Numerical Control (NC) machining is the cutting edge of modern manufacturing technology. NC errors could break cutter edges, destroy work pieces and even damage the machine tool. In recent years, more and higher speed cutting is applied in the industry due to the advancement of machine tool technology and the demand of shorter production time. However, checking the NC codes for high speed machining is difficult due to the lack of information on material removal rate and the large size of NC blocks. In this paper, a novel high speed NC simulation method in an extended Z-map approach is presented, which offers higher simulation accuracy of the resulted geometry and with reasonable cutting load calculation. In conclusion the authors propose the pervasive manufacturing modeling and simulation for multi machining and layered manufacturing processes.
about high-speed machines.
how to use high-speed machines.
advantages of high-speed machines.
why are the important of high- speed machines.
components of high-speed machines.
High speed Machines and Special Purpose MachinesGaurav Shukla
This is the presentation on the topic "High speed Machines and Special Purpose Machines".
In this presentation the comparison is discussed between high speed & special purpose machines and Conventional Machines.
about high-speed machines.
how to use high-speed machines.
advantages of high-speed machines.
why are the important of high- speed machines.
components of high-speed machines.
High speed Machines and Special Purpose MachinesGaurav Shukla
This is the presentation on the topic "High speed Machines and Special Purpose Machines".
In this presentation the comparison is discussed between high speed & special purpose machines and Conventional Machines.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF SPM FOR BRAKE WHEEL CYLINDERAkshay Deshpande
Manufacturing plays vital role in any industry for producing the product. With stiff competition & challenges in the present day market, manufacturers are compelled to be more responsive to the customer’s demand regarding not only quality, but scheduled delivery. Enhancing productivity is a key concern for almost all of the mass manufacturing industries
In this project we are going to design and fabricate SPM for BAJAJ RE component for drilling, surfacing, tapping grooving etc. operations.
In this the design of SPM tool post, fixture, rotary turret, clamping arrangement and hydraulic power pack is required. The main objective of this project is to design and manufacture a SPM for increase in production rate and minimisation of worker requirement at optimum cost. This also eliminate bottleneck of machine line.
The production rate is very low due to time required for loading, clamping and manual drilling operation and de-clamping operation. The man-power required is more and skilled. If machine design and may workable it will boost the company’s production rate at lesser labour requirement rate.
Experimental Analysis & Optimization of Cylindirical Grinding Process Paramet...IJERA Editor
As per the modern Industrial requirements, higher surface finish mechanical components and mating parts with close limits and tolerances, is one of the most important requirement. Abrasive machining processes are generally the last operations performed on manufactured products for higher surface finishing and for fine or small scale material removal. Higher surface finish and high rate of removal can be obtained if a large number of grains act together. This is accomplished by using bonded abrasives as in grinding wheel or by modern machining processes. In the present study, Taguchi method or Design of experiments has been used to optimize the effect of cylindrical grinding parameters such as wheel speed (rpm), work speed, feed (mm/min.), depth of cut and cutting fluid on the surface roughness of EN15AM steel. Ground surface roughness measurements were carried out by Talysurf surface roughness tester. EN15AM steel has several industrial applications in manufacturing of engine shafts, connecting rods, spindles, studs, bolt, screws etc. The results indicated that grinding wheel speed, work piece speed, table feed rate and depth of cut were the significant factors for the surface roughness and material removal rate. Surface roughness is minimum at 2000 r.p.m. of grinding wheel speed , work piece speed 80 rpm, feed rate 275 mm/min. and 0.06 mm depth of cut.
PPCE unit 2 (ME8793 – PROCESS PLANNING AND COST ESTIMATION )TAMILMECHKIT
UNIT 2 – PROCESS PLANNING ACTIVITIES
Process parameters calculation for various production processes-Selection jigs and fixtures- Selection of quality assurance methods - Set of documents for process planning-Economics of process planning- case studies
Modelling and Analysis of CNC Milling Machine Bed with Composite Materialijsrd.com
Structural materials used in a machine tool have a decisive role in determining the productivity and accuracy of the part manufactured in it. The conventional structural materials used in precision machine tools such as cast iron and steel at high operating speeds develop positional errors due to the vibrations transferred into the structure. Faster cutting speeds can be acquired only by structure which has high stiffness and good damping characteristics. Clearly the life of a machine is inversely proportional to the levels of vibration that the machine is subjected. The further process is carried out to undergo the deformation, natural frequency and displacement using Static analysis, Modal analysis and Harmonic analysis respectively. Since the bed in machine tool plays a critical role in ensuring the precision and accuracy in components. It is one of the most important tool structures which tend to absorb the vibrations resulting from the cutting operation. To analyze the bed for possible material changes that could increase stiffness, reduce weight, improve damping characteristics and isolate natural frequency from the operating range. This was the main motivation behind the idea to go in for a composite model involving High Modulus Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Material (HM CFRP). Though carbon has good strength and stiffness properties but it lacks in damping requirements. On the other hand polymer, though it lacks in strength but it has good damping characteristics and it is used to hold the carbon fibers. This makes it ideal to combine these materials in a proper manner. In this work, a machine bed is selected for the analysis static loads. Then investigation is carried out to reduce the weight of the machine bed without deteriorating its structural rigidity. The 3D CAD model of the bed has been created by using commercial 3D modelling software and analyses were carried out using ANSYS.
CNC Shops can benefit greatly from using CAD-CAM software with High Speed Toolpath and machining capabilities for CNC Milling and routing. Find out more about High Speed Machining benefits here!
