Groundwater is water located beneath the Earth's surface. It is replenished by precipitation and flows slowly through pores and cracks in rock, filling aquifers. The water table marks the top of the saturated zone where all pores are filled. Factors like slope and permeability affect flow rate. Wells tap into aquifers for water access. Springs occur where aquifers meet the surface. Heavy pumping can lower water tables and cause land subsidence if withdrawal exceeds recharge. Groundwater pollution stems from agriculture, dumps, and industry. Geothermal energy harnesses underground heat to generate electricity.
GROUND WATER RECHARGE TECHNIQUES BY CH.APPARAO (Research Associate, ARS, ATP)Apparao Chodisetti
Ground water recharge is the process whereby the amount of water present in or flowing through the interstices of the sub-soil increases by natural or artificial means. Rainfall is the principal source for replenishment of recharge of ground water. Other sources include recharge from rivers, streams, irrigation water etc. An unconfined aquifer is recharged directly by local rainfall, rivers, and lakes, and the rate of recharge will be influenced by the permeability of overlying rocks and soils. A confined aquifer, on the other hand, is characterized by an overlying bed that is impermeable, and local rainfall does not influence the aquifer. It is normally recharged from lakes, rivers, and rainfall that may occur at distances ranging from a few kilometers to thousands of kilometers.
paper about the underground water and its geotechnical problems and how to control it
This is a large and complex topic and I have to focus on some key points that you need it to finish the project of the tunneling subject that you're working on it
This presentation contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
GROUND WATER RECHARGE TECHNIQUES BY CH.APPARAO (Research Associate, ARS, ATP)Apparao Chodisetti
Ground water recharge is the process whereby the amount of water present in or flowing through the interstices of the sub-soil increases by natural or artificial means. Rainfall is the principal source for replenishment of recharge of ground water. Other sources include recharge from rivers, streams, irrigation water etc. An unconfined aquifer is recharged directly by local rainfall, rivers, and lakes, and the rate of recharge will be influenced by the permeability of overlying rocks and soils. A confined aquifer, on the other hand, is characterized by an overlying bed that is impermeable, and local rainfall does not influence the aquifer. It is normally recharged from lakes, rivers, and rainfall that may occur at distances ranging from a few kilometers to thousands of kilometers.
paper about the underground water and its geotechnical problems and how to control it
This is a large and complex topic and I have to focus on some key points that you need it to finish the project of the tunneling subject that you're working on it
This presentation contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
Updated version using Swift 3 is available here:
https://www.slideshare.net/bobmccune/quartz-2d-with-swift-3/
Presentation by Bob McCune of TapHarmonic detailing how to use the Quartz framework to perform 2D drawing on the iOS platform. Quartz Demos:
https://github.com/tapharmonic/QuartzDemos
Physical Geography Lecture 09 - Water Resources (Ground water and ice) 110716angelaorr
Movement and locations of water. Underground water. Soil water belt, subsurface flow. Percolation. Porosity and Permeability. Hydrologic Zones. Zone of aeration, zone of saturation, water table, effluent and influent condition. Zone of confined water, aquaclude, aquifer, artesian well. Waterless zone. Groundwater management. Groundwater management issues. Aquifer recharge, cone of depression, subsidence, groundwater contamination. The case of Venice Italy. Hydrothermal activity. Hot springs, geysers, fumaroles. Permafrost, melting permafrost. Glaciers, alpine and continental glaciers. Melting glaciers. Lakes. Destruction of the Aral Sea. Swamps and marshes. Streams.
Introduction
In simple words, the term karst describes a distinctive topography that indicates dissolution of underlying soluble rocks by surface water or ground water.
Although commonly associated with carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite) other highly soluble rocks such as evaporates (gypsum and rock salt) can be sculpted into karst terrain.
Essential conditions
Relatively thick massive soluble rock, i.e., limestone, dolomite, or chalk.
