IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Quantitative evaluation and analysis of morphometric parameters derived from ...AM Publications
GIS has become a key source to understand the hydrological conditions of watersheds for the last few decades. Arc Hydro tool of ArcGIS has been proven its role in the automated extraction of drainage network and morphometric analysis from DEMs. The delineation of drainage network can be done either manually from topographic sheets or derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data by means of computational methods. In the present work, ASTER DEM has been incurred to extract drainage network with the aid of Arc hydro tool. The Vaishali River basin of Madhya Pradesh has been taken as the study area. This study has been done primarily based on a geo-spatial software ARC GIS in which ARC HYDRO a tool has been used extensively. The quantitative evaluation and analysis of about twenty morphometric parameters has been done based on the linear, areal and relief aspects. The analysis has revealed that the Vaishali River basin is a fifth order basin showing dendritic drainage pattern with drainage density of 0.40 per km and stream frequency of 0.08 per km2. Low drainage density indicates the basin has not been much affected by structural disturbances while drainage frequency and very coarse drainage texture specifies low relief and porous, permeable rocks beneath the ground surface. The form factor, circularity ratio and elongated ratio suggest the basin shape as elongated. The area has low to moderate relief and slopes displays moderate relief ratios. It is concluded that this technique is not only reduces time but also provides valuable results which are very helpful for watershed management studies.
Morphometric analysis of a vrishabhavathi sub watershed upstream side of gali...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Morphometric analysis of vrishabhavathi watershed using remote sensing and giseSAT Journals
Abstract Vrishabhavathi Watershed is a constituent of the Arkavathi River Basin, Bangalore Urban and Ramanagara District and covers an area of 381.465Km2, representing seasonally dry tropical climate. To achieve the Morphometric analysis, Survey of India (SOI) topomaps in 1:50000 scales are procured and the boundary line is extracted by joining the ridge points. This will serve as study area or area of interest for preparing base map and thematic maps. The recent changes are updated with the help of Remote sensing satellite data. The drainage map is prepared with the help of Geographical Information System tool and morphometric parameters such as linear, aerial and relief aspects of the watershed have been determined. These dimensionless and dimensional parametric values are interpreted to understand the watershed characteristics. From the drainage map of the study area dendritic drainage pattern is identified. Strahler (1964) stream ordering method is used for stream ordering of the watershed. The drainage density of the watershed is 1.697 km/km2. Index Terms: Morphometric analysis, Remote Sensing, GIS, SOI Topomap and Vrishabhavathi Watershed
ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF RAINFALL ON THE STREAMFLOW ...civej
Precipitation within a river basin varies spatially and temporally and hence, is the most relevant input for
hydrologic modelling. Various interpolation methods exist to distribute rainfall spatially within a basin.
The sparse distribution of raingauge stations within a river basin and the differences in interpolation
methods can potentially impact the streamflow simulated using a hydrologic model. The present study
focuses on assessing the effect of spatial interpolation of rainfall using Theissen polygon, Inverse distance
weighted (IDW) method and Ordinary Kriging on the streamflow simulated using a physically based
spatially distributed model-SHETRAN in Vamanapuram river basin in Southern Kerala, India. The
SHETRAN model in the present study utilises rainfall data from the available rain gauge stations within the
basin and potential evapo-transpiration calculated using Penman-Monteith method, along with other input
parameters like soil and landuse. Four years of rainfall and evapo-transpiration data on a daily scale is
used for model calibration and one year data for validation. The performance of the different spatial
interpolation methods were assessed based on the Mean Annual flow and statistical parameters like NashSutcliffe
Efficiency, coefficient of determination. The ordinary kriging and IDW methods were found to be
satisfactory in the spatial interpolation of rainfall.
Remote Sensing & GIS based drainage morphometryAkshay Wakode
Remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques are increasingly being used for morphometric analysis of drainage basins throughout the world. GIS facilitates the manipulation and analysis of spatial information obtained using remote sensing. Integrating GIS and RS provides an efficient mechanism not only to upgrade and monitor morphometric parameters but also to permit spatial analysis of other associated thematic database. As compared to the conventional morphometric studies, remote sensing provides extant ground reality inputs for assessing changes in drainage patterns, density soil characteristics and land-use/land form changes in real life. Morphometry by and large, affects the hydrological processes rather indirectly through their dependency on several other factors such as soil, geology, vegetation cover and climate (Schmidt et al. 2000). The interrelationship between morphometric parameters varies from basin to basin under diverse topography and climatic condition. Understanding these relationship would enable the identification of the dominant parameters acting on a particular basin. An extensive and detailed analysis accounting for the various morphometric parameters under linear, areal and relief aspects of measurements was performed. The test site is located along the foothills of the Western Ghats, near the city of Pune and comprises of three large scale basins. The three rivers viz. Ghod, Bhima and Mula-Mutha, which are amongst the largest in the state, broadly consist of 23 sub-basins of Ghod, 22 of Bhima and 11 of Mula-Mutha.
