This document discusses various types of liquid dosage forms including their advantages and disadvantages compared to solid dosage forms. It describes stock solutions, official solutions for internal and external use such as elixirs, linctuses, mixtures, syrups, and others. It discusses aqueous solutions of antiseptics used for antisepsis and disinfection. It provides information on chlorhexidine gluconate solutions and their uses. It also discusses aromatic waters, spirits, containers used for liquid preparations, and tinctures.

1. Liquid Dosage Forms

2. Advantages of liquid dosage
forms to solid dosage forms
• immediately available for absorption
<oral>
• easy to swallow

3. Disadvantages of liquid dosage
forms to solid dosage forms
• less stable
• easy to affect by microorganisms
• bulky to carry around
• easy to loss by the breakage of the container
• measuring dose is required
• less accurate
<oral>
• difficult to mask unpleasant taste

4. Stock solutions
use
preparation

5. Official solutions
Both for internal and external use
• aromatic waters
• spirits

6. Official solutions
for internal use
• elixirs
• linctuses (linctures)
• mixtures
• syrups
• draughts
• drops

7. Official solutions
for external use
• for skin -------------------- liniments, lotions, paints
• for ear --------------------- ear drops
• for mouth and throat ---- gargles, mouth-washes
• for nasopharynx ---------- nasal drops, spray solutions,
inhalations
• for rectum ----------------- enemas
• for eyes -------------------- eye drops

8. Aqueous solution of
antiseptics
Antisepsis
- the destruction or inhibition on living tissues
- limiting or preventing the harmful results of infections
Disinfection
- destruction of microorganisms
- not necessarily killing all microorganisms
- reducing to acceptable level not harmful to health
- commercially applied to treatment of inanimate
objects and materials
- bactericidal action, sanitization

9. Antiseptics : cetrimide, chlorhexidine, dequalinium,
methenamine, benzalkonium chloride
chemical that destroys or inhibits the growth of
microorganisms on skin or mucous membranes to cleanse
wounds and prevent infections or to be used internally to treat
infections of the intestine and bladder
Disinfectant : cresol, hexachlorophene, phenol
an agent that destroys or removes microorganisms to
cleanse surgical instruments and other objects. Diluted
solutions of some disinfectants may be used as antiseptics or
preservatives in solutions of eye drops or injections.

10. Stability
• easily contaminated with resistant microorganisms
<precautions>
• use freshly destilled or freshly boiled and cooled water
• use thoroughly cleansed equipment and containers
• avoid the use of cork closures or closures with cork liners
• the contents should not be used later than 1 week after
the container has been opened first
• solutions intended for application to abraded skin, the
eye, or for instillation into body cavities should be issued

11. Chlorhexidine gluconate
® Hibiten
• 0.02% solution : for bladder irrigation
• 0.05% solution : wound disinfectant
• 0.05% solution in glycerol : urethral disinfection and
catheter lubrication
• 0.5% solution in ethanol or isopropanol (70%) : for
preoperative disinfection of the skin

12. Solutions
How they are used
Liquid preparations containing one or more soluble
ingredients, usually dissolved in water.
Used internally or externally
Issued sterile or unsterilised

13. Aromatic water
• solutions of volatile oils or other aromatic substances in
water, usually saturated
• some of them have a mild therapeutic actions
• mainly used as a flavouring agent in internal liquid
preparations
• contain only a little alcohol  likely to become
contaminated
• preparation of aromatic waters may involve dilution of
• witch hazel :ethanolic external use
concentrated only for solution of aromatic water
• chloroform water is mainly used as a preservative
• anise water, camphor water, cinnamon water

14. Spirits
• solutions of ingredients, usually of volatile nature, in alcohol
• used in preparations intended for internal and external use
• frequently used as flavours
• some have therapeutic or preservative action
• stable due to high content of alcohol
• soap spirit : external used only
• benzaldehyde spirit
• lemon spirit

15. containers
• for internal use : coloured plain bottles
• for external use : coloured fluted bottles

16. tinctures
• alcoholic liquid contain in low concentration active crude
drugs.
• prepared by maceration (soak) or percolation (filtration)
• use in preparation
• belladonna tincture
• aromatic cardamom tincture
• benzoin tincture <external>