Carbonate rocks should be very close to the ground surface.
Limestone should be highly folded, faulted or fractured.
Considerable relief so that water is capable of circulation to cause typical karst topography.
Moderate to heavy rainfall to cause solution of rocks.
Development of Karst terrain
As rain falls through the atmosphere it picks up carbon dioxide (CO2).
When this rain reaches the ground and passes through the soil it picks up more CO2 and forms a weak solution of carbonic acid.
As the acidified rain water trickles down through cracks in the limestone, it begins to dissolve the rock.
Over time it progressively enlarges the cracks and openings in the ground an underground drainage system starts to develop.
SURFACE FEATURES
Examples of some of the most common surface karst features encountered are as follows:
Sinkhole
A topographically closed depression that is circular or elliptical in shape and with steep to vertical sidewalls.
Karst springs
These are the natural outflows of karst groundwater onto the surface. They form where the water table reaches the surface.
Karst valley:
Larger karst landforms include dry valleys and gorges, carved by past rivers that now flow underground
Solution valley:
The collapse of a cavern over a large area can create a feature referred to as a solution valley or basin, sometimes referred to as a karst gulf
Disappearing Stream:
A stream that disappears into an underground channel and does not reappear in the same, or even in an adjacent, drainage basin.
In karst regions, streams commonly disappear into sinkholes and follow channels through caves.
SUBSURFACE FEATURES
Cave
Karst Caves are voids in the rock that form naturally when water erodes away limestone or other soluble rocks.
Karst caves are shaped by chemical weathering of the bedrock. These formations are commonly found in limestone areas.
Underground Stream:
A body of subsurface water flowing through a cave or a group of communicating caves, as in a karst region
Stalactites:
Stalactites are mineral depositions that originate from the ceiling of a cave and continue to “grow” downward towards the ground.
They are rock formations that have a duct in the center, through which water continues to circulate with minerals.
Stalagmites:
Stalagmites are mineral depositions originated in the floor of a cave and, unlike stalactites; they do not have the central duct such as stalactites
They are usually solid shapes much more rounded and irregular than stalactites.
AS Level Physical Geography - Hydrology and Fluvial GeomorphologyArm Punyathorn
Water is an agent of change in the atmosphere, geosphere and biosphere. In this chapter we will try to understand the passage of water as it changes states.We will also look at how the forces of river can shape land forms as well as civilization
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
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PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
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Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
3. Ground Water
• Ground water: the water that lies beneath the
ground surface, filling the pore space between
grains in bodies of sediment and clastic
sedimentary rock, and filling cracks and crevices
in all types of rock
• source of ground water is rain and snow that falls
to the ground a portion of which percolates down
into the ground to become ground water
4. Groundwater and the
Hydrologic Cycle
Groundwater is about 22% of the
world’s fresh water.
comes from precipitation percolating
through soils and sediment.
streams, lakes and snow melt also
contribute.
5.
6. Porosity and Permeability
• Porosity: the percentage of rock or
sediment that consists of voids or openings
• Permeability: the capacity of a rock to
transmit a fluid such as water or petroleum
through pores and fractures
• Porous: a rock that holds much water
• Permeable: a rock that allows water to flow
easily through it
• Impermeable: a rock that does not allow
water to flow through it easily
7.
8. The Water Table
• water table: the upper surface of the zone of
saturation.
• Saturated zone: the subsurface zone in which all
rock openings are filled with water
• Vadose zone: a subsurface zone in which rock
openings are generally unsaturated and filled
partly with air and partly with water; above the
saturated zone
• Capillary fringe: a zone with higher moisture
content at the base of the vadose zone just above
the water table
10. The Water Table (cont.)
• Perched water table: the top of a body of
ground water separated from the main water
table beneath it by a zone that is not
saturated
11. The Movement of Ground Water
• Most ground water moves relatively slowly through rock
underground
• Because it moves in response to differences in water
pressure and elevation, water within the upper part of the
saturated zone tends to move downward following the
slope of the water table
12. Movement of Ground Water
(cont.)
