A queue is a first-in, first-out (FIFO) data structure where items are inserted at one end called the rear and removed from the other end called the front. Common applications include printer queues, bank lines, and computer input/output operations. The document discusses different implementations of queues including physical, single-step append-serve, and circular models. It also covers priority queues where items have priorities and are served according to those priorities.
Queue is an abstract data structure, somewhat similar to Stacks. Unlike stacks, a queue is open at both its ends. One end is always used to insert data (enqueue) and the other is used to remove data (dequeue). Queue follows First-In-First-Out methodology, i.e., the data item stored first will be accessed first.
Describes basic understanding of priority queues, their applications, methods, implementation with sorted/unsorted list, sorting applications with insertion sort and selection sort with their running times.
Queue is an abstract data structure, somewhat similar to Stacks. Unlike stacks, a queue is open at both its ends. One end is always used to insert data (enqueue) and the other is used to remove data (dequeue). Queue follows First-In-First-Out methodology, i.e., the data item stored first will be accessed first.
Describes basic understanding of priority queues, their applications, methods, implementation with sorted/unsorted list, sorting applications with insertion sort and selection sort with their running times.
Circular Queue is a linear data structure in which the operations are performed based on FIFO (First In First Out) principle and the last position is connected back to the first position to make a circle. It is also called ‘Ring Buffer’.
In Class AssignmetzCST280W13a-1.pdfCST 280 In-Class Pract.docxbradburgess22840
In Class Assignmetz/CST280W13a-1.pdf
CST 280 In-Class Practice – Week 13
Manually determine the configuration of the priority queue (stored as a heap) created
by the following operations. Trace the following logic and define the output:
enqueue(7);
enqueue(17);
enqueue(2);
enqueue(5);
enqueue(22);
enqueue(19);
enqueue(6);
enqueue(11);
enqueue(13);
write the queue contents
dequeue and write front item
enqueue(15);
enqueue(8);
dequeue and write front item
dequeue and write front item
enqueue(24);
enqueue(14);
write the queue contents
Part 2
Then, verify the output by implementing the algorithm by rewriting the priority
queue demonstration program discussed in class. Files needed:
testPQueue.cpp pqType.h heap.cpp
Deliverables
• This cover sheet (with your names on it)
• Driver source code and output for verification program exectution.
In Class Assignmetz/CST280W13b.pdf
CST 280 In-Class Practice – Week 13
Use this page as a worksheet to sketch the progression of the elements up to the first
split for the QuickSort algorithm. Use the middle array element as the split value:
15 34 99 42 11 41 66 23 55 93 48
Next, access the file quickSort.cpp from the course web page. Tailor the program
by entering the array values above in place of the integer values used for an in-class
demonstration. Be sure to adjust the index range to match the size of this array.
Remember that the parameters to the QuickSort algorithm are starting and ending index
values, not the size of the array.
Next, insert code to demonstrate the state of the array after the first split. This should
verify what you did by hand above. Insert the following code at various points within
the partition function to “see” the array at various stages of processing:
for (int i = start; i <= end; i++) // <== ADD
cout << set[i] << ' ';
cout << endl;
Insert the code at these positions:
int partition(int set[], int start, int end)
{
int pivotValue, pivotIndex, mid;
mid = (start + end) / 2;
swap(set[start], set[mid]);
pivotIndex = start;
pivotValue = set[start];
ç HERE
for (int scan = start + 1; scan <= end; scan++)
{
if (set[scan] < pivotValue)
{
pivotIndex++;
swap(set[pivotIndex], set[scan]);
}
ç HERE
}
swap(set[start], set[pivotIndex]);
ç HERE
return pivotIndex;
}
Finally, identify the line that matches what you concluded above.
Deliverables:
Deliver the following for this assignment:
• This work sheet with a sketch of the array first split
• Program source code with required change
• Program output demonstrating array configuration after first split .
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2. QUEUE
A queue is two ended data structure in which
items can be inserted from one end and taken out
from the other end. Therefore , the first item
inserted into queue is the first item to be taken out
from the queue. This property is called First in
First out [FIFO].
3. Queue Example
● A queue of people in the bank who are
trying to submit utility bills.
● A line of vehicle on the motorway toll plaza.
