A Beginners Guide to using PVTSim for Multi-phase calculations for budding engineers.
Typical operations performed in PVTSim are
1. Fluid Database Creation – Composition based
2. Fluid Characterization - Based on Plus fractions
3. Fluids Flashing - Fluid Property Determination
4. Fluid Mixing – for e.g. mixing of various reservoir fluids for their resultant composition
5. Water Saturation of Reservoir Fluid Compositions (dry basis) to arrive at wet composition
6. Viscosity Tuning of Oils based on Laboratory Data (e.g., ASTM D 341, Viscosity vs. Temperature)
7. Hydrate Curve Generation
8. Inhibitor Dosing and Hydrate Curve Shift study
- The document describes an exercise to model and simulate oil production from the Harthun field to an existing platform called Wigoth Alfa via a subsea pipeline.
- The first task is to use steady state simulations at 5 kg/s and 15 kg/s flow rates to determine the minimum required insulation thickness and pipeline diameter. This will ensure the fluid arrival temperature is above 27C for 5 kg/s flow and pressure is below 80 bara for 15 kg/s flow.
- The document provides material properties, fluid properties, pipeline geometry and conditions to set up the preliminary steady state model and simulations in OLGA.
Basics of two phase flow (gas-liquid) line sizingVikram Sharma
This document discusses two-phase flow line sizing for liquid-gas flows in piping systems. It describes the different flow regimes that can occur using Baker's flow regime map. The key steps outlined are: 1) determining the flow regime based on fluid properties and flow rates, 2) calculating pressure drops for the liquid and gas phases separately using correlations, 3) using a multiplier to determine the two-phase pressure drop based on the flow regime, and 4) summing pressure drops from friction, elevation changes, and fittings to obtain the total pressure drop. Care must be taken to size each pipe segment separately as properties and regimes can change along the line.
Ai Ch E Overpressure Protection Trainingernestvictor
The document provides an overview of overpressure protection and relief system design. It discusses key concepts such as causes of overpressure, applicable codes and standards, the relief system design process, relief device terminology, and methods for determining relief loads from scenarios such as blocked outlets, thermal expansion, external fires, and automatic control failures. The document is intended to educate engineers on important considerations for properly sizing and designing pressure relief systems.
1. The document discusses procedures for calculating pressure safety valve (PSV) sizes for various scenarios that could lead to overpressure. It covers scenarios like closed outlets, external fires, control valve failures, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, and power or cooling failures.
2. Calculation methods include enthalpy balances for fractionating columns and the use of relief equations specified in codes like API 521. Worst cases are chosen from all possible scenarios to determine the required PSV size.
3. Key scenarios discussed in detail include closed outlets on vessels, external fires, failures of automatic controls, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, total and partial power failures, reflux losses,
This document provides an overview of methods for calculating key gas properties including:
1. The z-factor, which can be calculated using correlations like Hall-Yarborough or Dranchuk-Abu-Kassem that were developed based on the Standing-Katz chart.
2. Isothermal gas compressibility (Cg), which can be determined from the z-factor or using models that relate it to reduced gas density.
3. Gas formation volume factor (Bg) and gas expansion factor (Eg), which relate the volume of gas at reservoir conditions to standard conditions.
4. Gas viscosity, which can be estimated using correlations like Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows that are functions of
The document summarizes the basics of pressure relief devices, including why they are required, common components, classification and types. It provides examples of relief scenarios and causes of overpressure. The key steps in relief device sizing calculations are outlined. An example calculation is shown for checking the adequacy of installed relief devices for a reactor system during an emergency relief scenario involving an external fire.
Oil & Gas Pipelines are often subjected to an operation called ‘Pigging’ for maintenance purposes (For e.g., cleaning the pipeline of accumulated liquids or waxes). A pig is launched from a pig launcher that scrapes out the remnant contents of the pipeline into a vessel known as a ‘Slug catcher’. The term slug catcher is used since pigging operations produces a Slug flow regime characterized by the alternating columns of liquids & gases. Slug catcher’s are popularly of two types – Horizontal Vessel Type & Finger Type Slug catcher. However irrespective of the type used, the determination of the slug catcher volume becomes the primary step before choosing the slug catcher type.
- The document describes an exercise to model and simulate oil production from the Harthun field to an existing platform called Wigoth Alfa via a subsea pipeline.
- The first task is to use steady state simulations at 5 kg/s and 15 kg/s flow rates to determine the minimum required insulation thickness and pipeline diameter. This will ensure the fluid arrival temperature is above 27C for 5 kg/s flow and pressure is below 80 bara for 15 kg/s flow.
- The document provides material properties, fluid properties, pipeline geometry and conditions to set up the preliminary steady state model and simulations in OLGA.
Basics of two phase flow (gas-liquid) line sizingVikram Sharma
This document discusses two-phase flow line sizing for liquid-gas flows in piping systems. It describes the different flow regimes that can occur using Baker's flow regime map. The key steps outlined are: 1) determining the flow regime based on fluid properties and flow rates, 2) calculating pressure drops for the liquid and gas phases separately using correlations, 3) using a multiplier to determine the two-phase pressure drop based on the flow regime, and 4) summing pressure drops from friction, elevation changes, and fittings to obtain the total pressure drop. Care must be taken to size each pipe segment separately as properties and regimes can change along the line.
Ai Ch E Overpressure Protection Trainingernestvictor
The document provides an overview of overpressure protection and relief system design. It discusses key concepts such as causes of overpressure, applicable codes and standards, the relief system design process, relief device terminology, and methods for determining relief loads from scenarios such as blocked outlets, thermal expansion, external fires, and automatic control failures. The document is intended to educate engineers on important considerations for properly sizing and designing pressure relief systems.
1. The document discusses procedures for calculating pressure safety valve (PSV) sizes for various scenarios that could lead to overpressure. It covers scenarios like closed outlets, external fires, control valve failures, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, and power or cooling failures.
2. Calculation methods include enthalpy balances for fractionating columns and the use of relief equations specified in codes like API 521. Worst cases are chosen from all possible scenarios to determine the required PSV size.
3. Key scenarios discussed in detail include closed outlets on vessels, external fires, failures of automatic controls, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, total and partial power failures, reflux losses,
This document provides an overview of methods for calculating key gas properties including:
1. The z-factor, which can be calculated using correlations like Hall-Yarborough or Dranchuk-Abu-Kassem that were developed based on the Standing-Katz chart.
2. Isothermal gas compressibility (Cg), which can be determined from the z-factor or using models that relate it to reduced gas density.
3. Gas formation volume factor (Bg) and gas expansion factor (Eg), which relate the volume of gas at reservoir conditions to standard conditions.
4. Gas viscosity, which can be estimated using correlations like Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows that are functions of
The document summarizes the basics of pressure relief devices, including why they are required, common components, classification and types. It provides examples of relief scenarios and causes of overpressure. The key steps in relief device sizing calculations are outlined. An example calculation is shown for checking the adequacy of installed relief devices for a reactor system during an emergency relief scenario involving an external fire.