• Factors affecting the flow of ground water:
•
•
The slope of the water table - the steeper the
water table, the faster ground water moves
Permeability - if rock pores are small and
poorly connected, water moves slowly; when
openings are large and well connected, the flow
of water is more rapid
13. Aquifers
• Aquifer: a body of saturated rock or sediment
through which water can move easily
• Good aquifers: include sandstone,
conglomerate, well-joined limestone, bodies of
sand and gravel, and some fragmental or
fractured volcanic rocks such as columnar
basalt
• Aquitards: when the porosity of a rock is 1%
or less and therefore retards the flow of ground
water
14. Aquifers (cont.)
• Unconfined aquifer: a partially filed aquifer exposed to
the land surface and marked by a rising and falling water
table
• Confined aquifer (artesian aquifer): an aquifer
completely filled with pressurized water and separated
from the land surface by a relatively impermeable
confining bed, such as shale
15. Wells deep hole, generally cylindrical, that is dug of
• Well: a
•
•
•
•
drilled into the ground to penetrate an aquifer within the
saturated zone
Recharge: the addition of new water to the saturated zone
the water table in an unconfined aquifer rises in wet
seasons and falls in dry seasons as water drains out of the
saturated zone into rivers
Drawdown: the lowering of the water table near a pumped
well
Artesian well: a well in which water rises above the
aquifer
16.
17. Springs and Streams
• Spring: a place where water flows naturally from
rock onto the land surface
• some springs discharge where the water table
intersects the land surface, but they also occur
where water flows out from caverns or along
fractures, faults, or rock contacts that come to the
surface Water enters caves along joints
in limestone and exits as springs
at the mouths of caves
Water moves along fractures in
crystalline rock and forms springs
where the fractures intersect the
land surface
Springs can form along faults
when permeable rock has been
moved against less permeable roc
Arrows show relative motion
along fault
Springs form at the contact between
a permeable rock such as sandstone
and an underlying less permeable rock
such as shale
18. Springs and Streams (cont.)
• Gaining stream: a stream that receives water from
the zone of saturation
• Losing stream: a stream that looses water to the
zone of saturation
Stream gaining water from saturated zone Stream losing water through stream
bed to saturated zone
Water table can be close to the land
surface beneath a dry stream bed
19. Balancing Withdrawal and
Recharge
• A local supply of groundwater will last
indefinitely if it is withdrawn for use at a
rate equal to or less than the rate of recharge
to the aquifer
• If ground water is withdrawn faster than it
is being recharged, however, the supply is
being reduced and will one day be gone
20. Balancing Withdrawal and Recharge
• Heavy use of ground water can result in:
•
•
•
a regional water table dropping
deepening of a well which means more electricity is
needed to pump the water to the surface
the ground surface settling because the water no longer
supports the rock and sediment
Subsidence of the land surface caused by the extraction of ground
water, near Mendota, San Joaquin Valley, CA. Signs on the
pole indicate the positions of the land surface in 1925, 1955, and
1977. The land sank 30 feet in 52 years.
22. Balancing Withdrawal and
Recharge (cont.)
• To avoid the problems of falling water
tables, subsidence, and compaction, many
towns use artificial recharge to increase
recharge; natural floodwaters or treated
industrial or domestic wastewaters are
stored in infiltration ponds in the surface to
increase the rate of water percolation into
the ground
23. Effects of Ground-Water Action
• Caves (or caverns): naturally formed
underground chamber
• most caves develop when slightly acidic ground
water dissolves limestone along joints and
bedding planes, opening up cavern systems as
calcite is carried away in solution
• most caves probably are formed by ground water
circulating below the water table
H2O + CO2 + CaCO3 ⇔ Ca++ + 2HCO3water
carbon
dioxide
calcite in
limestone
→
calcium
ion
bicarbonate
ion
development of caves (solution)
←
development of flowstone and dripstone (precipitation)
24.