Quantitative evaluation and analysis of morphometric parameters derived from ...AM Publications
GIS has become a key source to understand the hydrological conditions of watersheds for the last few decades. Arc Hydro tool of ArcGIS has been proven its role in the automated extraction of drainage network and morphometric analysis from DEMs. The delineation of drainage network can be done either manually from topographic sheets or derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data by means of computational methods. In the present work, ASTER DEM has been incurred to extract drainage network with the aid of Arc hydro tool. The Vaishali River basin of Madhya Pradesh has been taken as the study area. This study has been done primarily based on a geo-spatial software ARC GIS in which ARC HYDRO a tool has been used extensively. The quantitative evaluation and analysis of about twenty morphometric parameters has been done based on the linear, areal and relief aspects. The analysis has revealed that the Vaishali River basin is a fifth order basin showing dendritic drainage pattern with drainage density of 0.40 per km and stream frequency of 0.08 per km2. Low drainage density indicates the basin has not been much affected by structural disturbances while drainage frequency and very coarse drainage texture specifies low relief and porous, permeable rocks beneath the ground surface. The form factor, circularity ratio and elongated ratio suggest the basin shape as elongated. The area has low to moderate relief and slopes displays moderate relief ratios. It is concluded that this technique is not only reduces time but also provides valuable results which are very helpful for watershed management studies.
Morphometric analysis of a vrishabhavathi sub watershed upstream side of gali...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Morphometric analysis of vrishabhavathi watershed using remote sensing and giseSAT Journals
Abstract Vrishabhavathi Watershed is a constituent of the Arkavathi River Basin, Bangalore Urban and Ramanagara District and covers an area of 381.465Km2, representing seasonally dry tropical climate. To achieve the Morphometric analysis, Survey of India (SOI) topomaps in 1:50000 scales are procured and the boundary line is extracted by joining the ridge points. This will serve as study area or area of interest for preparing base map and thematic maps. The recent changes are updated with the help of Remote sensing satellite data. The drainage map is prepared with the help of Geographical Information System tool and morphometric parameters such as linear, aerial and relief aspects of the watershed have been determined. These dimensionless and dimensional parametric values are interpreted to understand the watershed characteristics. From the drainage map of the study area dendritic drainage pattern is identified. Strahler (1964) stream ordering method is used for stream ordering of the watershed. The drainage density of the watershed is 1.697 km/km2. Index Terms: Morphometric analysis, Remote Sensing, GIS, SOI Topomap and Vrishabhavathi Watershed
ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF RAINFALL ON THE STREAMFLOW ...civej
Precipitation within a river basin varies spatially and temporally and hence, is the most relevant input for
hydrologic modelling. Various interpolation methods exist to distribute rainfall spatially within a basin.
The sparse distribution of raingauge stations within a river basin and the differences in interpolation
methods can potentially impact the streamflow simulated using a hydrologic model. The present study
focuses on assessing the effect of spatial interpolation of rainfall using Theissen polygon, Inverse distance
weighted (IDW) method and Ordinary Kriging on the streamflow simulated using a physically based
spatially distributed model-SHETRAN in Vamanapuram river basin in Southern Kerala, India. The
SHETRAN model in the present study utilises rainfall data from the available rain gauge stations within the
basin and potential evapo-transpiration calculated using Penman-Monteith method, along with other input
parameters like soil and landuse. Four years of rainfall and evapo-transpiration data on a daily scale is
used for model calibration and one year data for validation. The performance of the different spatial
interpolation methods were assessed based on the Mean Annual flow and statistical parameters like NashSutcliffe
Efficiency, coefficient of determination. The ordinary kriging and IDW methods were found to be
satisfactory in the spatial interpolation of rainfall.
Remote Sensing & GIS based drainage morphometryAkshay Wakode
Remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques are increasingly being used for morphometric analysis of drainage basins throughout the world. GIS facilitates the manipulation and analysis of spatial information obtained using remote sensing. Integrating GIS and RS provides an efficient mechanism not only to upgrade and monitor morphometric parameters but also to permit spatial analysis of other associated thematic database. As compared to the conventional morphometric studies, remote sensing provides extant ground reality inputs for assessing changes in drainage patterns, density soil characteristics and land-use/land form changes in real life. Morphometry by and large, affects the hydrological processes rather indirectly through their dependency on several other factors such as soil, geology, vegetation cover and climate (Schmidt et al. 2000). The interrelationship between morphometric parameters varies from basin to basin under diverse topography and climatic condition. Understanding these relationship would enable the identification of the dominant parameters acting on a particular basin. An extensive and detailed analysis accounting for the various morphometric parameters under linear, areal and relief aspects of measurements was performed. The test site is located along the foothills of the Western Ghats, near the city of Pune and comprises of three large scale basins. The three rivers viz. Ghod, Bhima and Mula-Mutha, which are amongst the largest in the state, broadly consist of 23 sub-basins of Ghod, 22 of Bhima and 11 of Mula-Mutha.
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SUKE SUB-WATERSHED OF TAWA RESERVOIR CATCHMENT AREA ...Journal For Research
The study area covers 732.95 Km2 in suke sub-watershed of Tawa reservoir catchment area of Hoshangabad, Bhopal (M.P.). the drainage network of suke sub watershed and measurement of Linear, Aereal and Relief aspects of basin by digitized using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The drainage network shows that the terrain exhibits dendritic drainage pattern. Stream order ranges from one to sixth order. The drainage density in the area 2.06km/km.2 belong to moderate category.Stream frequency in the area 2.82 and texture ratio 4.08 is range to belong moderate condition. The form factor indicate the sub watershed are less elongated in shape. The high value of circulatory ration the sub watershed is characterize by high to moderate relief and drainage system structurally controlled but the study area Rc is less than .50 indicating they are less elongated in shape.