Oil & Gas Pipelines are often subjected to an operation called ‘Pigging’ for maintenance purposes (For e.g., cleaning the pipeline of accumulated liquids or waxes). A pig is launched from a pig launcher that scrapes out the remnant contents of the pipeline into a vessel known as a ‘Slug catcher’. The term slug catcher is used since pigging operations produces a Slug flow regime characterized by the alternating columns of liquids & gases. Slug catcher’s are popularly of two types – Horizontal Vessel Type & Finger Type Slug catcher. However irrespective of the type used, the determination of the slug catcher volume becomes the primary step before choosing the slug catcher type.
A drill stem test (DST) is used to test characteristics of a newly drilled well while the drilling rig is still on site. It can provide estimates of permeability, reservoir pressure, fluid types, wellbore damage, barriers and fluid contacts. There are three main methods to analyze DST data: Horner's plot method, type curve matching method, and computer matching. Type curve matching involves matching pressure change over time data from the DST to standard type curves to determine properties like permeability and skin factor. Gringarten type curves are commonly used and account for variations in pressure over time based on reservoir-well configurations.
This document discusses simulation of an aspen flare system using Aspen Flare System Analyzer software. It describes defining the composition, flare network scheme, sources such as control valves and pressure safety valves, and scenarios to simulate, such as all relief devices activating. The outcomes of the simulation can be used to design and verify the flare header size and other parameters meet API standards. The simulation aims to size the flare system and verify its performance under different operating conditions.
This document compares different methods for designing a shell and tube heat exchanger, including a manual design, HTRI software, and Aspen Exchanger Design and Rating (EDR). It first provides background on heat exchangers and describes the constraints that must be met in a heat exchanger design, including thermal and hydraulic evaluations. It then presents an example design case and shows the initial geometry selection. Finally, it discusses using HTRI and Aspen EDR software for simulation, rating, and designing shell and tube heat exchangers, noting both programs iterate to find a design meeting constraints.
Natural gas condensates can form liquid slugs in transmission lines. This presentation describes alternative modelling strategies to determine slug volumes
MODELLING CASCADED SPLIT RANGE (CASC-SRC) CONTROLLERS IN ASPEN HYSYS DYNAMICSVijay Sarathy
This document demonstrates modeling a cascaded split range controller (CASC-SRC) in Aspen HYSYS Dynamics to control an LNG pump and vaporizer control valve. The CASC-SRC uses a high pressure pump speed controller and vaporizer flow controller, both operating in reverse action. An SRC is added with the flow controller as the first input and pump controller as the second. Low and high range values for each controller are calculated and assigned in the SRC configuration. With the CASC-SRC in auto mode, HYSYS stabilizes at operating points matching the original set points of 2950 rpm pump speed and 7500 kmol/h flow.
1. Transient well test data provides rich information about reservoir properties like permeability and skin factor that can be used to develop accurate reservoir models. 2. Interpretation of transient data has progressed steadily over time due to advances in technology, tools, and interpretation methods. 3. Recent developments allow characterization of complex unconventional and multi-phase reservoirs and better reservoir management through integration of pressure transient analysis with production data analysis.
The document discusses multiphase flow that occurs in oil and gas wells, which involves the simultaneous flow of two or more fluid phases. It describes the different flow regimes that can occur in upward two-phase vertical flow in wells, including bubble, slug, churn, and annular flow. It also discusses methods for predicting flow regimes, calculating pressure drops, and determining phase holdup and slip velocities in two-phase gas-liquid flow in wells. The modified Hagedorn and Brown method and Beggs and Brill method are two commonly used correlations for calculating pressure drops in two-phase flow.
Three phase separators separate gas, oil, and water. They consist of three zones: an inlet zone, a liquid-liquid settling zone, and a gas-liquid separation zone. Key factors that affect separator efficiency include the inlet flow pattern and devices, feed pipe geometry, entrainment, and internals. Separators can be horizontal or vertical, with horizontal separators often used for foamy streams and liquid-liquid separation, while vertical separators handle large liquid slugs. Proper sizing considers flow rates, residence times, velocities, and droplet sizes to achieve efficient phase separation with minimum carryover.
Safety is the most important factor in designing a process system. Some undesired conditions might happen leading to damage in a system. Control systems might be installed to prevent such conditions, but a second safety device is also needed. One kind of safety device which is commonly used in the processing industry is the relief valve. A relief valve is a type of valve to control or limit the pressure in a system by allowing the pressurised fluid to flow out from the system.
This presentation was created to provide a quick refresher to single-phase fluid flow line sizing. The content of this presentation was obtained from various literature (handbooks and website).
Please provide your comments
Vessel Liquid Level On/Off Control in Aspen HYSYS DynamicsVijay Sarathy
The document describes how to implement an on/off control system for liquid level in a process vessel using Aspen HYSYS Dynamics. Digital points and a boolean latch operator are used to activate and deactivate the drain valve as the liquid level reaches high and low points. When the liquid level reaches 1800mm, the drain valve opens to drain liquid from the vessel. The valve closes once the level falls to 450mm, allowing the vessel to refill. Figures S.1 through S.9 show the setup and configuration of the digital points, latch operator, and drain valve to achieve this on/off level control behavior.
This document discusses flare technology and applications. It begins with an outline and defines a flare as safety equipment used to burn unwanted gases from oil, gas, and chemical plants. It notes that flares ensure safe combustion to prevent explosions. The document then discusses: the widespread use of flares globally; types of flares including utility, steam-assisted, air-assisted, and multi-point ground flares; factors that influence flare design and performance such as gas composition and flow rates; and issues with flaring including emissions and strategies to minimize flaring.
- The document discusses sizing pressure safety valves (PSVs) for oil and gas facilities.
- It covers PSV types, causes of chattering, and outlines the step-by-step process for sizing calculations including developing relief scenarios, determining required relief areas, and selecting valve sizes.
- Relief scenarios considered include blocked outlets, thermal expansion, tube rupture, gas blow-by, inlet valve failure, and exterior fires. Relief calculations involve assessing single-phase, two-phase, and transient relief situations.
Nodal Analysis introduction to inflow and outflow performance - nextgusgon
This document discusses nodal analysis concepts for analyzing inflow and outflow performance in fluid systems. It introduces key terms like nodal analysis, inflow, outflow, upstream and downstream components, and graphical solutions. It provides an example problem calculating system capacity and the impact of changing pipe diameters. It also covers topics like single-phase and multiphase fluid flow, flow regimes, flow patterns, and calculating pressure drops and flow performance in pipes.
This 5 day training course is designed to give you a comprehensive account of methods and techniques used in modern well testing and analysis. Subsequently to outlining well test objectives and general methodologies applied, the course will provide real case studies and practice using modern software for Pressure Transient Analysis. These exercises will demonstrate clearly the limitations, assumptions and applicability of various techniques applied in the field.
This document provides copyright information and technical support contact details for Aspen Technology's HYSYS 2004.2 Dynamic Modeling software. It lists over 200 Aspen product names that are copyrighted and/or trademarked by Aspen Technology. Contact information is provided for Aspen's Online Technical Support Center, phone support, and email support.
1) The document discusses various types of offshore oil and gas production facilities including fixed platforms, tension leg platforms, semi-submersibles, and FPSOs.