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF SPM FOR BRAKE WHEEL CYLINDERAkshay Deshpande
Manufacturing plays vital role in any industry for producing the product. With stiff competition & challenges in the present day market, manufacturers are compelled to be more responsive to the customer’s demand regarding not only quality, but scheduled delivery. Enhancing productivity is a key concern for almost all of the mass manufacturing industries
In this project we are going to design and fabricate SPM for BAJAJ RE component for drilling, surfacing, tapping grooving etc. operations.
In this the design of SPM tool post, fixture, rotary turret, clamping arrangement and hydraulic power pack is required. The main objective of this project is to design and manufacture a SPM for increase in production rate and minimisation of worker requirement at optimum cost. This also eliminate bottleneck of machine line.
The production rate is very low due to time required for loading, clamping and manual drilling operation and de-clamping operation. The man-power required is more and skilled. If machine design and may workable it will boost the company’s production rate at lesser labour requirement rate.
Experimental Analysis & Optimization of Cylindirical Grinding Process Paramet...IJERA Editor
As per the modern Industrial requirements, higher surface finish mechanical components and mating parts with close limits and tolerances, is one of the most important requirement. Abrasive machining processes are generally the last operations performed on manufactured products for higher surface finishing and for fine or small scale material removal. Higher surface finish and high rate of removal can be obtained if a large number of grains act together. This is accomplished by using bonded abrasives as in grinding wheel or by modern machining processes. In the present study, Taguchi method or Design of experiments has been used to optimize the effect of cylindrical grinding parameters such as wheel speed (rpm), work speed, feed (mm/min.), depth of cut and cutting fluid on the surface roughness of EN15AM steel. Ground surface roughness measurements were carried out by Talysurf surface roughness tester. EN15AM steel has several industrial applications in manufacturing of engine shafts, connecting rods, spindles, studs, bolt, screws etc. The results indicated that grinding wheel speed, work piece speed, table feed rate and depth of cut were the significant factors for the surface roughness and material removal rate. Surface roughness is minimum at 2000 r.p.m. of grinding wheel speed , work piece speed 80 rpm, feed rate 275 mm/min. and 0.06 mm depth of cut.
PPCE unit 2 (ME8793 – PROCESS PLANNING AND COST ESTIMATION )TAMILMECHKIT
UNIT 2 – PROCESS PLANNING ACTIVITIES
Process parameters calculation for various production processes-Selection jigs and fixtures- Selection of quality assurance methods - Set of documents for process planning-Economics of process planning- case studies
Modelling and Analysis of CNC Milling Machine Bed with Composite Materialijsrd.com
Structural materials used in a machine tool have a decisive role in determining the productivity and accuracy of the part manufactured in it. The conventional structural materials used in precision machine tools such as cast iron and steel at high operating speeds develop positional errors due to the vibrations transferred into the structure. Faster cutting speeds can be acquired only by structure which has high stiffness and good damping characteristics. Clearly the life of a machine is inversely proportional to the levels of vibration that the machine is subjected. The further process is carried out to undergo the deformation, natural frequency and displacement using Static analysis, Modal analysis and Harmonic analysis respectively. Since the bed in machine tool plays a critical role in ensuring the precision and accuracy in components. It is one of the most important tool structures which tend to absorb the vibrations resulting from the cutting operation. To analyze the bed for possible material changes that could increase stiffness, reduce weight, improve damping characteristics and isolate natural frequency from the operating range. This was the main motivation behind the idea to go in for a composite model involving High Modulus Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Material (HM CFRP). Though carbon has good strength and stiffness properties but it lacks in damping requirements. On the other hand polymer, though it lacks in strength but it has good damping characteristics and it is used to hold the carbon fibers. This makes it ideal to combine these materials in a proper manner. In this work, a machine bed is selected for the analysis static loads. Then investigation is carried out to reduce the weight of the machine bed without deteriorating its structural rigidity. The 3D CAD model of the bed has been created by using commercial 3D modelling software and analyses were carried out using ANSYS.
CNC Shops can benefit greatly from using CAD-CAM software with High Speed Toolpath and machining capabilities for CNC Milling and routing. Find out more about High Speed Machining benefits here!
Ten years analysing large code bases: a perspectiveRoberto Di Cosmo
Looking back at ten years analysing free an open source distributions, we take a step back and analyse what made this kind of research possible. Availability, traceability and uniformity of the software code base arise as key factors, and they are also essential properties needed for reproducibility and preservation.
This is why we are starting a new project to make sure these properties will be ensured for all software, and not only well structured ecosystems like Debian.
At the end, a call for action to the scientific community to contribute to the project.
Biopharma Production and Development China 2015 Rita Barry
As the BioPharma industry grows in China and the Asian region, we invite you to be a part of this tremendous growth & development opportunities!
IBC’s Biopharma Development & Production Week in China is THE meeting place for biopharma industry professionals and scientists to get the highest quality and practical information that will enable them to develop competitive advantages and advance their capabilities in developing and manufacturing cell lines, biosimilars, biobetters, vaccines or novel biologics.
