Slides from the Open Course Library's Psych 200 Lifespan Development Class: http://opencourselibrary.org/econ-201/.

1. Beginnings
Heredity, Prenatal
Development, and Birth

2. HEREDITY AND
ENVIRONMENT

3. What makes us who we are?
Photo Courtesy Overstreet

4. The Epigenetic Framework
The interplay between nature
and nurture

5. Many Factors
 Polygenic
 Multifactorial or complex
 Examples: Diabetes, heart disease

6. Chromosomes and Genes
 Chromosomes
 Humans 46
 Genes
 30,000 in humans
 The Human
Genome Project
 Ethical
considerations

7. Conception

8. Gametes
 Reproductive cells
 Sperm
 ova
 23 chromosomes
 Spermatogenesis
 Oogenesis

9. The Zygote
 Fertilized egg
 Fertilization in fallopian tube
 Meoisis: Genetic material combines
 Doubling then differentiation

10. Determining the Sex of the
Child
 22 chromosomes
from each parent are
similar in length
 23rd is either an X or
Y
 Half of sperm
contain a Y
 All of ova contain X
 XX female; XY male
 Microsort?

11. Monozygotic and Dizygotic
Twins
 Monozygotic
twins :single
fertilized egg
 Genetically
identical
 Less common
 Dizygotic twins:
two eggs and two
sperm
 Non-identical
 Most common and
increasing
(2/3rds)

12. Degrees of Separation and Types of Twin
Variations (Kevin Dufendach)

13. Genotype and Phenotype
 What you get genetically is not
always what you see
 Genotype: genetic potential
 Phenotype: actual physical traits

14. What Determines the
Expression of Genes?
 Additive Pattern: average of genes
(height; skin tone)
 Dominant/Recessive Pattern
 Curly hair
 Red hair
 Partial dominance or codominance
 Environmental factors (oxygen
deprivation, exertion, etc.)

15. Chromosomal
Abnormalities
 Age of mother
 Down syndrome (20 yr old woman
has 1 in 800 chance; 44yr old 1 in
16 chance)
 1/2 zygotes have abnormal
number of chromosomes
 If occurs anywhere but on 21st or
23rd position, organism usually dies

16. Trisomy 21
 Most common
chromosomal
abnormality
 Intellectual
developmental
delay, distinct
physical features

17. Sex Linked Chromosomal
Abnormalities
 Abnormal number
of chromosomes
on 23rd pair
 Numerous sex-linked
disorders
 XXX, XXY, XO, etc.
 Usually sterility
and learning
difficulties

18. Turner’s Syndrome

19. Genetic Disorders
 Are attributed to specific genes
 Dominant gene linked disorders
(Huntington’s Disease)
 Recessive gene linked disorders
(Sickle-Cell Anemia, Cystic Fibrosis)

20. Prenatal Development
The Germinal Period
The Embryonic Period
The Fetal Period

21. The Germinal Period
 First 14 days
 Cells differentiate
 60% fail (70% in-vitro)

22. The Embryonic Period
 3rd through the 8th
week
 Major structures
begin to form
 Proximodistal &
cephalocaudal
 20 percent fail
 Human appearance
Photo Courtesy Lunar
Caustic

23. The Fetal Period
 9th week until birth
 12th week genitals form
 Development continues
 End of 3rd month, all the
parts are present
 4-6th month
 Age of viability (24
weeks)
 7-9th month gain 5 lb, 7
inches
 5 percent fail

24. Teratology
The study of factors
contributing to birth defects

25. Risks During Prenatal
Development
 Timing of
exposure
 Amount of
exposure
 Genetics
 Gender

26. Critical Periods of Development

27. Alcohol
 Most common teratogen
 Vulnerability during the 2nd month of
development
 Moderate to heavy drinking or a single
binge (varies)

28. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum
Disorder

29. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum
Disorders
 Learning
difficulties
 Impaired motor
skills
 Flattened nose
 Widely spaced
eyes
 Small heads
 Long term
psychosocial
problems
 ARND and ARBD
 Neurological
damage
 Kidney, bone,
heart problems

30. Tobacco Use
 Fetal growth
restriction
 Low birth weight
 Placenta previa
 SIDS
 Neurological
problems
 (ADHD)

31. Other Teratogens
 Heroin
 Cocaine
 Marijuana
 Pollutants
 HIV
 Maternal Disease

32. Pregnancy and Childbirth
A look at complications of
pregnancy and methods of
childbirth

33. Minor Complications of
Pregnancy
 Nausea, heartburn, gas
 Hemorrhoids, backache, leg
cramps
 Insomnia, constipation
 Shortness of breath
 Varicose veins
 Cure? Delivery!!!!

34. Major Complications
 Severe vomiting
 Threatened abortion
 Preelampsia/Toxemia
 Ectopic (tubal) pregnancy
 Maternal mortality
 Infection
 Excessive bleeding

35. Problems of Newborn
 LBW <5.8 pounds (8% U.S.)
 Tobacco, alcohol, use; poor nutrition;
 Preterm early < 37 weeks (13%)
 Fetal Anoxia

36. Approaches to
CHILDBIRTH

37. Dick-Read Method
 Dick-Read: “Childbirth Without
Fear: The Principles and Practice of
Natural Childbirth”
 Pain comes from fear
 Education reduces fear
 Pregnancy Today - Childbirth
Without Fear: The Teachings of
Grantly Dick-Read

38. The Lamaze Method
 From Russia to
the US in the
1950s
 French
obstetrician
Fernand Lamaze
 Teach control
 Breathing,
relaxation and
focal point
 Have a coach
 Manage rather
than eliminate
pain

39. Other Methods
 LeBoyer: gentle birthing
 Out of hospital births (1 percent of
births)
 2/3rds are Home births
 1/3rd occur in birthing centers

40. Stages of Delivery
 First Stage
 Longest Stage
 Uterus contracts
 Cervix dilates
 Discharge of blood or amniotic fluid

41. Stage of Delivery
 Second Stage
 Baby through birth canal
 10-40 minutes
 Head normally delivered first
 Mother pushes and relaxes
 Episiotomy

42. Stages of Delivery
 Third Stage
 Placenta or afterbirth is delivered
 Episiotomy sutured
 Relatively painless

43. Assessing the Newborn
 The APGAR
 Heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex
response, and color
 Score 0-2 on each
 (<5 cause for concern)

44. The Neonatal Behavioral
Assessment Scale
Tests neurological
condition/behavior in four areas:
 Motor development
 Interactive behavior
 Response to stress
 Physiological control