2) It provides details on the key components and processes involved in offshore drilling and production such as wellheads, christmas trees, separation, compression, and storage.
3) FPSOs are described as floating facilities that perform processing of production fluids to separate oil, gas, and water and include storage tanks for offloading to tankers.
This document provides an overview of early sizing considerations for pressure safety valves (PSVs). It defines important terminology related to PSVs and describes the types and operating principles of conventional, balanced bellow, and pilot-operated PSVs. The document outlines the procedure for early PSV sizing, including identifying capacity requirements, applicable standards, and inter-discipline interfaces. It also notes lessons learned regarding material selection and potential failure modes of bellow-type PSVs.
Pressure relief devices are important safety components that protect process equipment from overpressure. Standards like the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code provide guidelines for the proper design, installation, and sizing of relief valves, rupture disks, and other pressure relief devices. These standards help ensure personnel safety and prevent equipment damage in the event excess pressure develops from sources like explosions, fires, or pump failures.
Optimization of Separator Train in Oil IndustryIRJET Journal
This document discusses optimization of the separator train in the oil industry. It begins with an abstract describing how crude oil extracted from reservoirs is a mixture of oil, gas, water and other impurities. Separators are used to separate these components. The document then provides details on separator tests conducted to determine how the reservoir fluid's volumetric behavior changes as it passes through separators. These tests provide data to optimize separator operating conditions and maximize stock tank oil production. Tables of sample fluid composition and separator test results are included. The objectives of single and multi-stage separator tests are described. Calculations for determining properties like oil formation volume factor, solution gas-oil ratio and stock tank oil gravity are presented using the test data. Overall, the
Gas Condensate Separation Stages – Design & OptimizationVijay Sarathy
The life cycle of an oil & gas venture begins at the wellhead where subsurface engineers work their way through surveying, drilling, laying production tubing and well completions. Once a well is completed, gathering lines from each well is laid to gather hydrocarbons and transported via a main trunk line to a gas oil separation unit (GOSP) to be processed further to enhance their product value for sales. Gas condensate wells consist of natural gas which is rich in heavier hydrocarbons that are recovered as liquids in separators in field facilities or gas-oil separation plants (GOSP).
The following tutorial is aimed at demonstrating how to optimize and provide the required number of separation stages to process a gas condensate mixture and separate them into their respective vapour phase and liquid phase – termed as “Stage Separation”. Stage separation consists of laying a series of separators which operate at consecutive lower pressures to strip out vapours from the well liquids & resulting in a stabilized liquid. Prior to any hydrocarbon processing in a gas processing plant or a refinery, it is imperative to maximize the liquid recovery as well as provide a stabilized liquid hydrocarbon.
A drill stem test (DST) is used to test characteristics of a newly drilled well while the drilling rig is still on site. It can provide estimates of permeability, reservoir pressure, fluid types, wellbore damage, barriers and fluid contacts. There are three main methods to analyze DST data: Horner's plot method, type curve matching method, and computer matching. Type curve matching involves matching pressure change over time data from the DST to standard type curves to determine properties like permeability and skin factor. Gringarten type curves are commonly used and account for variations in pressure over time based on reservoir-well configurations.
This document discusses simulation of an aspen flare system using Aspen Flare System Analyzer software. It describes defining the composition, flare network scheme, sources such as control valves and pressure safety valves, and scenarios to simulate, such as all relief devices activating. The outcomes of the simulation can be used to design and verify the flare header size and other parameters meet API standards. The simulation aims to size the flare system and verify its performance under different operating conditions.
This document compares different methods for designing a shell and tube heat exchanger, including a manual design, HTRI software, and Aspen Exchanger Design and Rating (EDR). It first provides background on heat exchangers and describes the constraints that must be met in a heat exchanger design, including thermal and hydraulic evaluations. It then presents an example design case and shows the initial geometry selection. Finally, it discusses using HTRI and Aspen EDR software for simulation, rating, and designing shell and tube heat exchangers, noting both programs iterate to find a design meeting constraints.
Natural gas condensates can form liquid slugs in transmission lines. This presentation describes alternative modelling strategies to determine slug volumes
MODELLING CASCADED SPLIT RANGE (CASC-SRC) CONTROLLERS IN ASPEN HYSYS DYNAMICSVijay Sarathy
This document demonstrates modeling a cascaded split range controller (CASC-SRC) in Aspen HYSYS Dynamics to control an LNG pump and vaporizer control valve. The CASC-SRC uses a high pressure pump speed controller and vaporizer flow controller, both operating in reverse action. An SRC is added with the flow controller as the first input and pump controller as the second. Low and high range values for each controller are calculated and assigned in the SRC configuration. With the CASC-SRC in auto mode, HYSYS stabilizes at operating points matching the original set points of 2950 rpm pump speed and 7500 kmol/h flow.
1. Transient well test data provides rich information about reservoir properties like permeability and skin factor that can be used to develop accurate reservoir models. 2. Interpretation of transient data has progressed steadily over time due to advances in technology, tools, and interpretation methods. 3. Recent developments allow characterization of complex unconventional and multi-phase reservoirs and better reservoir management through integration of pressure transient analysis with production data analysis.
The document discusses multiphase flow that occurs in oil and gas wells, which involves the simultaneous flow of two or more fluid phases. It describes the different flow regimes that can occur in upward two-phase vertical flow in wells, including bubble, slug, churn, and annular flow. It also discusses methods for predicting flow regimes, calculating pressure drops, and determining phase holdup and slip velocities in two-phase gas-liquid flow in wells. The modified Hagedorn and Brown method and Beggs and Brill method are two commonly used correlations for calculating pressure drops in two-phase flow.
Three phase separators separate gas, oil, and water. They consist of three zones: an inlet zone, a liquid-liquid settling zone, and a gas-liquid separation zone. Key factors that affect separator efficiency include the inlet flow pattern and devices, feed pipe geometry, entrainment, and internals. Separators can be horizontal or vertical, with horizontal separators often used for foamy streams and liquid-liquid separation, while vertical separators handle large liquid slugs. Proper sizing considers flow rates, residence times, velocities, and droplet sizes to achieve efficient phase separation with minimum carryover.
Safety is the most important factor in designing a process system. Some undesired conditions might happen leading to damage in a system. Control systems might be installed to prevent such conditions, but a second safety device is also needed. One kind of safety device which is commonly used in the processing industry is the relief valve. A relief valve is a type of valve to control or limit the pressure in a system by allowing the pressurised fluid to flow out from the system.
This presentation was created to provide a quick refresher to single-phase fluid flow line sizing. The content of this presentation was obtained from various literature (handbooks and website).
Please provide your comments
Vessel Liquid Level On/Off Control in Aspen HYSYS DynamicsVijay Sarathy
The document describes how to implement an on/off control system for liquid level in a process vessel using Aspen HYSYS Dynamics. Digital points and a boolean latch operator are used to activate and deactivate the drain valve as the liquid level reaches high and low points. When the liquid level reaches 1800mm, the drain valve opens to drain liquid from the vessel. The valve closes once the level falls to 450mm, allowing the vessel to refill. Figures S.1 through S.9 show the setup and configuration of the digital points, latch operator, and drain valve to achieve this on/off level control behavior.
