Robert Koch identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882 and received the Nobel Prize for this discovery. In 1906, Calmette and Guerin developed the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis. The vaccine was first used in humans in 1921 in France but did not become widely used in places like the US, UK, and Germany until after World War II. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium M. tuberculosis and spreads through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze, or talk. It affects mostly the lungs but can spread to other organs, and if left untreated it can be fatal.

1. By
Arunraj
Group-10
Tbilisi state medical university

2. The bacillus causing tuberculosis, M.
tuberculosis, was identified and described on
24 March 1882 by Robert Koch. He received
the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in
1905 for this discovery.
Albert Calmette and Camille
Guérin achieved the first genuine success in
immunization against tuberculosis in 1906,
using attenuated bovine-strain tuberculosis.
It was called bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG).
The BCG vaccine was first used on humans
in 1921 in France, but received widespread
acceptance in the US, Great Britain, and
Germany only after World War II.

3.  Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease
that mainly affect the lungs parenchyma.
 TB is a contagious bacterial (M. tuberculosis) infection
that mainly affects the lungs parenchyma, but may
spread to other organs.
 TB is an ancient disease. Signs of skeletal TB (pott
disease) were evident in Europe from Neolithic times,
ancient egypt, and in the pre-Columbian New World.
 Physicians in ancient Greece called this illness as
“phthisis” reflecting its wasting character.

4.  Most common infectious cause of death
worldwide
 Latent phase of TB enabled it to spread to one
third of the world population
 8,000,000 new cases each year
 3,000,000 infected patients die

5.  World TB incidence. Cases per 100,000; Red => 300, orange =
200–300, yellow = 100–200, green = 50–100, blue =< 50 and
grey = n/a. Data from WHO, 2006

6.  TB is caused by the bacteria M. tuberculosis (most
common cause).
 Other than tuberculosis – includes;
 M. avium intracellulare
 M. kansasi
 M. scrofulaceuru
 M. ulcerans
 M. marinum and etc.

7.  TB spread from person to person by airborne
transmission. Infected person release droplet nuclei
(1-5 micro meter in diameter) through,
 Talking
 Coughing
 Sneezing
 Laughing
 Singing
 If not treated properly, TB can be fatal.
Transmission

8.  Risk factors of tuberculosis is;
 Elderly
 Infants
 Low socioeconomic status
 Crowded living conditions
 Disease that weakens
immune system like HIV
 Alcoholism
 Recent Tubercular
infection (within last 2
years) and ect.

10. Susceptible
Or
Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis
Latent
Infection
Recovery
Reactivation
Active
tuberculosis
Miliary
tuberculosis
Extrapulmonary
Tuberculosis
PULMONARY
TUBERCULOSIS

11.  Latent Infection- TB bacteria can live in the
body without making you sick and cannot
spread the disease to others.
 Active Infection- you do have symptoms and
can spread the disease to others.Specific
symptoms you will have,depend on TB where
infection is occur.

12.  A persistent cough
 Constant fatigue
 Weight loss
 Loss of appetite
 Fever
 Coughing up blood
 Night sweats

14.  Tuberculin skin test (PPD test);
Injecting a small amount of protein from
tuberculosis bacteria between the
derived layer of the skin (usually
forearm).
 Sputum examination and Cultures;
Is examined under a microscope to look
for tuberculosis bacteria and used to
grow the bacteria in a culture.

15.  Interferon-gamma Blood test;
 A simple blood is mixed with synthetic proteins
similar to those produced by the tuberculosis
bacteria.
 If people are infected with tuberculosis bacteria,
their white blood cells produce certain substances
(interferons) in response to the synthetic proteins.

16.  Chest CT Scan
 Chest X-ray

17.  Young male patient
with fever and cough
has focal opacity in
the left lower lobe that
looks like a
pneumonia. This is a
case of primary
tuberculosis in an
adult.

19. The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid
and rifampicin, and treatments can be prolonged, taking
several months. Latent TB treatment usually employs a
single antibiotic
New onset
In 2010, is six months of a combination of antibiotics
containing rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and
ethambutol for the first two months, and only rifampicin
and isoniazid for the last four months.[11] Where
resistance to isoniazid is high, ethambutol may be added
for the last four months as an alternative.
Recurrent disease
If multiple drug-resistant TB is detected, treatment with
at least four effective antibiotics for 18 to 24 months is
recommended.

20.  www.medicinet.com
 www.nlm.nih.gov
 http://www.e-radiography.net
 www.learningradiology.com