In developing accurate hydro geomorphological analysis, monitoring, ability to generate information in spatial and temporal domain and delineation of land features are crucial for successful analysis and prediction of groundwater resources. However, the use of RS and GIS in handling large amount of spatial data provides to gain accurate information for delineating the geological and geomorphological characteristics and allied significance, which are considered as a controlling factor for the occurrence and movement of groundwater used IRS LISS II data on 1: 50000 scale along with topographic maps in various parts of India to develop integrated groundwater potential zone
- Morphometric analysis of the Watershed is considered to be the most satisfactory method because it enables in
understanding of the relationship of various aspects within a drainage basin. In the present study two mini watersheds in Raichur city
have been considered Mini-watershed 1 with an area of 519.32 km2 with highest order stream of 6 it flows through north of city and it
joins the streams of Krishna, Mini –Watershed 2 with an area of 360.97 km2 with highest order stream of 5 it flows through south of
city and joins Tungabhadra streams. The values of Stream frequency is 1.07 and 1.03, Form factor 0.35and 0.53, Shape factor 2.84 and
1.90, Elongation Ratio 0.67 and 0.82, Circularity Ratio 0.27 and 0.42, Drainage density 1.26 and 1.30, Length of overland flow 0.40 and
0.38 for Mini-watershed 1 and Mini-watershed 2 respectively
Runoff is one of the most significant hydrological variables used in most of the water resources applications. Physiographically the area is characterized by undulating topography with plains and valleys. The Soil Conservation Service Curve Numbers also known as hydrologic soil group method were used in this study. This method is adaptable and suitable approach for quick runoff estimation and is approximately easy to use with minimum data and it gives good result. From the study yearly rainfall and runoff were estimated easily. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively.
Hydrological Application of Remote – Sensing and GIS for Handling of Excess R...IDES Editor
A GIS based hydrological analysis has been carried
out to explore the possibility of diverting storm runoff
generated from the upper catchment safely through a canal
system constructed at the foothill to avoid flooding at
downstream. The study area consisted of Kalapahar-Udyachal
hills (5.38 km sq) in the Kahilipara- Odalbakra area, situated
in the city of Guwahati, Assam. The Digital Elevation Model
(DEM) of the study area was developed from the Survey of
India(SOI) toposheet (1972) using Arcgis software. Watershed
delineation and derivation of required topographic parameters
for for calculating the peak discharge from different
watersheds were done with the help of the generated DEM.
Based on the hydrological analysis, means of safe diversion
of runoff water from hillocks was found out and canal
design of varying geometry capable of handling the peak
discharge suggested.
Streamflow simulation using radar-based precipitation applied to the Illinois...Alireza Safari
This paper describes the application of a spatially distributed hydrological model WetSpa (Water and Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere) using radar-based rainfall data provide by the United States Hydrology Laboratory of NOAA's National Weather Service for a distributed model intercomparison project. The model is applied to the
river basin above Tahlequah hydrometry station with 30-m spatial resolution and one hour time--step for a total simulation period of 6 years. Rainfall inputs are derived from radar. The distributed model parameters are based on an extensive database of watershed characteristics available for the region, including digital maps of DEM, soil type, and land use. The model is calibrated and validated on part of the river flow records. The simulated hydrograph shows a good correspondence with observation (Nash efficiency coeffiecient >80%, indicating that the model is able to simulate the relevant hydrologic processes in the basin accurately.
The study determined and analysed morphometric characteristics of the Sumanpa catchment in the Forest-
Savannah Transitional zone of the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Quantitative morphometric parameters were determined
using remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess the requirements for ecological and hydrological conservation,
planning, development and management of the catchment landscape. Results indicated that the total length of stream
segments was highest under the first order streams and decreased as the stream order increased. The catchment has an area
of 38 km2with channel closeness of 0.934 km km-2 indicating permeable sub-soil. The catchment has a relief of 137m and
a total length of stream network of 36.51km out of which 61% was ephemeral, 38.9 % was second and third order streams.
The catchment has 44 % of its area located on slopes between 5-10o with generally good vegetation cover. There are 31
streams linked to a 3rd order trunk stream forming a trellis drainage pattern. The catchment’s morphometric features
suggest a general fragile topographic condition which needs strategic approach for soil and water conservation measures
and urban landuse planning.
A study confined to the lower tapi basin in Gujarat, India to find out the primary causes for 2006 floods in Surat city. The study involves collection of topographical data from the local geological survey organization, rainfall data from meteorological department of india and the application of HEC-HMS software from US Army corps of engineers to identify the primary cause of the runoff.
Migrating from a legacy enterprise resource planning (erp) system to a new er...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Development of mathematical model on gas tungsten arc welding process parameterseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Identity based cryptography for client side security in web applications (web...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technologyis an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Fine–grained analysis and profiling of software bugs to facilitate waste iden...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SUKE SUB-WATERSHED OF TAWA RESERVOIR CATCHMENT AREA ...Journal For Research
The study area covers 732.95 Km2 in suke sub-watershed of Tawa reservoir catchment area of Hoshangabad, Bhopal (M.P.). the drainage network of suke sub watershed and measurement of Linear, Aereal and Relief aspects of basin by digitized using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The drainage network shows that the terrain exhibits dendritic drainage pattern. Stream order ranges from one to sixth order. The drainage density in the area 2.06km/km.2 belong to moderate category.Stream frequency in the area 2.82 and texture ratio 4.08 is range to belong moderate condition. The form factor indicate the sub watershed are less elongated in shape. The high value of circulatory ration the sub watershed is characterize by high to moderate relief and drainage system structurally controlled but the study area Rc is less than .50 indicating they are less elongated in shape.