This document discusses flare technology and applications. It begins with an outline and defines a flare as safety equipment used to burn unwanted gases from oil, gas, and chemical plants. It notes that flares ensure safe combustion to prevent explosions. The document then discusses: the widespread use of flares globally; types of flares including utility, steam-assisted, air-assisted, and multi-point ground flares; factors that influence flare design and performance such as gas composition and flow rates; and issues with flaring including emissions and strategies to minimize flaring.
- The document discusses sizing pressure safety valves (PSVs) for oil and gas facilities.
- It covers PSV types, causes of chattering, and outlines the step-by-step process for sizing calculations including developing relief scenarios, determining required relief areas, and selecting valve sizes.
- Relief scenarios considered include blocked outlets, thermal expansion, tube rupture, gas blow-by, inlet valve failure, and exterior fires. Relief calculations involve assessing single-phase, two-phase, and transient relief situations.
Nodal Analysis introduction to inflow and outflow performance - nextgusgon
This document discusses nodal analysis concepts for analyzing inflow and outflow performance in fluid systems. It introduces key terms like nodal analysis, inflow, outflow, upstream and downstream components, and graphical solutions. It provides an example problem calculating system capacity and the impact of changing pipe diameters. It also covers topics like single-phase and multiphase fluid flow, flow regimes, flow patterns, and calculating pressure drops and flow performance in pipes.
This 5 day training course is designed to give you a comprehensive account of methods and techniques used in modern well testing and analysis. Subsequently to outlining well test objectives and general methodologies applied, the course will provide real case studies and practice using modern software for Pressure Transient Analysis. These exercises will demonstrate clearly the limitations, assumptions and applicability of various techniques applied in the field.
This document provides copyright information and technical support contact details for Aspen Technology's HYSYS 2004.2 Dynamic Modeling software. It lists over 200 Aspen product names that are copyrighted and/or trademarked by Aspen Technology. Contact information is provided for Aspen's Online Technical Support Center, phone support, and email support.
1) The document discusses various types of offshore oil and gas production facilities including fixed platforms, tension leg platforms, semi-submersibles, and FPSOs.
2) It provides details on the key components and processes involved in offshore drilling and production such as wellheads, christmas trees, separation, compression, and storage.
3) FPSOs are described as floating facilities that perform processing of production fluids to separate oil, gas, and water and include storage tanks for offloading to tankers.
This document provides an overview of early sizing considerations for pressure safety valves (PSVs). It defines important terminology related to PSVs and describes the types and operating principles of conventional, balanced bellow, and pilot-operated PSVs. The document outlines the procedure for early PSV sizing, including identifying capacity requirements, applicable standards, and inter-discipline interfaces. It also notes lessons learned regarding material selection and potential failure modes of bellow-type PSVs.
Pressure relief devices are important safety components that protect process equipment from overpressure. Standards like the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code provide guidelines for the proper design, installation, and sizing of relief valves, rupture disks, and other pressure relief devices. These standards help ensure personnel safety and prevent equipment damage in the event excess pressure develops from sources like explosions, fires, or pump failures.
Optimization of Separator Train in Oil IndustryIRJET Journal
This document discusses optimization of the separator train in the oil industry. It begins with an abstract describing how crude oil extracted from reservoirs is a mixture of oil, gas, water and other impurities. Separators are used to separate these components. The document then provides details on separator tests conducted to determine how the reservoir fluid's volumetric behavior changes as it passes through separators. These tests provide data to optimize separator operating conditions and maximize stock tank oil production. Tables of sample fluid composition and separator test results are included. The objectives of single and multi-stage separator tests are described. Calculations for determining properties like oil formation volume factor, solution gas-oil ratio and stock tank oil gravity are presented using the test data. Overall, the
Gas Condensate Separation Stages – Design & OptimizationVijay Sarathy
The life cycle of an oil & gas venture begins at the wellhead where subsurface engineers work their way through surveying, drilling, laying production tubing and well completions. Once a well is completed, gathering lines from each well is laid to gather hydrocarbons and transported via a main trunk line to a gas oil separation unit (GOSP) to be processed further to enhance their product value for sales. Gas condensate wells consist of natural gas which is rich in heavier hydrocarbons that are recovered as liquids in separators in field facilities or gas-oil separation plants (GOSP).
The following tutorial is aimed at demonstrating how to optimize and provide the required number of separation stages to process a gas condensate mixture and separate them into their respective vapour phase and liquid phase – termed as “Stage Separation”. Stage separation consists of laying a series of separators which operate at consecutive lower pressures to strip out vapours from the well liquids & resulting in a stabilized liquid. Prior to any hydrocarbon processing in a gas processing plant or a refinery, it is imperative to maximize the liquid recovery as well as provide a stabilized liquid hydrocarbon.
PMI-STC Mixing Technology specializes in process technology and equipment for the sugar industry. They supply agitators for various stages of sugar production, including the main liming vessel and batch agitated crystallization pans. Effective mixing is crucial for heat transfer, suspension, and blending during crystallization. The type of propeller and gap width have significant influence on the agitator's power demand and ability to generate sufficient flow under high viscosity conditions. Propellers up to 2.5m in diameter using up to 90kW of installed motor power are used. The main liming vessel prepares juice for crystallization by destructing invert sugar and saponifying amides using agitated columns to achieve an optimal 15 minute
This document discusses options for distilling dilute ethanol to produce 99.5% ethanol. It analyzes pressure swing distillation versus azeotropic distillation, with benzene as a common entrainer. Preliminary simulations show pressure swing distillation yields the desired product composition with less ethanol loss. A three-column system is also considered but deemed too costly. The document outlines objectives of determining the optimal distillation method, finalizing a process flow diagram, performing safety and economic analyses, and achieving a 5% annual ROI.
This document provides instructions for constructing an Aspen HYSYS simulation of cyclohexane production via benzene hydrogenation. It includes process details like feed streams, operating specifications, and reaction chemistry. The simulation involves building a flowsheet with a mixer, heater, conversion reactor, cooler, separator, recycle loops, and distillation column. Step-by-step instructions are provided to define each unit operation using the HYSYS interface and solve the simulation.
Group Project- An extract from original reportMukesh Mathew
1. PVT analysis was carried out on samples from three wells to determine reservoir properties like bubble point pressure, solution gas-oil ratio, oil composition and volume factors. The analysis found the oil to have a stock tank gravity of 33.9-34.1 API and be mainly composed of methane and heptanes+.
2. Core data from three wells was analyzed statistically to find average porosity and permeability ranges of 15-21% and 210-350mD respectively. Capillary pressure and relative permeability curves were also generated from core and SCAL data.
3. Normalization of capillary pressure data using the modified Leverett J-function allowed the creation of a single curve for use in reservoir modeling
This document provides a design for an oil storage terminal in Gdansk, Poland. It includes the design of an input gathering pipeline and storage tank. For the storage tank, it discusses the type of tank (fixed roof), tank dimensions optimized for volume and surface area, maintaining internal conditions through temperature control coils, materials of construction (steel-reinforced concrete), and safety concerns. The gathering pipeline design addresses parameters, factors on the suction and discharge sides, pump selection, and preventing heat loss.