● Consider a shared printer in a computer
laboratory. Student can send their print
request to the printer and each print
request goto queue and serve one by one.
● Computer input operations performing
through mouse and keyboard are also
recorded into queue and serve on the basis
of FIFO.
4. Queue Operations
● Rear: is the tail/bottom of the queue. The entry at rear is the most
recently arrived item and must wait until the other entries are
present in the queue.
● Front: is the position from where items can be taken out from
queue. It is also termed as head or top of the queue. The entry at the
front position is ready to be served.
● Append: The operation to add an item at the rear position of the
queue is termed as append or enqueue. We can append items at the
rear position of the queue until the queue is not full. The rear points
towards the position where new item has been appended.
● Serve: The operation to remove an item from the front position of
the queue is termed as server or dequeue. We can serve the items in
the queue until the queue is not empty. The front points towards the
position from where the available item can be severed
5. Queue Operations
● IsEmpty: Queue is consider empty when there is no item on
front of the queue. IsEmpty operation checks for this condition and
return true if the queue is empty else return false.
● IsFull: If no element can be appended at rear of the queue then
queue consider as full. When rear of the queue reaches this limit,
then queue is full and the IsFull operation return true else return
false.
6. Abstract DataType of Queue
● Data/Attributes/Values:
int size; //maximum elements that queue can accommodate.
– int Front; //ready to serve position.
– int Rear; //last appended item position.
– Type Items; //Items that the queue can handle.
● Functions/Operations:
– CreateQueue(int size);
● Create queue that can contain size items.
– Void Append(Type n);
● Condition: queue is not full, then append at rear position.
– Type Server( );
● Condition: queue is not empty then return the front item.
7. Abstract DataType of Queue
● Functions/Operations:
– Int IsEmpty( );
● return true if queue is empty else return false.
– Int IsFull( );
● Return true if queue is full else return false.
17. Physical Model
Action Queue (Rear ← → Front ) Rear Front
Initial Empty -1 0
Append('A') A 0 0
Append('C') C A 1 0
Serve( ); C 0 0
Append('G') G C 1 0
Append('D') D G C 2 0
Append('M') M D G C 3 0
Serve( ); M D G 2 0
Append('Q') Q M D G 3 0
Append('Z') Z Q M D G 4 0
Append('R') R Z Q M D G 5 0
Serve( ); R Z Q M D 4 0
Append('J') J R Z Q M D 5 0
Append('H') H J R Z Q M D 6 0
Append('W') W H J R Z Q M D 7 0
Append('E') Queue Full … Append failed 7 0
Serve( ); W H J R Z Q M 6 0
18. Disadvantage of Physical Model
Queue
● On each server operation requires n move
operations, so that time efficiency of this
model is poor.
● To remove this poor efficiency while serve
is called “Single-Step Append-Serve
Model”. In this mode both rear and append
move.
19. Single Step Append-Serve Model
Action Queue (Rear ← → Front ) Rear Front
Initial Empty -1 0
Append('A') A 0 0
Append('C') C A 1 0
Serve( ); C 1 1
Append('G') G C 2 1
Append('D') D G C 3 1
Append('M') M D G C 4 1
Serve( ); M D G 4 2
Append('Q') Q M D G 5 2
Append('Z') Z Q M D G 6 2
Append('R') R Z Q M D G 7 2
Serve( ); R Z Q M D 7 3
Append('J') Queue Full … Append Fail 7 3
Append('H') Queue Full … Append Fail 7 3
Append('W') Queue Full … Append Fail 7 3
Append('E') Queue Full … Append Fail 7 3
Serve( ); R Z Q M 7 4
20. AnyType Serve(void) {
if(!IsEmpty( ) )
Return Items[Front++] ;
else
cout<<”Queue is Empty... Serve failed”;
}
– int IsEmpty() { return (Front > Rear ); }
– Int IsFull( ) { return (Rear == (Size-1) }
Single Step Append-Serve Model
Implementation
21. Disadvantage of Single Step
Append-Serve Model
Although time efficiency of single step
append-serve mode is good and no need
to move n element on each serve but
space utilization is poor.