Top Reasons Why You Should Participate:
- Establish Business Partnerships with Chinese/Asian drug developers and contract
manufacturers
- Learn technical & practical know how from experiences on the ground in Asia
- Showcase your cutting edge solutions in front of key China/Asian Biopharma
decision makers
http://www.biopharmaproduction.com
Self belief is the greatest and most valuable asset any person have.
even if none believe in you ... even if the experts mark you as failure..even if you do not have any name, fame or kingmaker....you can do it because you believe you can ...DO IT
A Glass Of Milk ( in English & Chinese )OH TEIK BIN
A Power Point Presentation of a motivational and inspirational story. Done by Bro. Oh Teik Bin, Lower Perak Buddhist association, Teluk Intan, Malaysia. Chinese Translation by Bro. Lau Bain Sin & Bro. Teh Kee Keang
The International Trade Class (Year 1) of the Escuela Profesional Javeriana, took pictures of the English language used by high-street shops in Madrid. They tweeted them using the hashtag #shoppingepj. Some students tested the new Google translate App. Then, they analysed the information.
Nc verification and re processing for collaborative machiningLiu PeiLing
Collaborative machining is becoming a common practice worldwide. In mold manufacturing industry, as the specialized workshops often do machining much faster and cheaper than big mold firms, the mold makers are sub-contracting the machining jobs to other workshops especially the specialized workshops for higher efficiency and profit. This practice causes the separation of NC data generation, verification, and re-processing which requests new ways to manage NC data. This paper investigates the collaborative machining process and identifies quick NC data verification and re-processing as critical issues. The functionalities and limitations of the commercial systems are studied and the related NC model, simulation, verification, and optimization technology are scrutinzed. A dynamic in-process stock model based on a new geometry representation is proposed, then a system for quick NC verification and re-processing is developed using OpenGL. The system has been implemented in many mold manufacturing companies and the results show that the pervasive machining modeling, simulation, verification, and re-processing can effectively optimize machining processes in collaborative machining environments.
Profiting from dynamic numerical control verification systemLiu PeiLing
Comparing with the sharp decline of the computing cost, worldwide material and machine tool prices are upsurge significantly. Saving material and machine through pervasive computing is not only technically possible, but also makes business sense in the current high raw material and energy cost situation. SIMTech developed QuickSeeNC to model, simulate, verify, and optimizes NC machining. Many local die and mold maker adopted QuickSeeNC for its speed and simplicity. The patented technology sharpens the cutting edge of Singapore die and mold industry.
Smart machining adds intelligence to the machining operation. NC simulation could take into account the exact depth, width and angle of each cut and optimize the machining parameters based on the machining model and measured data of the part geometry.
B Kindilien Finding Efficiency In Mach 120408jgIpotiwon
Presentation at the 2008 Defense Manufacturer\'s Conference (DMC), Orlando, FL: The advent of finite-element modeling based systems has ushered in an era of physics-based prediction of machining operations, giving engineers new insight into designing machining strategies. Some technologies are being employed as machining process development tools. Others are being applied by companies following the tool path generation process in the computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software systems. Further, other software technologies are evolving within the CAM software systems users currently operate, offering dramatic reductions in machining cycle times by affecting air cuts and feed rates. But users still wonder how to apply these various approaches; they puzzle over what approaches work for their shop practices. Attendees described after this presentation that they had a clearer sense of how strategic changes in machining approaches and implementation of the right technology for a given manufacturing condition can make all the difference.
“Virtual machining” is a modelling process that realistically simulates the setting up and running of an actual machining operation. First, the user specifies the stock from which the part will be cut, either by entering dimensions into the software or importing a CAD model. Then, after selecting the cutting tools, the NC program (either G-code data or native CAM output) automatically simulates the motion of the tool removing material from the stock. The programmer can watch the material removal process and see details of how each cut changes the shape of the part. This eliminates having to try to imagine how cuts from the current operation will affect subsequent operations.
Towards smart and competitive sustainable machiningLiu PeiLing
Computer Numeric Control (CNC) revolutionized the machining technology and has been the cutting edge of digital manufacturing since 1950s. CNC machining model, simulation,
verification, and optimization have been a vivid research topic of Smart Machining that automated the CNC programming (CAM) and cutting process, hence greatly increased machining productivity since 1990s. This paper traces back the history of CNC simulation, analysis the different CNC machining models, tested with application examples, and listed different CNC verification industry applications for the last 20 years. The new challenge comes from sustainable manufacturing. Towards mart and competitive sustainable machining, CNC model and simulation will be used to optimize the machining process, where the raw material could be saved through First Part correct technology, the energy could be saved through cutting speed optimization, and used parts could be saved by remanufacturing.
Towards smart and sustainable machiningLiu PeiLing
Computer Numeric Control (CNC) revolutionized the machining technology and has been the cutting edge of digital manufacturing since 1950s. CNC machining model, simulation, verification, and optimization have been a vivid research topic of Smart Machining that automated the CNC programming (CAM) and cutting process, hence greatly increased machining productivity since 1990s. This paper traces back the history of CNC simulation, analysis the different CNC machining models, tested with application examples, and listed different CNC verification industry applications for the last 20 years. The new challenge comes from sustainable manufacturing. Towards smart and competitive sustainable machining, CNC model and simulation will be used to optimize the machining process, where the raw material could be saved through First Part Correct technology, the energy could be saved through cutting speed optimization, and used parts could be saved by remanufacturing.