This document provides instructions for classifying crude oil samples based on API gravity values determined through density and specific gravity measurements. Key points:
1. Density, specific gravity, and API gravity of crude oil samples are measured using a pycnometer to determine mass and volume.
2. Calculations based on these measurements allow classification of samples as light, medium, or heavy crude oil types according to their API gravity values and densities relative to water.
3. Relationships between specific gravity, density, and API gravity are examined to understand crude oil composition and properties important for industrial applications.
This document describes procedures for analyzing reservoir fluid properties in the laboratory, including crude oil properties, water properties, and various laboratory tests. It discusses measuring the total formation volume factor, viscosity, surface tension, and other properties of crude oil and water. It also describes primary tests conducted on-site, routine laboratory tests like compositional analysis and constant-composition expansion, and special laboratory PVT tests. The constant-composition expansion test measures saturation pressure and compressibility by reducing pressure in a cell and measuring volume changes. The results are used to calculate fluid densities and compressibility coefficients above the saturation pressure.
The document describes setting up and simulating an atmospheric crude distillation column in HYSYS. It involves characterizing the crude oil feed using assay data, installing a pre-fractionation train with a separator, heater and mixer to determine the feed to the column, and then installing the column along with defining steam and energy streams. The column is configured as a 29 stage ideal column with overhead, bottoms and side product draws using a built-in 3 stripper crude column template.
This document provides design information for an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant. It discusses that each plant must be custom designed to fit the specific site conditions. It emphasizes flexibility in design to accommodate variations in wastewater flow and composition over the plant's lifetime. The key steps in design include determining effluent requirements, selecting the appropriate activated sludge process, and sizing major treatment components like aeration basins and clarifiers based on wastewater loading. Design guidelines and equations are provided for sizing major treatment processes and tanks.
This document provides details of a reservoir engineering course design project on modeling water flooding for an oil field. It includes descriptions of the reservoir rock model, fluid properties, initial conditions, well completions, history matching process, and development strategies considered. The objective is to analyze water flooding performance and enhance oil recovery for the reservoir using reservoir simulation software. The history matching was done by adjusting the rock compressibility parameter to better match the historical pressure data from the field. Development strategies evaluate the base case scenario and residual oil distribution, and optimize water flooding as a case study.
The document provides methodology notes for refinery margin calculations by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and KBC Advanced Technologies. It outlines the assumptions used to calculate indicative refining margins for major product markets. Refinery yields are generated using KBC's Petro-SIM simulation for various refinery configurations processing benchmark crudes. Regional differences in yields account for factors like fuel specifications, biofuel blending requirements, and refinery optimization goals. Historical margins are available to subscribers on the IEA's oil market report website.
This document contains information from a reservoir simulation project. It includes:
1. Names of team members and thanks to the project supervisor.
2. An assignment to calculate the original oil in place (OOIP) using material balance and estimate porosity, and match the water production rate in the history.
3. Details of the reservoir data, equations, and spreadsheets used to calculate OOIP and porosity.
4. Comments that the model achieved a good history match for wellhead pressure and oil rate and that changes made to parameters like porosity and permeability were reasonable.
This document provides an overview of the solvent and surfactant models in reservoir simulation. It discusses the objectives and applications of the solvent model, which models miscible displacement processes. It describes the Todd & Longstaff model for representing miscibility and outlines how to treat relative permeability and PVT data. It then discusses the surfactant model, how it models surfactant distribution and its effects on water viscosity, capillary pressure, relative permeability and adsorption.
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Today the growing standard in oil-refining yield accounting is to use statistical data reconciliation to assist in detecting and diagnosing malfunctioning flow and inventory meters and possible mis-specified oil movements. However, as we demonstrate in this article, potentially harmful and undetectable gross-errors can occur which may distort the yield accounting results and the overall health of the production balance. The solution is to reconcile both mass and volume simultaneously instead of reconciling mass or volume separately as is currently done. It is made possible by explicitly including density measurements into the reconciliation process and solving a bi-linear data reconciliation problem using off-the-shelf commercial software.
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1. PVTSIM FOR BEGINNERS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION TO PVTSIM 1
2. TYPICAL OPERATIONS IN PVTSIM 1
2.1. FLUID DATABASE CREATION – COMPOSITION BASED 1
2.2. FLUIDS FLASH OPERATION 6
2.3. FLUIDS MIXING 7
2.3.1. Case 1 Example: Gas Flow [MMSCFD], Oil Flow [STBOPD] and Water Cut [Vol%] 7
2.3.2. Case 2 Example: Min, Normal, Max Oil Flow [STBOPD], GOR [Scf/STB] & Water Cut [Vol%] 8
2.3.3. PVTSIM Simulation procedure – Mixing Operation 9
2.4. WATER SATURATION OF RESERVOIR FLUIDS (DRY BASIS) 11
2.4.1. PVTSIM Simulation procedure – Water Saturation of Reservoir Fluids (Dry Basis) 11
2.5. VISCOSITY TUNING OF OILS BASED ON LABORATORY DATA 12
2.5.1. Example Case: Gas Oil Viscosity Tuning 12
2.6. HYDRATE CURVE GENERATION AND INHIBITOR DOSING CALCULATIONS 14
2.6.1. Example Case: Hydrate Curve Generation 14
2.6.2. Example Case: Inhibitor Dosing Calculations 16
1. INTRODUCTION TO PVTSIM
PVTsim is a versatile PVT simulation program developed for reservoir engineers, flow assurance specialists, PVT
lab engineers and process engineers. Based on an extensive data collected over a period of more than 25 years,
PVTsim carries the information from experimental PVT studies into simulation software in a consistent manner
and without losing valuable information on the way. For Pipeline flow assurance studies in OLGA, PVTSIM acts as
an input to OLGA, i.e., it creates a database for the properties of selected materials with compositions,
temperature and pressure ranges, densities and viscosities. Other operations such as hydrate curves, hydrate
inhibitor dosing, wax formation, etc., can also be generated. PVTsim allows reservoir engineers, flow assurance
specialists and process engineers to combine reliable fluid characterization procedures with robust and efficient
regression algorithms to match fluid properties and experimental data. The fluid parameters may be exported to
produce high quality input data for reservoir, pipeline and process simulators.
2. TYPICAL OPERATIONS IN PVTSIM
The following typical operations are performed in PVTSim 19.2.
1. Fluid Database Creation – Composition based
2. Fluid Characterization - Based on plus fractions
3. Fluids Flashing - Fluid Property Determination
4. Fluid Mixing – for e.g. mixing of various reservoir fluids for their resultant composition
5. Water Saturation of Reservoir Fluid Compositions (dry basis) to arrive at wet composition
6. Viscosity Tuning of Oils based on Laboratory Data (e.g., ASTM D 341, Viscosity vs. Temperature)
7. Hydrate Curve Generation
8. Inhibitor Dosing and Hydrate Curve Shift study
9. Table file (*.tab) for OLGA input
2.1. FLUID DATABASE CREATION – COMPOSITION BASED
To perform various operations in PVTSim, a fluid database must be created which accepts fluid
composition. The following exercise stands essential for any case in PVTSIM.