In developing accurate hydro geomorphological analysis, monitoring, ability to generate information in spatial and temporal domain and delineation of land features are crucial for successful analysis and prediction of groundwater resources. However, the use of RS and GIS in handling large amount of spatial data provides to gain accurate information for delineating the geological and geomorphological characteristics and allied significance, which are considered as a controlling factor for the occurrence and movement of groundwater used IRS LISS II data on 1: 50000 scale along with topographic maps in various parts of India to develop integrated groundwater potential zone
- Morphometric analysis of the Watershed is considered to be the most satisfactory method because it enables in
understanding of the relationship of various aspects within a drainage basin. In the present study two mini watersheds in Raichur city
have been considered Mini-watershed 1 with an area of 519.32 km2 with highest order stream of 6 it flows through north of city and it
joins the streams of Krishna, Mini –Watershed 2 with an area of 360.97 km2 with highest order stream of 5 it flows through south of
city and joins Tungabhadra streams. The values of Stream frequency is 1.07 and 1.03, Form factor 0.35and 0.53, Shape factor 2.84 and
1.90, Elongation Ratio 0.67 and 0.82, Circularity Ratio 0.27 and 0.42, Drainage density 1.26 and 1.30, Length of overland flow 0.40 and
0.38 for Mini-watershed 1 and Mini-watershed 2 respectively
Runoff is one of the most significant hydrological variables used in most of the water resources applications. Physiographically the area is characterized by undulating topography with plains and valleys. The Soil Conservation Service Curve Numbers also known as hydrologic soil group method were used in this study. This method is adaptable and suitable approach for quick runoff estimation and is approximately easy to use with minimum data and it gives good result. From the study yearly rainfall and runoff were estimated easily. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively.
Hydrological Application of Remote – Sensing and GIS for Handling of Excess R...IDES Editor
A GIS based hydrological analysis has been carried
out to explore the possibility of diverting storm runoff
generated from the upper catchment safely through a canal
system constructed at the foothill to avoid flooding at
downstream. The study area consisted of Kalapahar-Udyachal
hills (5.38 km sq) in the Kahilipara- Odalbakra area, situated
in the city of Guwahati, Assam. The Digital Elevation Model
(DEM) of the study area was developed from the Survey of
India(SOI) toposheet (1972) using Arcgis software. Watershed
delineation and derivation of required topographic parameters
for for calculating the peak discharge from different
watersheds were done with the help of the generated DEM.
Based on the hydrological analysis, means of safe diversion
of runoff water from hillocks was found out and canal
design of varying geometry capable of handling the peak
discharge suggested.
Streamflow simulation using radar-based precipitation applied to the Illinois...Alireza Safari
This paper describes the application of a spatially distributed hydrological model WetSpa (Water and Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere) using radar-based rainfall data provide by the United States Hydrology Laboratory of NOAA's National Weather Service for a distributed model intercomparison project. The model is applied to the
river basin above Tahlequah hydrometry station with 30-m spatial resolution and one hour time--step for a total simulation period of 6 years. Rainfall inputs are derived from radar. The distributed model parameters are based on an extensive database of watershed characteristics available for the region, including digital maps of DEM, soil type, and land use. The model is calibrated and validated on part of the river flow records. The simulated hydrograph shows a good correspondence with observation (Nash efficiency coeffiecient >80%, indicating that the model is able to simulate the relevant hydrologic processes in the basin accurately.
The study determined and analysed morphometric characteristics of the Sumanpa catchment in the Forest-
Savannah Transitional zone of the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Quantitative morphometric parameters were determined
using remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess the requirements for ecological and hydrological conservation,
planning, development and management of the catchment landscape. Results indicated that the total length of stream
segments was highest under the first order streams and decreased as the stream order increased. The catchment has an area
of 38 km2with channel closeness of 0.934 km km-2 indicating permeable sub-soil. The catchment has a relief of 137m and
a total length of stream network of 36.51km out of which 61% was ephemeral, 38.9 % was second and third order streams.
The catchment has 44 % of its area located on slopes between 5-10o with generally good vegetation cover. There are 31
streams linked to a 3rd order trunk stream forming a trellis drainage pattern. The catchment’s morphometric features
suggest a general fragile topographic condition which needs strategic approach for soil and water conservation measures
and urban landuse planning.
A study confined to the lower tapi basin in Gujarat, India to find out the primary causes for 2006 floods in Surat city. The study involves collection of topographical data from the local geological survey organization, rainfall data from meteorological department of india and the application of HEC-HMS software from US Army corps of engineers to identify the primary cause of the runoff.
Migrating from a legacy enterprise resource planning (erp) system to a new er...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Development of mathematical model on gas tungsten arc welding process parameterseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Identity based cryptography for client side security in web applications (web...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technologyis an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Fine–grained analysis and profiling of software bugs to facilitate waste iden...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance evaluation of bituminous concrete incorporating crumb rubber and ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Latent fingerprint and vein matching using ridge feature identificationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Prioritization of watershed has picked up significance in watershed management. Morphometic analysis is been commonly applied to prioritize the watershed. In the present study two mini watersheds in Raichur city have been considered Mini-watershed 1 with an area of 519.32 km2 with highest order stream of 6 Mini -Watershed 2 with an area of 360.97 km2 with highest order stream of 5. There are Seven Subwatersheds in both the Mini-watersheds. Various morphometric parameters namely Bifurcation ratio(Rb), Drainage density(Dd), Stream frequency(Ns), Texture ratio(T), Form factor(Rf), Circularity ratio(Rc), Elongation Ratio(Re), length of overland flow, shape factor(Bs), compactness ratio (Cc) has been determined for each subwatershed and allotted position on premise of relationship as to arrive at a Compound value for final ranking of subwatershed. The morphometric parameters ranges between Rb (2.95-5.50), Dd (1.218-1.373), Ns (0.890-1.182), T (0.731-1.590), Rf (0.230-0.850), Rc (0.246-0.500), Re (0.55-1.04), Cc (1.40-1.83), Lof (0.364-0.411), and Bs (1.17-4.20). It is found that in Mini-watershed 1 50.87% of area falls under Very high Priority category 32.94% under high, 8.96% under medium and 7.23% under very low priority category and in Mini-watershed 2 20.34% of area falls under very high, 19.82% under high and 59.84% under medium priority category.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Evaluation of morphometric parameters derived from Cartosat-1 DEM using remot...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
The quantitative analysis of drainage system is
an important aspect of characterization of watersheds.