Enhance VR with in process model for advance personalized learning of cnc pro...Liu PeiLing
Enhance Virtual Reality (VR) for advance personalized learning has been listed as the grand engineering challenge [1]. However, current VR model is not deformable to describe the shape change of manufacturing processes, such as subtractive machining or additive layer manufacturing (LM). Further more, current VR model is not precise enough to simulate the measurement of workpiece, which may go to submicron level. This paper reviewed the current industrial needs of virtual computer numerical control (CNC) training, listed the critical technology issues, traced the 20 years evolution of in-process models of CNC machining, and proposed a new solution. Based on the proposed in-process model, a virtual CNC training system has been developed and used in training courses. Comparisons with conventional on-site manual training and VR based e-learning concluded this new approach could greatly improve safety, increase learning efficiency, and save machine and material.
QuickSeeNC first case study 1999
The High Speed Machining (HSM) is the most important technological development in precision engineering. The constant load is a very important factor in HSM. The cutter will break under uneven cutting force. The HSM requires huge tool path to realise the constant load. The milling tool path can easily exceed a half million blocks of machine code. As the feed rate is already very high, it is almost impossible to run test cutting by increasing the feed rate. Visual tool path check is difficult as the tool path overlapping with each other. It takes a long time to run traditional NC simulation software.
Virtual Mold Design
Firstly we transform our surface plastic part model into Extended Z Map. Then we do draft analysis to detect undercut.
Secondly we explode the part into core and cavity face groups.
Our Extended Z Map is used to classify the part face into core, cavity, both direction, and undercut face groups. There is no parting line search or selection process until the next step. We don’t use the parting line to separate the core and cavity faces. Our method does not need to traverse the B-rep edge face relation map.
Thirdly we perform the parting edge and hole edge loop search on the exploded core and cavity faces groups
The world’s first intelligent CAM integrated with 3D precise dynamic NC verification that can be rotated during simulation process and calculate machining load to optimize CNC for faster cutting.
The traditional Z-Map was re-invented to a common data model for representation of geometry, attributes, physical states and other characteristics of novel manufacturing processes, which may include a multi-step operation of milling, turning, moulding and EDM (Electro-Discharge Machining), etc. The method is used to integrate these discrete point unit processes into a multi-step model for pervasive processes design and verification. A second patent has been filed to apply this method in mould design and verification.
SIMTech has patented common data model for representation of geometry, attributes, physical states and other characteristics of novel manufacturing processes, which may include a multi-step operation of milling, turning, molding and EDM (Electro-Discharge Machining), etc. The method is used to integrate these discrete point unit processes into a multi-step model for pervasive processes design and verification. A second patent has been filed to apply this method in mold design and verification.
SIMTech has developed the QuickSeeNC to model, simulate, verify and optimise numerical control (NC) machining, which provide ‘What You See is What You Cut’ functions. QuickSeeNC has been adopted by several local die and mould makers for its speed and simplicity.
Unified Geometry Modelling for Pervasive Design and FabricationLiu PeiLing
Conventional Computer Aided Design (CAD), Computer Aided Engineering (CAE), and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) employed discrete geometry models that could not be easily exchanged and effectively employed for biomech design and fabrication.
SIMTech has patented a common data model for representation of geometry, attributes, physical states and other characteristics of novel manufacturing processes. The method could be extended to integrate these discrete point unit processes into a unified geometrical model for pervasive design and verification.
SIMTech has developed the QuickSeeNC to model, simulate, verify and optimise numerical control (NC) machining, which provide ‘What You See is What You Cut’ functions. QuickSeeNC has been adopted by several local die and mould makers for its speed and simplicity. SIMTech is working with Singapore Precision Engineering and Tooling Association (SPETA) to develop training simulator for the Xbox & Play station (X&P) generation of NC machinist and programmer.
Simulation of machining process for CNC training is significant given its lower cost and risk-free nature. The drastic decrease of the cost of computer, couple with the worldwide price increase in material and machine tools meanings that virtual CNC training using computerized modelling and simulation is a cost-effective and sustainable approach to technical and professional education in manufacturing applications. The virtual CNC training system is developed for simulation of multiple machining processes. It is particularly important in the training of knowledge-intensive high speed and ultra precision machining. The in-process model proposed for the virtual CNC training system is presented in detail, followed by case studies of the industry training applications. Compared with conventional on-site manual training or e-learning, the virtual CNC training system greatly increases learning efficiency and effectiveness of trainees, and improves cost saving in terms of machine and material uses.
Profiting with competitive sustainable machining technologyLiu PeiLing
Sustainability has found its way to machining, increasing productivity and reducing cost at the same time. By Liu Peiling, principal research engineer, SIMTech.
Manufacturing Process Simulation Based Geometrical Design for Complicated PartsLiu PeiLing
More than ever, it is critical that products are designed and manufactured right the first time. Design for Manufacturing (DFM) methodology has been recognized as one of the most effective ways to short product lifecycle time and reduce manufacturing cost. The main function of DFM in the detailed design stage is analyzing the manufacturability of the part. Various existing manufacturability evaluation methods have their limitations. In this paper, a new approach to DFM for the complicated parts is proposed. Instead of checking the manufacturability following the design, the in-process model resulting from the manufacturing process simulation is used to generate process dependent geometry surfaces at the design stage. The definition of the manufacturing process dependent geometry is given, and the methodology for creation of in-process model is presented in details.
TOWARDS A UNIFIED IN-PROCESS GEOMETRIC MODEL FOR MULTIPLE MACHINING AND Layer...Liu PeiLing
There are many fabrication processes in modern manufacturing, but current modeling and simulation tools only simulate a few unit processes based on different geometry models. To overcome the data exchange problem between different models, this paper studies various in-process geometry models together with their working systems / prototypes for traditional manufacturing processes. Novel hybrid multiple-machining and layered manufacturing processes are presented to identify critical issues. Working towards a vision of pervasive modeling and simulation, a unified Voxel-based in-process geometry model for multiple-machining and layered manufacturing simulations is proposed and discussed.