1. Open the PVTSIM icon to get the PVTSIM user interface (Fig. 2.1.1)
2. Figure 2.1.1. PVTSim 19.2 User Interface
2. Go to “File” and select “Create new database” (Fig. 2.1.2).
3. Type a database name and save it in your preferred location in the computer. The database file is saved
with the extension “*.fdb”
Figure 2.1.2. PVTSim 19.2 Database Creation
4. As soon as the database is saved, the path of the database is displayed in the database information
bar.
3. Figure 2.1.3. Database Information Bar
5. In the “Option” bar which is found below the tabs, there are five drop down list boxes whose option are
crucial to start a case.
6. In the first drop down list box, select “User defined1 units”
7. From the second drop down box, the fluid property package to compute the fluid properties is selected.
8. A study can be made during fluid definition stage to understand if the Peng-Robinson (PR) is sufficient
to estimate the H2S or CO2 properties (if present). In case if PR model is able to predict well, select “PR
Peneloux”. (Note: The Peneloux option performs rigorous calculations to estimate accurate densities of
the hydrocarbon fluids.).
Figure 2.1.4. Database Information Bar
9. After establishing the database, go to “Fluid” and select “Enter New Fluid” option. PVTSIM displays a
window for the fluid whose properties, such as composition, mol %, and density are to be fed. The field
“Fluid” is essential which denotes the name of the fluid in the database; hence type a name which
appropriately defines the fluid. If the feed contains fractions beyond C20, select the button “Add Comps”
to add more fractions.
Figure 2.1.5. Fluid Creation
4. Figure 2.1.6. Fluid Composition Entry
Figure 2.1.7. New Components Addition
10. Make sure the molecular weights and densities of PVTSim match with that of the data supplied by
client. Otherwise, it becomes essential to override the properties of PVTSim to match the data supplied
by client. (Note: If the molecular weight of any fraction of the feed supplied is greater than that of
PVTSim, make sure that “Plus fraction” radio button is clicked. This is so because the molecular weight
of plus fraction of a particular alkane is always higher due to presence of other molecular weight
compounds)
Figure 2.1.8. Plus Fraction
11. After entering the all the feed compositions, make sure that the check box “Save Char/Regress” is
checked. Upon checking this option, PVTSIM creates a characterized file, which would be used for
further calculation otherwise, PVTSIM cannot do further calculations though the entered data is saved, it
is unfit for further calculations. Click “OK” button. PVTSIM now displays a confirmation message that
the fluid has been characterized.
5. Figure 2.1.9. Saving Fluid Plus Fraction
Figure 2.1.10. Confirmation Message
12. Click OK again. Now go to “Fluid” tab and select “Database”. This open a small window is displayed
where both the open fluid and characterized fluid is listed.
Figure 2.1.11. Database Check after entering Fluid Composition
13. The characterized fluid is the fluid with the type “Char” and when opened, the file is locked from further
editions, with the radio button “Characterized” checked without options.
Figure 2.1.12. Database Check after entering Fluid Composition
6. 2.2. FLUIDS FLASH OPERATION
Flashing is an operation through which PVTSim estimates the feed properties based on specified
temperature and pressure.
1. Select the “Simulations” button (Fig. 2.2.1)
Figure 2.2.1. Flash operation in Simulations Explorer
2. Flashing is found as the first option under the expansion list of “Flash & Unit Operation”. Double click it.
PVTSIM displays “Flash” window which lets you enter many points of pressure with corresponding
temperatures for which PVTSIM generates separate flash summaries. Click the radio button “PT multi
phase” and click “OK” (Fig,. 2.2.2)
Figure 2.2.2. Operating Conditions for Flash operation
3. The flashed summary can be viewed now.
7. Figure 2.2.2. Flash Operation Output Window
2.3. FLUIDS MIXING
If the reservoir data supplied contains more then one reservoir fluid fluids, then it becomes essential to mix
them, if the combined properties are required. i.e., Individual reservoir compositions have to be mixed in the
various fractions to arrive at a single stream. Often reservoir data is provided in terms of expected fluids
production versus time (years). The reservoir production data is provided in two formats as shown below.
1. Case 1: Gas Flow [MMSCFD], Oil Flow [STBOPD] and Water Cut [Wt% or Vol%]
2. Case 2: Min, Normal, Max Oil Flow [STBOPD] with GOR [Scf/STB] and Water Cut [Wt% or Vol%]
2.3.1. Case 1 Example: Gas Flow [MMSCFD], Oil Flow [STBOPD] and Water Cut [Vol%]
For a given year,, the following production flow rates are expected. Calculate the individual mass fractions of
each component and the total mass flow expected for the year in question
Table 2.3.1.1. Case 1: Example Production Profile
Example Case 1: Production Profile
Note 1
Year
Oil Rate Gas Rate Water Cut
[STBOPD] [MMSCFD] [Vol%]
2020 25,000 40 12
Standard Density
Note 2
Year
Oil Density Gas Density Water Density
[Std. kg/m
3
] [Std. kg/m
3
] [Std. kg/m
3
]
2020 850 1.2 1,000
Note 1: 1 Barrel (oil)/ hour = 4.4163137×10
-5
m
3
/s
Note 2: In the example production profile (Table 2.3.1.1); the densities are given at standard conditions as the
individual flow rates are also given at standard conditions. In practice, the standard density or actual density must be
appropriately chosen depending on the conditions of the input flow rates to calculate the volumetric flow rates.
8. Therefore from table 2.3.1.1, the individual mass flows are computed as,
1. Oil Mass Flow = sQ OilOil kg1027.39850104163137.4
24
25000 5
2. Gas Mass Flow = sQ GasGas kg7316.151.2107.8657907
24
1040 6-
6
3. Water Volume Flow STBOPDW
W
W
5682
25000
12.0
4. Water Mass Flow = sQ WaterWater kg4556.100001104163137.4
24
5682 5
Therefore the mass fraction of individual fluids is as follows,
Table 2.3.1.2. Case 1 Example: Calculated Mass Fractions
Mass Fractions
Year 2020 Units Oil Gas Water Total
Mass Flow kg/s 39.1027 15.7316 10.4556 65.2899
Mass Fraction [-] 0.5989 0.2409 0.1601 1.0000
2.3.2. Case 2 Example: Min, Normal, Max Oil Flow [STBOPD], GOR [Scf/STB] & Water Cut [Vol%]
For a given year, the following production flow rates are expected. Calculate the individual mass fractions of
each component and the total mass flow expected for the Year 2020.
Table 2.3.2.1. Case 2: Example Production Profile
Example Case 2: Production Profile
Note 1
Year
Minimum Normal Maximum Water Cut GOR
[STBOPD] [STBOPD] [STBOPD] [Vol%] [Scf/STB]
2020 8,000 10,000 12,000 12 2,200
Standard Density
Note 2
Year
Oil Density Water Density Gas Density
[Std. kg/m
3
] [Std. kg/m
3
] [Std. kg/m
3
]
2020 850 1,000 1.2
Note 1: 1 Barrel (oil)/ hour = 4.4163137×10
-5
m
3
/s
Note 2: In the example production profile (Table 2.3.1.1); the densities are given at standard conditions as the
individual flow rates are also given at standard conditions. In practice, the standard density or actual density must be
appropriately chosen depending on the conditions of the input flow rates to calculate the volumetric flow rates.