Using watershed as a basin unit in morphometric analysis
is the most logical choice because all hydrological and
geomorphic processes occur within the watershed. The
Budigere Amanikere watershed a tributary of Dakshina
Pinakini River has been selected for case illustration.
Geoinformatics module consisting of ArcGIS 10.3v and
Cartosat-1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) version 1 of
resolution 1 arc Sec (*32 m) data obtained from Bhuvan
is effectively used. Sheet and gully erosion are identified in
parts of the study area. Slope in the watershed indicating
moderate to least runoff and negligible soil loss condition.
Third and fourth-order sub-watershed analysis is carried
out. Mean bifurcation ratio (Rb) 3.6 specify there is no
dominant influence of geology and structures, low drainage
density (Dd) 1.12 and low stream frequency (Fs) 1.17
implies highly infiltration subsoil material and low runoff,
infiltration number (If)1.3 implies higher infiltration
capacity, coarse drainage texture (T) 3.40 shows high
permeable subsoil, length of overland flow (Lg) 0.45
indicates under very less structural disturbances, less runoff
conditions, constant of channel maintenance (C) 0.9 indicates
higher permeability of subsoil, elongation ratio (Re)
0.58, circularity ratio (Rc) 0.75 and form factor (Rf) 0.26
signifies sub-circular to more elongated basin with high
infiltration with low runoff. It was observed from the
hypsometric curves and hypsometric integral values of the
watershed along with their sub basins that the drainage
system is attaining a mature stage of geomorphic development.
Additionally, Hypsometric curve and hypsometric
integral value proves that the infiltration capacity is high as
well as runoff is low in the watershed. Thus, these mormometric
analyses can be used as an estimator of erosion
status of watersheds leading to prioritization for taking up
soil and water conservation measures.
Landforms together make up a given terrain, and their arrangement in the landscape is known as topography. The Study Area lies between 750 29’ 19” E and 760 37’ 40” E longitude and 110 55’ 54” N and 130 23’ 12.8” N latitude. The study area covers an area of 10874.65 km2, having maximum length of 143.73 km. Drainage density is 1.43 km/km2 hence area is of coarse texture. The length of overlandflow is less than 0.4 indicating more runoff less infiltration. The study of hypsometric properties of watershed using hypsometric integral (HI) and hypsometric curve retrieved in that, HI value is 0.57 and hence watershed falls under the Mature Stage. Circularity ratio is 0.26 which shows that the drainage area is less circular.
Unit Hydrograph (UH) is the most famous and generally utilized technique for analysing and deriving flood hydrograph resulting from a known storm in a basin area. For ungauged catchments, unit hydrograph are derived using either regional unit hydrograph approach. Central Water Commission (CWC) derived the regional unit hydrograph relationships for different sub-zones of India relating to the various unit hydrograph parameters with some prominent physiographic characteristics. In this study, the lately developed UH model is applied located between Latitude 15º54′2′′ N to 16º16′19′′ N Latitude and 76º48′40′′ E to77º4′21′′ E Longitude. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively. The Peak discharge of unit hydrograph obtained is 171.58m3/s. The final cumulative discharge is 1669.05 m3/s.
Adequate knowledge about the hydrology is very much required for the proper planning and management of water resources in an area. Rainfall and runoff are the important constituents in determining the hydrology of an area to determine the water management strategies. SCS- CN method is a widely used method for the calculation of surface runoff considering the land use pattern, soil type and antecedent moisture condition. In the present study runoff of the Palar watershed, Karnataka state, South India has been calculated using the SCS-CN method. The watershed consists of a total area of 2872.357 km2. The maximum rainfall of 1231.67 mm in the year 2005 and a minimum of 418.7 mm in the year 2003. The average annual runoff is calculated as 218.26 mm and 626.91MCM. The rainfall- runoff correlation value is 0.8253. The study results can be effectively coordinated for the watershed management activities.