The Next Generation Virtual CNC Training package is through pervasive physics-geometrical modeling and simulation of multiple processes, particularly in high speed and ultra precision machining, to provide knowledge intensive CNC training for the future skilled machinists of the local PE industry
Eye on industry Precision Engineering : Poised for Growth with $5.6m Investment Liu PeiLing
One critical area is to tackle the training of computer numeric control (CNC) machinists, which traditionally requires one machine for one machinist, resulting in heavy capital investment. SPETA, together with SIMTech, developed a simulator for training CNC machinists which significantly reduce the training hours spent on the actual machine and machine resources required. As a result, the number of students trained is also doubled.
Simtech leads precision engineering into virtual machining ageLiu PeiLing
With the help of Local Enterprise and Association Development Programme (LEAD), Singapore Precision Engineering and Tooling Association (SPETA) has implemented SIMTech 3D virtual machining technology into training classroom.
The Virtual CNC Training LabTM is a computer numeric control (CNC) milling machine training simulator that enables engineering educators to provide cost efficient and effective CNC milling training. Using the latest modeling techniques and computer technologies, this training simulator provides realistic virtual training from machine setup to operation, and the verification and simulation of part programs for 3-axis CNC milling machine.
The virtual CNC simulator is the world’s first training simulator that utilises a three-dimensional precise unified geometrical model which allows the students to simulate the milling process and save the ‘machined’ model to be used in the simulation of another downstream machining process. It is also the world’s first CNC training simulator that provides realistic training from the setup to the operation of the CNC milling machine.
Speech by the minister of mti mr lee yi shyanLiu PeiLing
12. The second area is in enhancing capabilities. SPETA, together with SIMTECH, has developed a simulator for training computer numeric control machinists, which can significantly reduce the hours and machine resources required, compared to traditional training methods. In other words, trainees would be able to practice different and more types of machining requirements within the same allocated training time. With this additional preparation, trainees would have a shorter learning cycle when they start working with the companies. I am pleased to note that the Institute of Technical Education (or ITE) is already in discussion with SPETA to integrate this simulator into their training curriculum.
In today's competitive world, not only the latest technologies are needed, but most importantly, highly-qualified personnel. This is especially true when it comes to working with CNC Machines. Only when CNC machines have been perfectly mastered are high productivity and exceptional quality guaranteed. Skilled workers, especially the machinist who can operate High Speed and Ultra Precision Machine Tool, are playing a key role in current situation.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A CAR SHOWROOM USING E TABS
Quick NC simulation & verification for high speed machining
1. Quick NC Simulation & Verification for High Speed Machining
Liu Peiling
(Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore)
Ma Yongsheng
(School of MAE, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore)
Song Bin
(Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore)
Koh Seng Chee
(Singapore Precision Engineering and Tooling Association, Singapore)
Abstracts: Numerical Control (NC) machining is the cutting edge of modern manufacturing technology. NC errors
could break cutter edges, destroy work pieces and even damage the machine tool. In recent years, more and higher
speed cutting is applied in the industry due to the advancement of machine tool technology and the demand of
shorter production time. However, checking the NC codes for high speed machining is difficult due to the lack of
information on material removal rate and the large size of NC blocks. In this paper, a novel high speed NC
simulation method in an extended Z-map approach is presented, which offers higher simulation accuracy of the
resulted geometry and with reasonable cutting load calculation. In conclusion the authors propose the pervasive
manufacturing modeling and simulation for multi machining and layered manufacturing processes.
Keywords: NC verification; NC simulation; NC post-processing; Collaborative machining
1. INTRODUCTION
Comparing with the sharp decline of the
computing cost, worldwide material and machine
tool prices have up surged significantly. Saving
material and making efficient use of machines
through pervasive computing become important in
the midst of increasing raw material and energy
costs. One NC error could make the work piece a
scrap; and it could take days to reproduce another
work piece. Due to the work piece’s material and
processing costs, machining errors could erode the
profit considerably. In the age of small batch
production, there is no time for “trials and errors”
approach. Therefore, verifying and optimizing
precision NC machining have significant impacts on
the profitability of a company. The manufacturing
industry demands “First Part Correct”.
In the case of High Speed Machining (HSM),
the fast feeding movements can break the expensive
cutter easily. Traditional NC simulation is not good
enough because it only checks geometrical errors
and most of them checks cutting process graphically
without an in process model. Hence, they have
built-in difficulties to calculate the exact cutting
load. We believe that the dynamic machining load
has to be taken into consideration as it greatly
affects cutter life, geometry accuracy and the
surface finish. Further, the huge tool path data files
for HSM give challenges as well where millions of
lines of NC code are commonly encountered. The
traditional NC verification is so slow that even
HSM itself is faster than verification. The size of the
program combined with a high feed rate makes it
almost impossible to run test simulations prior to
cutting.
In recent years, Singapore Institute of
Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech) has
developed a more efficient approach based on a
geometry representation which has been patented.