Therefore from table 2.3.2.1, the individual mass flows are computed as,
1. Minimum Oil Mass Flow = sQ OilOil kg5129.12850104163137.4
24
8000 5
2. Normal Oil Mass Flow = sQ OilOil kg6411.15850104163137.4
24
10000 5
3. Maximum Oil Mass Flow = sQ OilOil kg7693.18850104163137.4
24
12000 5
4. Water Volume Flow STBOPDW
W
W
5682
25000
12.0
5. Water Mass Flow = sQ WaterWater kg4556.100001104163137.4
24
5682 5
9. The mass flow of gas is computed as,
6.
Std
OilOilOilOilGas
m
kg
Day
STB
Q
STB
Sm
STB
Scf
GORQGORM
3
3
70.02831684
Therefore the mass flow of gas is computed for minimum, normal and maximum conditions as,
7. skg
m
kg
Day
STB
STB
Sm
M
Std
MinGas 9219.6
360024
1
2.1800070.028316842200 3
3
,
8. skg
m
kg
Day
STB
STB
Sm
M
Std
NorGas 6524.8
360024
1
2.11000070.028316842200 3
3
,
9. skg
m
kg
Day
STB
STB
Sm
M
Std
MaxGas 3828.10
360024
1
2.11200070.028316842200 3
3
,
Using the various oil, gas and water mass flow rates computed, the mass fractions for the minimum, normal
and maximum water conditions are estimated as follows,
Table 2.3.1.2. Case 2 Example: Calculated Mass Fractions
Mass Fractions - Minimum Case
Year 2020 Units Oil Gas Water Total
Mass Flow kg/s 12.5129 6.9219 10.4556 29.8904
Mass Fraction [-] 0.4186 0.2316 0.3498 1.0000
Mass Fractions - Normal Case
Year 2020 Units Oil Gas Water Total
Mass Flow kg/s 15.6411 8.6524 10.4556 34.7491
Mass Fraction [-] 0.4501 0.2490 0.3009 1.0000
Mass Fractions - Maximum Case
Year 2020 Units Oil Gas Water Total
Mass Flow kg/s 18.7693 10.3828 10.4556 39.6077
Mass Fraction [-] 0.4739 0.2621 0.2640 1.0000
2.3.3. PVTSIM Simulation procedure – Mixing Operation
Based on the calculations made in the previous sections and taking case 1 as an example study, the mixing
operation is performed as follows,
1. Click the “Fluid Management” tab, under “Fluid” and double click “Mix”. PVTSIM now displays “Mixing of
fluids” window.
2. The different fluids can be mixed in terms of molar fraction or mass fraction.
Figure 2.3.3.1. Mixing of Fluids Input Window
10. 3. Click the “Select Fluids” button after which a “Select Fluids to Mix” window appears. Select the
characterized fluids to be mixed and click “OK”. The fluids appear in the “Mix” window and ensure that
the box “Save Char Fluid” is checked.
Figure 2.3.3.2. Adding Fluids to Mix Fluids
4. Click OK. The fluids are mixed and PVTSIM displays a characterized report for the mixing operation.
Going for another flash operation is not essential; however it is a good practice to ensure that the
characteristics of the stream at standard conditions are established.
Figure 2.3.3.3. Mixed Fluids Output
11. 2.4. WATER SATURATION OF RESERVOIR FLUIDS (DRY BASIS)
This operation is done whenever reservoir fluids are obtained without water content (i.e., dry basis). As it is
inevitable for all reservoir feeds to have water content, such fluids need to be saturated in PVTSIM to arrive
at the exact water content.
The conditions at which the reservoir fluids need to be saturated depends on the conditions of the dry basis-
reservoir fluids. This means we have two conditions for saturation
1. If the reservoir fluids are available at well conditions, then water needs to be added at well conditions till
saturation.
2. If the reservoir fluids are available at standard conditions, then water needs to be added at standard
conditions till saturation.
2.4.1. PVTSIM Simulation procedure – Water Saturation of Reservoir Fluids (Dry Basis)
In the following example, a certain reservoir composition is saturated at standard conditions assuming that
the reservoir fluids composition is known at standard conditions.
1. Repeat the flashing operation again with the composition mentioned in the previous section. To have
the composition flashed with water, the “Flash” Operation is invoked under the simulation window.
Select the radio button “Saturate w.water”. The pressure should be 1.01325 bara and temperature
15.6°C i.e., fluid shall be saturated at standard conditions. Make sure the box “Save water saturated
fluid” is checked only after which the fluid is balanced for water content and saved in the database. This
is done if the reservoir data is available at standard conditions else actual conditions shall be accounted
for. Completing the above steps displays the fluid characterized with water (Fig. 2.4.1.1).
Figure 2.4.1.1. Water Saturation of Reservoir Fluids Output
12. 2.5. VISCOSITY TUNING OF OILS BASED ON LABORATORY DATA
Though PVTSIM generates viscosities for oils at desired process conditions, the predicted viscosities
sometimes are erroneous. PVTSIM provides an option to match the viscosities with laboratory data.
2.5.1. Example Case: Gas Oil Viscosity Tuning
The viscosity curve for a certain finished product namely Gas Oil with the following composition (Table
2.5.1.1) is shown in Fig. 2.5.1.1. Using this data, the gas oil viscosity in PVTSim needs to be tuned with that
of the Laboratory ASTM D 341 Curve.
Table 2.5.1.1. Example Case: Gas Oil Composition
Gas Oil Property Estimation (Density @ 15.6 C - 860.5 kg/m
3
)
Component Mol % Mol Fraction Mol wt Liquid Density [kg/m³]
C8 1 0.01 107 765
C9 1 0.01 121 781
C10 1 0.01 134 792
C11 1 0.01 147 796
C12 3 0.03 161 810
C13 5 0.05 175 825
C14 5 0.05 190 836
C15 19.5 0.195 206 842
C16 18.5 0.185 222 850
C17 45 0.45 237 884
Note1
Note 1: C17 fraction is not a plus fraction
The ASTM D 341 Kinematic Viscosity versus Temperature Curve is as follows,
Table 2.5.1.2. Viscosity vs.
Temperature
ASTM D 341 K.V vs. T
Temperature K. Viscosity
[F] [C] [cSt]
45 7.22 14
50 10.00 12.5
75 23.89 8
100 37.78 5.50
125 51.67 4.00
150 65.56 3.00
175 79.44 2.50
200 93.33 2.00 Figure 2.5.1.1. ASTM D 341 Kinematic Viscosity vs. Temperature
Therefore to tune the viscosities with respect to Laboratory data, the following procedure is employed.