Accurate estimation of runoff and sediment yield amount is not only an important task in physiographic but also important for proper watershed management. Watershed is an ideal unit for planning and management of land and water resources. Direct runoff in a catchment depends on soil type, land cover and rainfall. Of the many methods available for estimating runoff from rainfall, the curve number method (SCS-CN) is the most popular. The curve number depends upon soil and land use characteristics. This study was conducted in the Upper Cauvery Karnataka using remote sensing and GIS. SCSCN method has been used for surface runoff estimation for Eight watersheds of Upper Cauvery. The soil map and land use were created in the GIS environment, because the curve number method is used here as a distributed model. The major advantage of employing GIS in rainfall -runoff modelling is that more accurate sizing and catchment characterization can be achieved. Furthermore, the analysis can be performed much faster, especially when there is a complex mix of land use classes and different soil types. The results showed that the surface runoff ranged from 170.12-599.84 mm in the study area, when rainfall rates were received from 1042.65-1912 mm. To find the relationship between rainfall and runoff rates, The straight line equation was used, That was found there a strong correlation between Runoff and precipitation rates, The value correlation coefficient between them was 86%. The Average depth of runoff is more in watershed A4, Average runoff coefficient is less in Watershed B2, the correlation coefficient is high in A4 to a value of almost 95%. Through of these results, the study recommends take advantage of runoff rates by reserving them at collection of Watershed and then using them for agricultural purposes in the vicinity. This would be better than reserving water from the total area which is 10874.65 square kilometers, and then will evaporate or infiltrate before reaching the dam lake
Evaluation of Morphometric Parameters Derived from CartoDEM and Aster GDEM wi...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
From three different sources viz. survey of India topographic map (1:50,000), CartoDEM (10 mts) and Aster GDEM (30 mts) morphometric parameters are derived and evaluated. Manually digitized the drainage network from toposheets and extracted drainage network system from CartoDEM and Aster GDEM using ArcGIS 10.2 software. Basic, derived and shape parameters are considered for basin analysis. The mean bifurcation ratio of the given basin for CartoDEM & Aster GDEM are having nearby values and also indicates some sort of geological control, high stream frequency (Fs) is indicative of high relief and low infiltration capacity of the bedrock pointing towards the increase in stream population with respect to increase in drainage density, low drainage density (Dd) leads to coarse drainage texture, value of Lg for topographic, CartoDEM and Aster GDEM data indicating very fine texture & fine texture respectively. From the shape parameters the Kumudvathi watershed indicates it is sub-circular and elongated. The results from the high resolution data will have the nearby values and less of % variation, whereas in low resolution data % of variation is more and will not meet criteria.
Determining The Coefficient Of Tr, Α And River Length (L) Of Flood Runoff Mod...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS ON PRECAMBRIAN ROCKS IN PART OF CAUVERY BASIN, CHAMARAJ...IAEME Publication
Morphometric analyses are the suitable tool for hydrological investigations in developing and management of land and surface water resources of a larger region. Survey of India (SoI) toposheet,Remote Sensing (RS) Satellite data, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning
System (GPS) are integrated in mapping of stream order, drainage, slope and other related features of a river basin. The present aim is an attempt to map the morphometric parameters and hydrologic behavior in Precambrian rocks of Dharwar Craton and Northern Granulite Terrains in South India. The drainage network is delivered on geo-coded FCC of IRS-1D, PAN+LISS-III satellite image and merged on SoI toposheets of 1:50,000 scale. The values of linear, aerial and relief variables are calculated and accounted by GIS analysis. The variation in stream length ratio changes due to change
in slope, lithology, landforms and topography, while the variation in the values of bifurcation ratio describes the control of lithology/structure and morphology on the network development
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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IC-RICE Conference Issue | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 449
ESTIMATION OF MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS AND
RUNOFF USING RS & GIS TECHNIQUES
Shrudha. V. K¹, Hafeezunnisa²
1
Assistant Professor, Rajarajeshwari College of Engineering Bangalore
2
Assistant Engineer, WRDO Bangalore Govt of Karnataka
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the level
of interest towards watershed approach. A watershed is an
area from which runoff resulting from precipitation flows past
a single point into large streams, rivers, lakes or oceans.
Advances in computational power, growing availability of
spatial data have made it possible to predict the runoff
accurately. One of the objectives of the study is to draw
inferences from morphometric analysis and check with the
runoff estimated using SCS curve number model. Quantitative
description of the catchment geometry requires measurement
of linear features, gradient of channel network and
contributing slope of the drainage basin. For this, the remote
sensing techniques using satellite images and digital database
using geographic information system plays a major role in
analyzing the catchment parameters and its effect on runoff.
2. STUDY AREA:
The study area is Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur
and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude
75⁰52’08.77”E and 13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area
of 559.493 Sq.km. Fig. 1 shows the location map of the study
area and 20 Micro-watersheds (Fig. 2) are delineated based on
topography and drainage pattern to understand hydrological
process of the catchment at the watershed level. The drainage
pattern is coarse texture and dendritic to sub-dendritic
drainage pattern at catchment level and coarse to very coarse
drainage texture at Micro-watersheds level. The annual
rainfall varies from a maximum of 2301 mm to a minimum of
1233 mm with a mean annual rainfall of 1921.5 mm. The
principal soil types are red loamy and red clayey soils
Fig. 1 Location map of study area
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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IC-RICE Conference Issue | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 450
Fig. 2 Micro Watershed map of study area
3. DATA USED
The Survey of India (SOI) topomap nos. 57C /04, 57D/01,
48O/16, 48P/13 topomaps on 1:50000 scale. are used for
delineation of catchment, Micro-watersheds and drainage
map. IRS-1D LISS III 15th December, 2001 and March 15th,
2001 are used for updating drainage map and preparation of
thematic maps. Daily rainfall data for runoff estimation on
daily basis is considered.
4. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS:
Morphometric analysis provides quantitative description of the
basin geometry to understand initial slope or inequalities in the
rock hardness, structural controls, geological and geomorphic
history of drainage basin [Strahler, 1964]. One of the
advantages of morphometric analysis is that many of the
watershed parameters derived are in the form of ratios,
dimensionless numbers, thus providing an effective
comparison irrespective of scale [Krishnamurthy et al., 1996].
The morphometric analysis is the measurement of linear
aspect, areal and relief aspects of drainage basin. The concept
of stream ordering has been outlined by [Horton 1932] and
later amended by [Strahler 1964] to decrease the subjectivity
of drainage analysis. The highest order assigned is 6th order
and hence designated as sixth order catchment. Fig. 3 shows
the stream order map. Moprhomteric characteristics and
parameters estimated are tabulated in Table 1 and 2
respectively.
