commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a
cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic
acid.
Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi the Japanese star
anise, Illiciumanisatum), from which it was first isolated in 1885 by
Johan Fredrik Eykman.
The elucidation of its structure was made nearly 50 years later.
Shikimic acid is also the glycoside part of some hydrolysable
tannins.
24. Shikimic Acid Pathway
The Shikimic acid pathway is a key intermediate from carbohydrate for
the biosynthesis of C6-C3units (phenyl propane derivative).
The Shikimic acid pathway converts simple carbohydrate precursors
derived from glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway to the
aromatic amino acids.
The shikimate pathway is a 7 step metabolic route used by bacteria,
fungi, Algae, parasites, and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids
(phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan).
This pathway is not found in animals; therefore, phenylalanine and
tryptophan represent essential amino acids that must be obtained from the
animal's diet.
Animals can synthesize tyrosine from phenylalanine, and therefore is not
an essential amino acid except for individuals unable to hydroxylate
phenylalanine to tyrosine).
25.
26. Phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate react to form 2-keto3-
deoxy7phosphoglucoheptonic acid, in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme
DAHP synthase.
2-keto3-deoxy7phosphoglucoheptonic acid is then transformed to 3-
dehydroquinate (DHQ), in a reaction catalyzed by DHQ synthase.
Although this reaction requires nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
(NAD) as a cofactor, the enzymic mechanism regenerates it,
resulting in the net use of no NAD.
27. DHQ is dehydrated to 3-dehydroshikimic acid by the enzyme 3-dehydroquinate
dehydratase, which is reduced to shikimic acid by the enzyme shikimate dehydrogenase,
which uses nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as a cofactor.
The next enzyme involved is shikimate kinase, an enzyme that catalyzes the
ATPdependent phosphorylation of shikimate to form shikimate 3-phosphate.
Shikimate 3-phosphate is then coupled with phosphoenol pyruvate to give 5-
enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate via the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-
phosphate (EPSP) synthase.
Then 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate is transformed into chorismate by
a chorismate synthase.
28. Prephenic acid is then synthesized by a Claisen rearrangement of chorismate
by Chorismate mutase.
Prephenate is oxidatively
decarboxylated with retention of
the hydroxyl group by
Prephenate dehydrogenase to
give phydroxyphenylpyruvate,
which is transaminated using
glutamate as the nitrogen
source to give tyrosine and α-
ketoglutarate.
29. Role of Shikimic Acid
Pathway:
Starting Point in The Biosynthesis of Some Phenolics Phenyl alanine and
tyrosine are the precursors used in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids.
The phenylpropanoids are then used to produce the flavonoids,
coumarins, tannins and lignin.
Gallic acid biosynthesis Gallic acid is formed from 3-dehydroshikimate by
the action of the enzyme shikimate dehydrogenase to produce 3,5-
didehydroshikimate.
The latter compound spontaneously rearranges to gallic acid.
Other compounds
Shikimic acid is a precursor for:
Indole, indole derivatives and aromatic amino acid tryptophan and
tryptophan derivatives such as the psychedelic compound
dimethyltryptamine. & many alkaloids and other aromatic metabolites.
30.
31.
32. Uses:
In the pharmaceutical industry, shikimic acid from the Chinese star
anise (Illicium verum) is used as a base material for production of
oseltamivir (Tamiflu).
Target for drugs
Shikimate can be used to synthesize (6S)-6-Fluoroshikimic acid, an
antibiotic which inhibits the aromatic biosynthetic pathway.
Glyphosphate, the active ingredient in the herbicide
Roundup, kills plants by interfering with the shikimate
pathway in plants. More specifically, glyphosate inhibits the
enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS).
"Roundup Ready" genetically modified crops overcome that
inhibition.
36. 2nd
method
Take Powder drug, ext with 95% alcohol(soxhlet hot percolation)
Ethanolic ext. concentrate it
Add dil. HCl & filter it
extracted with pet. Ether (to remove impurities)
Aq. Sol. Make alkaline with NH3
Extracted with CHCl3 (3 times)
Combine exts. Evaporate chloroform under vaccum
Again ext. with dil. Oxalic Acid
Finally get crystal of Atropine & Hyoscyamine
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47. 1. Thalleioquin Test: sol. of chinchona drug when treated with
Bromin & ammonia it produce emerald green color.
2.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53. Ext. with chloroform
further purification make acidic
(Codein)
make alkaline (NH3)
ppt(Morphine) sol. (Narceine)
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73. Isolation of Reserpine
Roots are powdered & moisten with 10 % NaHCo3 & ext. with
benzene untill give positive reaction with HgI2
Conc. It & add ether & dil. HCl again conc. It & separate acid layer.
Again washed with ether. Make it alkaline with NH3
Then ext. with CHCl3
The CHCl3 ext. washed with 10% Na2CO3
Dry it & purify it by using methanol
Get pure crystal of Reserpine
74.
75.
76.
77. Isolation of Ephedrine
Powder drug , moist with Na2CO3 & ext. with Benzene
Filter it
Take residue
ext. With Dil. HCl
Make alkaline by using K2CO3 & add CHCl3
Add Na2SO4 in CHCl3 solution & dried it
Take residue, treat with Oxalic Acid ,warm, filter & cool it
Get Ephedrine oxalate crystal
78.
79. Chemical Test:
Ephedrine in H2O + dil. HCl treated with CuSO4 + NaOH
violate color add ether purple color Aq. Layer
shows blue color
80.
81.
82.
83.
84. Podophyllum
Indian Podophyllum
Synonym – Indian May apple, Wild lemon, Duck’s Foot, Hog
Apple
Biological source –
It consists of the dried rhizome and root of Podophyllum hexandrum
or Podophyllum emodi
Family – Berberidaceae
Use: purgative, tmt of cancer (Ovarian cancer), antirhematic,
insecticidal activity