This document defines ointments as semi-solid preparations for application to the skin. It discusses the types of ointments including medicated and non-medicated. It describes the ideal properties of ointments and different bases used to make them, including oleaginous, absorption, water-removable, and water-soluble bases. Methods for preparing ointments by incorporation and fusion are also outlined.

2. Presented By
Qirtas Tauheed (100-E-14)
Ointments

3. Definition:
“Ointments are semi-solid
preparations for
application to the skin.”

4. Types of Ointments
Medicated ointments
Non-medicated ointments

5. Medicated ointments
These contain the medicament either dissolved
or dispersed in the vehicle as fine powders or in
the form of micronized powder e.g.
o Gentamicin ointment.

6. Non medicated ointments
These are used as vehicles for preparation of
medicated ointments or can be used for
their physical effects e.g.
oSoft Paraffin

7. Properties of ideal ointments
Non sensitizing
Non irritating
Pharmaceutically elegant
Efficient release of medicament at the
site of application
Water -washable

8. Ointment Bases
Ointment bases are generally classified
by the USP into four groups
I. Oleaginous bases
II. Absorption bases
III.Water removable bases
IV.Water soluble bases

9. 1)Oleaginous bases
Oleaginous bases are also termed as hydrocarbon bases.
On application to the skin
emollient
effect
occlusive
dressings
protect against the escape
of moisture

10. Examples of Oleaginous Bases
a)Petrolatum (USP)
is a purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons
obtained from petroleum.
A commercial product is Vaseline.
b) White Petrolatum(USP)
is a purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons from
petroleum that has been wholly or nearly decolorized.

11. c)Yellow ointment (USP)
is mixture (1000g) of yellow wax (50g) and
petrolatum (950g).
d)White ointment (USP)
This ointment differs from yellow ointment by
substituting white wax and white petrolatum in the
formula.

12. 2) Absorption bases
Absorption bases are of two types:
Those that permit the incorporation of
aqueous solutions resulting in the formation
of water-in-oil emulsions (e.g., hydrophilic
petrolatum)
Those that are water-in-oil emulsions and
permit the incorporation of additional
quantities of aqueous solutions (e.g., Lanolin)

13. Examples of Absorption bases
a) Hydrophilic petrolatum
Hydrophilic petrolatum, USP has the following formula for the preparation
of 1000 g:
Cholesterol 30 g
Stearyl alcohol 30 g
White wax 80 g
White petrolatum 860 g
b) Lanolin
 obtained from the wool of sheep;
 is a purified, wax-like substance that has been cleaned, deodorized, and
decolorized.

14. 3) Water-removable bases
Water-removable bases are oil-in-water
emulsions resembling creams in appearance.
Because the external phase of the emulsion is
aqueous, they are easily washed from skin and
are often called ‘water washable’ bases.
They may be diluted with water or aqueous
solutions e.g.
Hydrophilic ointment

15. 4) Water-soluble bases
 Water-soluble bases do not contain oleaginous
components.
 They are completely water-washable and often referred to
as ‘greaseless’.
 Because they soften greatly with the addition of water,
large amounts of aqueous solutions are not effectively
incorporated into these bases.
 They mostly are used for the incorporation of solid
substances. E.g.
Polyethylene glycol ointment

16. Selection of appropriate Base
• Release rate
• Topical or percutaneous drug absorption
• Occlusion
• Stability of drug
• Effect of drug on ointment base
• Easily removable
• Characteristics of surface for application

17. Preparation of ointments
Ointments are prepared by two general
methods:
- Incorporation
- Fusion
Incorporation
By the incorporation method, the components
are mixed until a uniform preparation is
attained.

18. Incorporation of solids:
The ointment base is placed on one side of
the working surface and the powdered
components, previously reduced to fine
powders and thoroughly blended in a
mortar, on the other side.

19. Incorporation of solids
 The drug (the pink
powder) is usually the
smaller quantity of the
two ingredients.
 Add an amount of the
ointment that is
approximately equal in
size to the drug.

20. Incorporation of solids
 Spatulate the mixture.
 Continue adding until all
of the ointment is used.
Spatulate after each
addition.

21. Incorporation of Liquids
• Liquid substances are added to an ointment after consideration of an
ointment bases capacity to accept the volume required.
• Small amount of an aqueous solution may be incorporated into an
oleaginous ointment
• Hydrophilic ointment bases readily accept aqueous solution. Addition of
aqueous preparation to a hydrophobic base
• First the aqueous solution incorporated into a small amount of a
hydrophilic base.
• Second that mixture then added to the hydrophobic abase.

22. Fusion Method
 Fusion is the act or procedure of liquefying or
melting by the application of heat.
 By the fusion method, all or some of the components
of an ointment are combined by melted together
and cooled with constant stirring until congealed.
 Heat labile substances added last, when the
temperature of the mixture is low enough not to
cause decomposition of the ingredients.

23. Fusion Method:
 In a small scale, the fusion process conducted in a porcelain
dish or glass beaker.
 In large scale, it is carried out in large steam-jacketed
kettles. After congealing the ointment may be passed
through an ointment mill (in large scale), in small scale
rubbed with spatula or in a mortar to ensure uniform
texture.

24. Packaging, storage, and labeling
 In large-mouth ointment jars or in metal or plastic
tubes;
 In well-closed containers to protect against
contamination and in a cool place to protect against
product separation due to heat;
 When required light sensitive preparations are
packaged or light resistant containers.
 In addition to the usual labeling requirements for
pharmaceutical products, the USP directs that the
labeling for certain ointments and creams include
the type of base used (e.g., water-soluble or water-
insoluble).

26. 1
2
3
3

27. Pharmaceutical Creams:
Creams are semisolid preparations containing
one or more medical agents dissolved or
dispersed in either an oil-in-water emulsion or
in another type of water-washable base.
Many patients and physicians prefer creams to
ointments because they are easier to spread
and remove than many ointments.