Fig. 3 Stream order map
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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IC-RICE Conference Issue | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 451
Table.1 Morphometric Characteristic of Yagachi catchment
Table.2 Morphometric Parameters of Yagachi Catchment
Different Morphometric Parameter of Yagachi Catchment
Sl no Watershed parameters Units Values
1 Watershed area Km² 559.49
2 Perimeter of Watershed Km 114.99
3 Watershed highest order No 6
4 Maximum length of Watershed Km 31.83
5 Maximum width of Watershed Km 28.4
6 Form factor 0.55
7 Shape factor 1.81
8 Cumulative stream segment Km 1552
9 Cumulative stream length Km 683.68
10 Stream frequency No/Km² 2.774
11 Drainage density Km/Km² 1.222
12 Constant of Channel maintenance Km²/Km 0.818
13 Length of Overland flow Km 0.67
14 Bifurcation ratio 0.999
15 Stream length ratio 2.277
16 Circularity ratio 0.531
17 Elongation ratio 0.593
18 Compactness coefficient 1.372
19 Watershed relief ratio 0.024
20 Relative relief ratio 0.628
21 Ruggedness number 0.0009
Stream
order
No of
segments
(Nu)
Total
Stream
length
" L "
(Km)
Bifurcation
ratio (Rb)
Mean
length Lu
(Km)
Cumulative
length
(Km)
Cumulative
No of
Segments
Stream
Length
Ratio
(RL=
Lu/(Lu-
1))
Drainage
density
1 1301 551.85 6.706 0.424 551.85 1301 -
0.986
2 194 100.9 4.512 0.52 652.75 1495 1.226
3 43 19.17 4.3 0.446 671.92 1538 0.857
4 10 6.308 3.333 0.631 678.23 1548 1.415
5 3 1.879 3 0.626 680.11 1551 0.993
6 1 3.573 - 3.573 683.68 1552 5.705
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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IC-RICE Conference Issue | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 452
5. RUNOFF ESTIMATION:
Reliable prediction of quantity and rate of runoff from land
surface into streams and rivers is difficult and time
consuming. Conventional models for prediction of river
discharge require considerable hydrological and metrological
data. Collection of these data is expensive, time consuming
and a difficult process. Remote sensing technology has
augmented the conventional methods to a great extent in
rainfall-runoff studies. The curve number method (Soil
Conservation Services, SCS, 1972) also known as the
hydrologic soil cover complex method is a versatile and
widely used procedure for runoff estimation for ungauged
watersheds. McCuen (1982);Stube and Johnston (1990);
Ramaprasad et al. (1993); Ponce and Hawkins (1996)
Nageshwar Rao (2010) have demonstrated the use of SCS
curve number model for runoff estimation. This method
include several important properties of watershed namely soil
permeability, land use and antecedent soil moisture condition.
The SCS curve number method is based on the water balance
equation and developed on two fundamental hypothesis. The
first Hypothesis is expressed as;
Q/(P-Ia)=F/S (1)
where Q is the runoff, P is the rainfall and F is the actual
infiltration and it is the difference between the potential and
accumulated runoff. Ia is the initial abstraction, which
represent all the losses before the runoff begins. S is the
potential infiltration after the runoff begins (S>F). The second
hypothesis is expressed as ;
F= (P-Ia)-Q (2)
Substituting F in eq(1) and rewriting we
get;
Q= (P-Ia)2/
(P-Ia)+S (3)
Where
IA=0.2S (4)
S is spatially distributed variable defined
As
S = (25400/CN)-254 (5)
Curve Number Index (CN) is a relative measure of retention
of water by a given soil vegetation complex and takes on
values from 0 to 100. It is a combination of a hydrologic soil
group and antecedent moisture conditions. The Curve Number
values for AMC-I and AMC-III are obtained from AMC-II
[Ven Te Chow, 1982] by the method of conservation. The
empirical equations used for estimation of CN1 and CN3 are
as follows
CN1=CN2/ (2.281-0.0128CN2) (6)
CN3=CN2/ (0.427+0.00573CN2) (7)
The curve number are assigned on by polygon wise by
overlaying the land use/land cover map and hydrological map
Fig. 4 Land use/Land Cover Map Fig. 5 Hydrological Soil Group map
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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IC-RICE Conference Issue | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 453
Fig. 6 Curve Number map
Fig. 6 shows the curve number map of the catchment area. The
daily runoff on watershed wise is estimated for a period of 10
years from 2001 to 2010 by concentrating all the three AMC
conditions with daily rainfall data.
6. RESULTS & DISCUSSION:
The term bifurcation ratio (Rb) is used to express the ratio of
number of streams of any given order to the ratio of streams in
the next higher order. It is observed that, the bifurcation ratio
is less than 5 indicating that the catchment is structurally
controlled or the structural disturbance is less. But, when
individual Micro-watersheds are analyzed higher bifurcation
ratio is noted in most of the Micro-watersheds which indicates
structural disturbance and head ward erosion. The bifurcation
ratio of all micro-watersheds indicates normal category. The
presence of low drainage density suggests that it has highly
permeable sub-soil and moderate to coarse drainage texture.
The value of stream frequency for all the Micro-watershed
varies from 1.73 to 6.34. It is noted that the drainage density
values of all the micro watersheds exhibit positive correlation
with the stream frequency suggesting that there is an increase
in stream population with respect to increasing drainage
density.