The system starts with a solid model of the
2. machined part, and can simulate and optimize
machining processes quickly. NC codes could be
reversely post-processed into graphical 3-D tool
paths, and interactively viewed, edited, and
optimized. The user can highlight or hide
operations, tool paths, or layers. The user can also
edit the tool paths in a certain layer. Tool paths and
cutting results can be viewed from any viewpoint
and checked graphically. The machined part and the
design part are compared for the remaining stock
and the over-cut areas. Error-free optimized tool
paths can be achieved. Hence this application
eliminates the need for a time-consuming test cut. A
quick and simple post processor is used to translate
the error-free tool paths into NC codes. This
technology is suitable for machine tool NC tool path
simulation, verification and optimization in the
precision engineering, automotive, aerospace, and
electronics industries.
Based on this technology, SIMTech has
developed several practical applications for mould
manufacturers. These include QuickSeeNC (a
machining simulation and verification tool) and
PartingAdviser (a plastic part analysis tool, which is
to be introduced in a separate paper). Both of them
provide “What You See is What You Cut”
(WYSWYC) functionality for CADCAM engineers
and shop floor machine operators. They could be
integrated with other CAM software through a
native APT adapter.
2. NC PROGRAM ERRORS
The average scrape rate for local mould maker
is 15%. There are different kinds of NC program
errors. Some of them are caused by human errors
which depend on the NC programmer’s experience.
These errors can be classified as: (1) Inaccurate
results in the patching up of surfaces; (2)
Inappropriate selection of machining process; (3)
Mistakes with the references to the part face, the
checking face and the selection of boundaries; (4)
Incorrect machining set-up; (5) Unusable cutting
parameters. However, a large amount of errors are
caused by the systems or the algorithms deployed in
the shop floor machining.
In the current industry practice, different
CADCAM systems are used among business
partners. One of the main problems that cause low
quality in solid models in the current CADCAM
approach is the data translation process which is
required due to the poor interoperability among
different CADCAM platforms. The low quality of
solid models cause low quality NC programs with
following three reasons: (1) The post-processor
generates arcs with large radius (several meters),
which will cause errors in some CNC controllers;
(2) The surface deformation during to data exchange
problem; (3) The surface tolerance is too low in
surface model translation; for example, it may be
larger than 0.1mm. Figure 1 shows a set of typical
parallel tool paths which generates uneven water
level cutting. (4) The data defects cause unexpected
NC problems. For example very often, there are
gaps between surface patches after data translation.
Due to such patch gaps in the part surface geometry
model, sudden plunge could be generated as also
shown in Figure 1.
Fig. 1 Typical NC toolpath errors
In another aspect, the NC tool path generation
algorithms are unstable because that (1) the tool
path planning is a very difficulty task; (2) the tool
path sampling method varies considerably from one
CAM package to another; and (3) there are no exact
offset solutions for curves and curved surfaces.
However, comparatively, the most significant
problem for NC optimization is the lack of In-
Process Model (IPM), so the tool path generation
3. with the CAM application does not consider the real
cutting geometry. This causes a lot of process
problems, such as air cut and gouging. It can be
observed that with the tool paths directly generated
from CAM application, the cutter moves through
remaining stock too fast, or too many conservative
air cuts in semi-finishing and finishing cut, or near-
touch cutting conditions occur which cause fast
cutter wearing. The recent development of high
speed machining (HSM) requires huge tool path in
order to realize the constant load. The constant load
is a very important factor in HSM. The cutter will
break under uneven cutting force. As the feed rate is
already very high, it does not reflect the sensitive
cutting situation to verify the NC program with the
traditional test cutting. It is highly demanded to
check the dynamic cutting forces before the
operation. Hence, there are strong requirements
from industry for a real dynamic simulation. The
simulation results can be used to optimize
feed/speed. Graphics-based visual tool path
checking is difficult as the tool path overlapping
with each other. Besides, it takes a long time to run
traditional simulation software.
3. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
AN IDEAL NC SIMULATOR
Theoretically, NC Simulation should feature
the full 3-D solid model of the entire NC machine
tool with detailed simulation for the manufacturing
(e.g. material removal) process. There are four
aspects to be covered by a comprehensive NC
simulator:
(1) NC tool path visualization. The simulator
enables programmers and machinists alike to
preview exactly what will happen on the machine,
especially for the cutter movements, or even for the
shop floor. Many users apply NC simulation for
electronic shop floor planning and documentation.
(2) NC verification. This function detects
problems in the NC tool path program. It is a
powerful visual inspection tool, which highlights
fast feed errors, gouges, and potential
crashes/collisions. Programmers can detect and
correct problems before prove-cut. Ideally, with NC
Verification you can virtually eliminate NC program
mistakes, greatly reduce the time spent on prove-
outs, and make the move to "lights-out" machining.
(3) NC analysis. This simulation function
identifies the tool path records responsible for an
error. You can quickly verify the dimensional
accuracy of the entire part with a full array of 3-D
measurement tools. NC analysis function compares
the simulated in-process part model to the designed
part model and checks if the machined part matches
to the design. One of the sub-function for NC
analysis is to perform constant gouge checking.
(4) NC optimization. This function
automatically determines the best feed rate for each
segment of the tool path based on the machining
conditions and amount of material removed.
Optimizing NC feed rates can greatly reduce the
time it takes to machine the part, assure the cutting
safety, and improve the quality of surface finish.
4. Quick NC SIMULATION METHODS
Z-Map [1] geometrical representation is widely
used for NC simulation verification. A map of Z values
represents the object geometry. Z-Map representation
can be effectively used for the surface that is always
visible from above in the direction parallel to the Z
axis. Since 3-axis milling parts are composed of
surfaces visible in the z direction, they can be
effectively expressed by the Z-Map representation.