25. Effects of Ground-Water Action (cont.)
• Stalactites: ice-like pendants of dripstone hanging
from cave ceilings, generally slender and are
commonly aligned along cracks in the ceiling,
which act as conduits for ground water
• Stalagmites: cone-shaped masses of drip-stone
formed on cave floors, generally directly below
stalactites
Water moves along fractures and bedding planes in
limestone, dissolving the limestone to form caves
below the water table
Falling water table allows cave system, now greatly
enlarged, to fill with air. Calcite precipitation forms
stalactites, stalagmites, and columns above the water table
26. Effects of Ground-Water Action
(cont.)
• Sinkholes: closed depressions found on land surfaces
underlain by limestone; they form either by the collapse of
a cave roof or by solution as descending water enlarges a
crack in limestone
A collapse sinkhole that formed suddenly in Winter
Park, Florida, in 1981
Trees grow in a sinkhole formed in limestone near
Mammoth Cave, Kentucky
27. Effects of Ground-Water Action
(cont.)
• Karst topography: an area with many sinkholes and
with cave systems beneath the land surface
28. Effects of Ground-Water Action
• Petrified wood: develops when porous buried wood is
either filled in or replaced by inorganic silica carried in by
ground water
• Concentration: a hard, round mass that develops when a
considerable amount of cementing material precipitates
locally in a rock, often around an organic nucleus
• Geodes: partly hollow, globe-shaped bodies found in some
limestones and locally in other rocks
Petrified log
Concretions that have weathered out of shale
Geodes
29. Hot Water Underground
• Hot springs: springs in which the water is
warmer than human body temperature
• water can gain heat in two ways while
underground:
•
•
ground water may circulate near a magma
chamber or a body of cooling igneous rock
ground water may circulate unusually deep in
the earth
30. Hot Water Underground
• Geyser: a type of hot spring that periodically
erupts hot water and stream; the water is generally
near boiling (100oC)
1
3
2
4
31. Pollution of Ground Water
• Pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers: chemicals that
are applied to agricultural crops that can find their
way into ground water when rain or irrigation
water leaches the poisons downward into the soil
• Rain can also leach pollutants from city dumps
into ground-water supplies
• Heavy metals such as mercury, lead, chromium,
copper, and cadmium, together with household
chemicals and poisons, can all be concentrated in
ground-water supplies beneath dumps
32. Pollution of Ground Water
(cont.)
• Liquid and solid wastes from septic tanks, sewage
plants, and animal feedlots and slaughterhouses
may contain bacteria, viruses, and parasites that
can contaminate ground water
• Acid mine drainage from coal and metal mines
can contaminate both surface and ground water
• Radioactive waste can cause the pollution of
ground water due to the shallow burial of lowlevel solid and liquid radioactive wastes from the
nuclear power industry
33. Pollution of Ground Water
(cont.)
• Pumping wells can cause or aggravate
ground-water pollution
Water table steepens near a dump, increasing the velocity
of ground-water flow and drawing pollutants into a well
Water-table slope is reversed by pumping, changing
direction of the ground-water flow, and polluting the well
34. Geothermal Energy
• Electricity can be generated by harnessing
naturally occurring stream and hot water in
areas that are exceptionally hot
underground (geothermal areas);
• Nonelectric uses of geothermal energy
include space heating, as well as paper
manufacturing, ore processing, and food
preparation
35. Geothermal Energy
About 1 - 2% of the world’s energy is generated from geothermal
sources
It is limited to locations with plentiful water and where hot rocks
are near the surface
Iceland, United States, Mexico, Italy, New Zealand, Japan,
Philippines, and Indonesia
The Pearl, a rotating restaurant
built on the top of Reykjavik's
geothermal water tanks