1. Obtain Laboratory data, e.g., ASTM D 341 Kinematic Viscosity versus Temperature Curve (Fig. 2.5.1.1)
2. PVTSIM requires temperature in Celsius, pressure in Bara and dynamic viscosity in cP (Table 2.5.1.2)
3. In the “Simulation” tab, under “Flow Assurance”, double click “Viscosity Tuning”. A window named
“Tuning of viscosity models” is displayed.
13. Figure 2.5.1.2. Tuning of Viscosity Input Window
4. Click “Select Fluids” and select the characterized fluid and click “OK”
Figure 2.5.1.3. Selecting Fluids in Tuning of Viscosity Input Window
5. The selected fluid appears in the “Tuning of Viscosity models” window.
Figure 2.5.1.4. Fluids Added in Tuning of Viscosity Input Window
6. Select the “Visc Data” button. “Viscosity Data” window appears. Enter the viscosity data shown in Table
2.5.1.2. Pressure should be the value stated in the lab report of the considered oil. If the laboratory data
is available under atmospheric conditions then enter the value as 1.01325 Bara.
Figure 2.5.1.5. Viscosity Data Window
Figure 2.5.1.6. PVTSim Viscosity Data updated with
characteristic fluid
14. 7. Click “OK” after which the window disappears leaving the “Tuning of viscosity models” window.
8. Click “OK” tab. PVTSIM displays an excel based summary which states the tuned viscosoties,
percentage of deviation before and after tuning.
9. Ensure that “CSP Visc/Thermal cond” is selected in the “Options” bar before tuning the fluid.
Figure 2.5.1.7. PVTSim Viscosity Data Output Window
2.6. HYDRATE CURVE GENERATION AND INHIBITOR DOSING CALCULATIONS
Hydrates are a mixture of water and gas molecules that crystallize to form a solid “ice plug” under
appropriate conditions of temperature and pressure. Well head streams almost always contain water and
are prone to form hydrates. Hydrates restrict the normal flow of gas causing flow assurance failure & hence
need to be avoided. The various methods of restricting hydrate formation in Pipelines are
1. Heating the fluids (For e.g., prior to entering the pipeline)
2. Addition of Chemical Inhibitors such as MeOH, MEG, DEG or TEG.
3. Heat Tracing of Pipelines
4. Periodical pigging of pipelines to scrape the accumulated hydrates.
Hydrate inhibitors of three types namely
1. Thermodynamic Inhibitors – These inhibitors prevent hydrate formation by altering the hydrate formation
temperatures. Examples are Glycols such as MEG, DEG and TEG.
2. Kinetic inhibitors – These inhibitors alter the kinetics of the hydrate formation process and delay the
nucleate formation of the clathrate structures although they cannot prevent the nucleate formation
3. Anti-Agglomerates – Anti-agglomerants are inhibitors which prevent the hydrate nucleates from
agglomerating as a result of which hydrate plugs can be avoided. These types of inhibitors are used in
smaller concentrations and are known as low dosage inhibitors.
2.6.1. Example Case: Hydrate Curve Generation
1. To establish a hydrate curve, click “Simulations” tab, under “Flow Assurance”, double click “Hydrate”.
15. Figure 2.6.1.1. PVTSim Hydrate Generation Tool
2. It is to be noted that to establish a hydrate curve ensure the following are to be considered otherwise
hydrate curve establishment is not possible.
a. Stream for which hydrate curve is to be estabilished is saturated with water already.
b. Reservoir stream composition should contain water content.
c. Percentage water cut is to be mentioned in the “Hydrate” window.
3. In the current example, since the fluid was already saturated with water, “Hydrate” window shows the
amount of water generated by PVTsim, which is updated. Click “Hydrate PT Curve”.
Figure 2.6.1.2. Hydrate Curve Generation
4. Upon performing the above step, select “Hydrate PT Curve” for which opens a window that requests the
minimum temperature, maximum pressure, temperature step length and pressure step length.
16. Figure 2.6.1.3. Hydrate PT Curve Step Length
5. Enter a value which is well beyond the operating conditions and click “OK”. This generates a Hydrate
curve is generated along with the appropriate values of temperature and pressure.
Figure 2.6.1.4. Hydrate PT Curve Figure 2.6.1.5. Hydrate PT Data
points
2.6.2. Example Case: Inhibitor Dosing Calculations
In Fig. 2.6.1.4, the area within the curve, i.e., area on the left hand side of the curve is the hydrate region
within which hydrate formation is occurs. To check if the hydrate forming region occurs in the pipeline, the
pipeline’s temperature and pressure values need to be plotted on the hydrate curve to check if the data
points lie on the left hand side of the curve. In case if the data points lie on the left hand side of the curve,
hydrate formation occurs and plugs the pipeline over a period of time. To prevent hydrate formation,
thermodynamic inhibitors can be added that shift the curve further to the left hand side namely,
a. Methanol or Ethanol
b. Mono-Ethylene Glycol (MEG)
c. Di-Ethylene Glycol (DEG)
d. Tri-Ethylene Glycol (TEG)
The hydrate dosing rates can be evaluated roughly by using the Hammer-Schmidt equation which is
based on an empirical estimate whereby a shift in the hydrate depression point occurs depending on the
amount of inhibitor added to the hydrocarbon fluid. The following equation shows the Hammer-Schmidt
equation.
WM
WK
T
100
(Eq. 2.6.2.1)
17. Where,
T = Temperature shift, hydrate depression [°F]
K = Constant [-] which is defined in the Table 2.6.2.1
W = Mass of inhibitor in kg/ kg water or weight% inhibitor in aqueous phase
M = Molecular weight of the inhibitor
The constant K defined for various thermodynamic inhibitors is as follows,
Table 2.6.2.1. Inhibitor Constants in Hammer-Schmidt Equation
INHIBITOR K
Methanol 2335
Ethanol 2335
Mono-Ethylene Glycol 2700
Di-Ethylene Glycol 4000
Tri-Ethylene Glycol 5400
The Hammer-Schmidt equation was generated based upon more than 100 natural gas hydrate
measurements with inhibitor concentrations of 5 to 25 wt% in water. The accuracy of the equation is 5%
average error compared with 75 data points. Considering a 10
0
C temperature shift, the inhibitor dosing can
be calculated for various thermodynamic inhibitors by re-arranging eq. 2.6.2.2 as,
M
T
K
M
W
100
(Eq. 2.6.2.2)
Table 2.6.2.2. Inhibitor Dosing calculations
Inhibitor Methanol Ethanol MEG DEG TEG
Molecular Formula CH3OH C2H5OH C2H6O2 C4H10O3 C6H14O4
Molecular Weight 32.04 46.07 62.07 106.12 150.17
Constant [K] 2335 2335 2700 4000 5400
T [
0
F] 10 10 10 10 10
W (Weight% Inhibitor) 40.69 49.66 53.48 57.02 58.17
From the above table, it can be concluded that Methanol is the inhibitor required in lower quantities and
TEG is required approximately twice the amount of Methanol, i.e., Methanol has a higher temperature shift
than the glycols, but MEG has a lower volatility than methanol and MEG may be recovered and recycled
more easily than methanol on platforms. The above calculations can be entered into PVTSim in the Inhibitor
specification window as follows,
Figure 2.6.2.1. Inhibitor Dosing Window