With the Z-Map representation, the machining process
can be simulated by intersecting the Z-Map vectors
with the cutter profile.
Since the precision of Z-Map is decided mainly
by the XY resolution along the vertical walls, how
to increase the resolution along these walls and
reduce memory becomes a critical issue. An
important feature of 3-axis milling came into play.
Viewing from the top, the vertical walls only cover a
relatively small percentage of Z direction projection,
can we use finer resolution along the vertical walls
while maintain a rough resolution in the planar
area? This was the initial motivation for our
extended Z-Map method [2].
4. The size of the grid can be reduced through
using sub-cells. In this study, at least one grid on a
Z-Map is segregated into sub-cells. Only grids
corresponding to intricate features on the surface of
an object are assigned sub-cells to improve
representation of object features. Figure 3(a)
illustrates the plan view of the z-map grid with sub-
cells 52 (a level finer than 44) while Figure 3(b)
hows the front sectional view.
(a) (b)
Fig. 3 Extend Z-Map sub-cells along vertical walls
However, the precision of XY dimension is still
limited by the size of sub-cells. For a sub-cell of
0.1mm, the best precision is 0.1mm in XY plane.
There is a need to represent XY dimension more
precisely. Instead of using vectors in the sub-cells,
we use sticks in the sub-cells that have volumes and
surface geometry (see Figure 4). A B-rep surface
model can be represented precisely using a map of
B-rep sticks.
Fig. 4 Stick geometric representation method
Milling simulation in stick method involves
Boolean subtraction operation of the cutter from
each stick. Figure 5 shows different stick shape after
cutting. The experiments with B-rep stick model are
very slow and create a huge B-rep model. To
simplify the stick representation and Boolean
operations, a wire frame polygon instead of a real
solid with surfaces is used in a stick cell. This could
greatly increase simulation speed. The data structure
of polygon is much simpler than that of B-rep which
needs a group of complicated pointers to maintain a
double wing data structure.
Fig. 5 Different shapes of stick elements
In the real world, part surface objects are not
always uniform in XY dimension but can be any
shape (see Figure 6(a)). Nodes can be flexibly used
to enhance sub-cell’s precisions in representation of
object face. For example, one edge of the sub-cell
may have two overlapping nodes to represent a
vertical face. The nodes of a sub-cell may not be
uniformly distributed over XY plane. Figure 6(b)
shows a close-up view of a portion of the Z-Map
grid with nodes labeled with 54 (level number).
Figure 6(c) shows how a circular hole is represented
with adjusted nodes. Figure 6(d) shows the stick
method that has more sub-cells over the vertical
walls.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig. 6 Extend sub-cells to approximate a vertical wall
Based on this patented geometry
representation, we developed a more efficient NC
simulation system. The system starts with a solid
model of the machined part and quickly simulates
and optimizes machining processes. NC code could
be reversed by a generic post process into 3D tool
44 52 5252
5. paths, which can be further graphically displayed
and interactively viewed, edited, and optimized. The
user can highlight or hide an operation, tool path, or
layer. The user can also display and edit a certain
layer of the tool paths. Tool paths and cutting results
can be viewed from any viewpoint and checked
automatically. The machined part and the designed
part are compared for calculating the remaining
stock and any over cut. Error-free tool paths are
created, eliminating the need for a time-consuming
test cut. Quick and simple post processors are
developed to export the optimized tool paths into
NC codes.
Figure 7 shows an application example of a
steel insert of ‘discman’ (a portable CD audio
player) mould from a company. There are 16
operations in this CLS file. The resulted NC codes
contains almost half million of NC blocks.
QuickSeeNC loaded in half million lines in seconds
and displayed tool paths in different colours
according to operations (see Figure 7-9).
NC Program Data Sheet core_insert_nc
No. Name Cutter SOL Time
1 V64C61CA D20.00 R0.000 L75 96m
2 V61CA1 D20.00 R0.000 L75 11m
3 V64C61CB D12.00 R6.000 L75 31m
4 V64C61CC D6.000 R3.000 L75 45m
5 V64C61CD D6.000 R3.000 L75 153m
6 V64C61CE D4.000 R2.000 L75 33m
7 V61CE1 D4.000 R2.000 L75 11m
8 V64C61CF D20.00 R0.000 L75 2m
9 V61CF1 D20.00 R0.000 L75 1m
10 V64C61CG D8.000 R0.000 L75 6m
11 V61CG1 D8.000 R0.000 L75 7m
12 V61CG2 D8.000 R0.000 L75 7m
13 V61CG3 D8.000 R0.000 L75 7m
14 V61CG4 D8.000 R0.000 L75 7m
15 V64C61CH D16.00R0.000 L75 13m
16 V61CH1 D16.00 R0.000 L75 14m
Total NC Program = 16
Machine time = 7 hours 23 minutes
Fig. 7 An example of 16 milling operations
Fig. 8 Toolpath of half million NC blocks
Fig. 9 Extended Z-Map simulation
Another patent [3] has been filed to use this
extended Z-Map representation for quick plastic
mould design and rapid tooling application. A CAD-
independent mould design toolkit has been
developed based on this patent.
Fig. 10 PartingAdviser for quick concept mold design
5. TOWARDS PERVASIVE SIMULATION
Despite the fact that simulations are becoming
6. more widely used, there is a lack of integration of
simulations of manufacturing processes. Most work
focuses on an individual process being simulated.