23. Circular Queue Implementation
● AnyType Append(AnyType new Item) {
If (!IsFull() ) {
Rear++
if(Rear == Size)
Rear=0;
Items[Rear]= newItem;
}
else
cout<<”Queue is full … Append failed.”;
}
24. Circular Queue Implementation
● AnyType Serve(void) {
If (!IsEmpty( ) {
AnyType item =Items[Front];
Front++;
If (Front ==Size)
Front=0;
Return item;
}
else
cout<<”Queue is Empty … serve failed”;
25. Circular Queue Implementation
● Int IsEmpty( ) {
Return (Front==NextPos(Rear) ); }
● Int Is Full() {
Return (Front ==NextPos(Nextpos(Rear)) ); }
● Int NextPos(int r ) {
r++;
if(r ==size)
r=0;
Return r;
}
26. Circular Queue Append-Serve Model
Action Queue (Rear ← → Front ) Rear Front
Initial Empty -1 0
Append('A') A 0 0
Append('C') C A 1 0
Serve( ); C 1 1
Append('G') G C 2 1
Append('D') D G C 3 1
Append('M') M D G C 4 1
Serve( ); M D G 4 2
Append('Q') Q M D G 5 2
Append('Z') Z Q M D G 6 2
Append('R') R Z Q M D G 7 2
Serve( ); R Z Q M D 7 3
Append('J') J R Z Q M D 0 3
Append('H') H J R Z Q M D 1 3
Append('W') Queue Full … Append Fail 1 3
Append('E') Queue Full … Append Fail 1 3
Serve( ); H J R Z Q M 1 4
27. Circular Queue Append-Serve Model
Action Queue (Rear ← → Front ) Rear Front
Serve( ); H J R Z 1 6
Serve( ); H J R 1 7
Serve( ); H J 1 0
Serve( ); H 1 1
Serve( ); Empty 1 2
Serve( ); Queue Empty … Serve Failed 1 2
28. Queue Application – Airport Simulation
Random Arrivals and
TakeOff
Results & comments Landing
(Rear ← → Front )
Takeoff
(Rear ← → Front)
Initial Simulation start Empty Empty
Landing.Append('G') Plane G Arrive for landing G Empty
Takeoff.Append('K') Plane K Arrive for Take-off G K
Landing.Append('Q') Plane Q Arrive for landing Q G K
Landing.Serve( ) Plane G landed Q K
Takeoff.Append('C') Plane C Arrive for Take-off Q C K
Landing.Append('R') Plane R Arrive for landing R Q C K
Landing.Serve( ) Plane Q landed R C K
Landing.Serve( ) Plane R landed Empty C K
Takeoff.Serve( ) Plane K Take off Empty C
Takeoff.Append('J') Plane J Arrive for Take-off Empty J C
Takeoff.Serve( ) Plane C Take off Empty J
Landing.Append('W') Plane W Arrive for landing W J
Takeoff.Append('K') Plane K Arrive for Take-off W K J
Landing.Serve( ) Plane W landed Empty K J
Takeoff.Serve( ) Plane J Take off Empty K
Takeoff.Serve( ) Plane K Take off Empty Empty
29. Priority Queue
● Priority queue is a data structure in which
items of the queue have priorities with
respect to each other. The items having
higher priority are served first and items
with lower priority are served later.
● Priority queue can implement on many
places e.g. On LAN shared printers print
request can print on the basis of priority.
Similarly Operating system has typically
queue of events. Each event has its own
priority and all event executed on their own
priority.
30. Priority Queue
● There are two type of priority queues
Minimum and Maximum.
● Minimum Priority Queue: A queue from
which the item that is minimum priority is
served first and the item having maximum
priority is served last.
● Maximum Priority Queue: A queue from
which the item that is maximum priority is
served first and the item having maximum
priority is served last.
31. Priority Queue ADT
Data/Attributes/Values
Int Size, Front, Rear;
Type Items;
Functions/Operations:
CreateQueue(int size);
//Create queue that can contain size items
Void place(Type n, int priority);
Condition: if queue is not full, then place at rear position w.r.t priority
For maximum priority queue the items with higher priorities are placed ahead of
lower priorities items and for minimum priority queue this is reverse.
● Type Serve( );
Condition: If queue is not empty then return the front item.
● Int IsEmpty ( ); Return 1 if queue is empty otherwise return 0
● Int IsFull( ); Return 1 if queue is full otherwise return 0