The rainfall runoff relationship for the Yagachi catchment is
shown in fig 7. It is depicted that positive correlation occurs
between rainfall and runoff in all the 20 micro-watersheds.
The regression coefficient values for the micro-watersheds lie
between 0.602 to 0.866. The maximum weighted rainfall and
runoff for the catchment was 1530mm and 184mm and
minimum rainfall and runoff were 779 mm and 42mm
respectively during 10 years period. It is observed that during
the year 2009 maximum rainfall and runoff of 2301mm and
753mm respectively have occurred in Micro-watershed 1. It is
also observed that during the year 2006 in Micro-watershed 12
minimum runoff of 15 mm has occurred. It is depicted that
positive correlation occurs between rainfall and runoff in all
the 20 Micro-watersheds.
Fig. 7 Rainfall- runoff relationship of
Yagachi Catchment
The model was repeated to estimate the runoff and also to find
the impact of change in trend of lulc from year 2001 to 2010
on the runoff using the same rain guage data and the results
observed were tabulated in Table. 3.
Table.3 Impact on Runoff due to Change in LULC
Comparative table showing the impact on runoff due
to change in LULC
2001 2010
Year Rainfall Runoff Rainfall Runoff
2001 1055.34 56.53 1055.34 40.39
2002 915.00 42.18 915.13 32.63
2003 778.52 54.27 778.52 41.03
2004 1183.90 104.34 1183.90 75.55
2005 1529.70 118.80 1529.70 80.15
2006 1206.32 57.10 1206.32 37.13
2007 1463.89 183.93 1463.89 140.43
2008 1448.61 120.44 1448.61 85.16
2009 1397.11 101.28 1397.11 69.91
2010 1482.96 88.13 1482.96 61.88
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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IC-RICE Conference Issue | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 454
Table.4 Change in the trend of LULC from 2001 to 2010
For Yagachi Catchment
CONCLUSIONS
The catchment is well distributed with tanks which are
basically fed by rain water and the perennial streams which
find its flow due to regenerated irrigation, subsurface flow and
due to presences of Western Ghats from where river
Hemavathi originates. The study has demonstrated that,
remote sensing and GIS has advantages in estimating runoff
from large and ungauged catchments. The drainage density
obtained from the study shows that the catchment is a coarse
textured catchment. Curve number estimation using remotely
sensed data has been shown to be more cost effective than
conventional procedure. The study will serves as an input for
the management of natural resources available within the
watershed. The maximum and minimum runoff estimated for
individual micro watershed during the period 2001 to 2010 is
2310 mm and 15mm respectively. The observed inflow is
more than the estimated runoff, this is mainly due to
continuous irrigation, seepage from the agricultural land and
lateral flow causing in the catchment area.
REFERENCES
[1]. Horton, R. E (1932) Drainage basin characteristics,
Transaction of the American Geophysical Unions, 13, pp. 350-
361.
[2]. McCuen, R. H (1982), A Guide to Hydrologic Analysis
using SCS Methods, Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey.
[3]. Nageshwar Rao. K, Swarna Latha. K ., Arunkumar. P and
Harikumar, M (2007) Marphometric Anlysis of Geostani
River Basin in Andhra Pradesh State, India usning Spatral
Information Technology, Indian Journal of Geomatics and
Geosciences, Vol-1, No.1, pp. 179-187.
Abstract of LULC for Yagachi catchment
SI
No LULC-Level-3 Area(2001) Area(2010)
1 Agricultural Plantation 171.718 164.822
2 Barren Rocky / Stony Waste / Sheet Rock Area 2.185 0.164
3 Degraded Forest 0.832 4.671
4 Dense Grass land / Grazing land 1.644 12.953
5 Fallow land 3.978 8.92
6 Forest Plantations 1.945 0.161
7 Habitation with Vegetation 5.436 40.007
8 Kharif + Rabi (Double Crop) 48.822 38.953
9 Kharif crop 253.14 192.87
10 Lake / Tanks 12.41 2.745
11 Reservoir/Rivers/streams 2.016 0
12 Land with scrub 12.465 10.987
13 Mining / Industrial Wasteland 0.074 0
14 Mixed Vegetation 4.01 5.89
15 Moist & Dry Deciduous Dense Forest 4.712 3.921
16 Moist & Dry Deciduous Open Forest 1.243 6.723
17 Town / Cities/Villages 20.58 6.328
18 Tree Groves 12.282 37.588
19 Tanks without water 0 21.791
TOTAL 559.493 559.494
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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IC-RICE Conference Issue | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 455
[4]. Ponce, M Victor and Hawkins H Richard (1996) Runoff
Curve Number; Has it Reached Maturity Journal of Hydraulic
Engineering, ASCE (1), pp. 11- 19.
[5]. Rama Prasad, Sridharan, K., and Vedula, S (1993), Runoff
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India.
[6] Ravikumar, A. S, (2001), Water Balance Components
from Field Studies using Remote Sensing and Geographical
Information System, Ph. D Thesis, Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore
[7].Soil Conservation Services, (1972), National Engineering
Handbook, Hydrology, Section 4, Chapter 4 to 10.
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Drainage basin and channel Network. Hand book of
Hydrology edited by Ven Te Chow, McGraw Hell section 4-
11.
[9].Stube, M. M and Johnston, D. M (1990) Runoff Volume
Estimation Using SCS Techniques, Water Resources. Bull., 26
(4), pp. 611-620.
[10].Ven Te Chow (1982) Handbook of Applied Hydrology,
McGraw Hill Book Company.