Significant gaps remain in M&S technology –
particularly in the provision of a general in-process
model (IPM) that can be integrated across diverse
manufacturing processes [4]. To overcome the data
exchange problem between different models, we
extended the concept of the IPM from machining
process to other manufacturing process and intend to
develop a unified in-process geometrical model for
multiple machining and layered manufacturing
simulations. Figure 11 shows an application example
of a voxel model.
Fig. 11 Experiment result of voxel model
Further analyzing the voxel model, the authors of
this paper believe the voxel-based volume modeling is
a very promising approach to the unified IPM for
multiple machining and layered manufacturing (LM)
simulation [5-6]. As a natural clone of the LM
technology, the voxel model of an object and the object
fabricated using an LM closely resemble each other
since both are made of layers of small cells It
eliminates the STL format and eases accomplishments
of tasks such as estimation of errors in the physical
parameters of the fabricated objects, tolerance and
interference detection. Furthermore, voxel based
models permit the designer to analyze the LM object
and modify it at the voxel level leading to the design of
custom composites of arbitrary topology.
6. CONCLUSION
NC errors could destroy work pieces, even
damage machine tool. In the age of small batch
production, there is no time for trials and errors. The
challenges also come from huge tool path of HSM.
The traditional NC verification is so slow that even
HSM itself is faster than verification. The size of the
program combined with a high feed rate makes it
almost impossible to run test simulations prior to
cutting metal.
In this paper, we introduced our recent research
results on the quick NC simulation, which can
generate finished machining geometry efficiently
and accurately; at the same time, in-process cutting
volumes are calculated which allows for cutting
conditions optimization.
The novel hybrid multiple machining and
layered manufacturing processes posed a new
challenge to process planning and verification. It
seems that the voxel-based approach could be a
promising solution. More research work is to be
carried out. More detailed description will be
introduced in future papers.
Reference
1. R.B. Jerard, S.Z. Hussaini, R.L. Drysdale and
B. Schaudt, 1989, “Approximate methods for
simulation and verification of numerically
controlled machining programs”, Visual
Computer, 5(4), pp. 329–348.
2. P.L. Liu et al., 2002, An object representation
method, WO04032001A1
3. P.L. Liu et al., 2002, Mold design method and
system, WO04042481A1
4. www.imti21.org/msam/UnitProcess.pdf
5. Chandru, V., Manohar, S., Prakash, C. E.,
“Voxel-Based Modeling for Layered
Manufacturing”, IEEE Computer Graphics and
Applications (1995), v.15 n.6
6. Jang Donggo, Kim Kwangsoo, and Jung
Jungmin ,”Voxel-based Virtual Multi-axis
Machining”, International Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology 16(10), 709-713,
2000
7. more widely used, there is a lack of integration of
simulations of manufacturing processes. Most work
focuses on an individual process being simulated.
Significant gaps remain in M&S technology –
particularly in the provision of a general in-process
model (IPM) that can be integrated across diverse
manufacturing processes [4]. To overcome the data
exchange problem between different models, we
extended the concept of the IPM from machining
process to other manufacturing process and intend to
develop a unified in-process geometrical model for
multiple machining and layered manufacturing
simulations. Figure 11 shows an application example
of a voxel model.
Fig. 11 Experiment result of voxel model
Further analyzing the voxel model, the authors of
this paper believe the voxel-based volume modeling is
a very promising approach to the unified IPM for
multiple machining and layered manufacturing (LM)
simulation [5-6]. As a natural clone of the LM
technology, the voxel model of an object and the object
fabricated using an LM closely resemble each other
since both are made of layers of small cells It
eliminates the STL format and eases accomplishments
of tasks such as estimation of errors in the physical
parameters of the fabricated objects, tolerance and
interference detection. Furthermore, voxel based
models permit the designer to analyze the LM object
and modify it at the voxel level leading to the design of
custom composites of arbitrary topology.
6. CONCLUSION
NC errors could destroy work pieces, even
damage machine tool. In the age of small batch
production, there is no time for trials and errors. The
challenges also come from huge tool path of HSM.
The traditional NC verification is so slow that even
HSM itself is faster than verification. The size of the
program combined with a high feed rate makes it
almost impossible to run test simulations prior to
cutting metal.
In this paper, we introduced our recent research
results on the quick NC simulation, which can
generate finished machining geometry efficiently
and accurately; at the same time, in-process cutting
volumes are calculated which allows for cutting
conditions optimization.
The novel hybrid multiple machining and
layered manufacturing processes posed a new
challenge to process planning and verification. It
seems that the voxel-based approach could be a
promising solution. More research work is to be
carried out. More detailed description will be
introduced in future papers.
Reference
1. R.B. Jerard, S.Z. Hussaini, R.L. Drysdale and
B. Schaudt, 1989, “Approximate methods for
simulation and verification of numerically
controlled machining programs”, Visual
Computer, 5(4), pp. 329–348.
2. P.L. Liu et al., 2002, An object representation
method, WO04032001A1
3. P.L. Liu et al., 2002, Mold design method and
system, WO04042481A1
4. www.imti21.org/msam/UnitProcess.pdf
5. Chandru, V., Manohar, S., Prakash, C. E.,
“Voxel-Based Modeling for Layered
Manufacturing”, IEEE Computer Graphics and
Applications (1995), v.15 n.6
6. Jang Donggo, Kim Kwangsoo, and Jung
Jungmin ,”Voxel-based Virtual Multi-axis
Machining”, International Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology 16(10), 709-713,
2000