This document discusses groundwater hydrology. It defines groundwater as water located beneath the earth's surface, filling the pore spaces of sediment and cracks in rock. Groundwater exists in two zones - the unsaturated zone above the water table, and the saturated zone below it. The saturated zone can be classified as aquifers, which transmit groundwater; aquicludes, which do not transmit water; aquifuges, which transmit no water; and aquitards, which transmit water slowly. Properties like porosity, permeability, and transmissibility determine an aquifer's ability to store and transport groundwater according to Darcy's Law.
It includes the definition, properties, classification of groundwater with appropriate examples and figures in details. It also deals about the formation of groundwater. The properties of aquifers (all of 7) are described here in details with figures and mathematical terms.
Sea Water Intrusion(SWI) in coastal areas :
1. Occurrence of seawater intrusion
2.Factors that affect coastal aquifer
3.Changes by hydrological regime
4.Problems due to SWI
5.Ghyben-Herzberg relation
6.Methods to detect SWI
7.Control measures
It includes the definition, properties, classification of groundwater with appropriate examples and figures in details. It also deals about the formation of groundwater. The properties of aquifers (all of 7) are described here in details with figures and mathematical terms.
Sea Water Intrusion(SWI) in coastal areas :
1. Occurrence of seawater intrusion
2.Factors that affect coastal aquifer
3.Changes by hydrological regime
4.Problems due to SWI
5.Ghyben-Herzberg relation
6.Methods to detect SWI
7.Control measures
1. Ground Water Occurrence
2. Types of Aquifers
3. Aquifer Parameters
4. Darcy’s Law
5. Measurement of Coefficient of Permeability of Soil
6. Types of Wells
7. Well Construction
8. Well Development
The subsurface occurrence of groundwater may be divided into zones of aeration and saturation. The vertical distribution of groundwater is explained in this module.
Pumping Tests are conducted to examine the aquifer response, under controlled conditions, to the abstraction of water. Hydrogeologists determine the hydraulic characteristics of water-bearing formations, by conducting pumping tests. A pumping test is a practical, reliable method of estimating well performance, well yield, the zone of influence of the well and aquifer characteristics. There is a procedure for conducting pumping tests in wells. This lesson highlights the prevailing methods adopted while conducting pumping tests.
Reservoir Planning: Introduction; Investigations for reservoir planning; Selection of site for a reservoir; Zones of storage in a reservoir; Storage capacity and yield; Mass inflow curve and demand curve; Calculation of reservoir capacity for a specified yield from the mass inflow curve; Determination of safe yield from a reservoir of a given capacity; Sediment flow in streams; Life of reservoir; Reservoir sediment control; flood routing. Various types of Spillways and design.
1. Ground Water Occurrence
2. Types of Aquifers
3. Aquifer Parameters
4. Darcy’s Law
5. Measurement of Coefficient of Permeability of Soil
6. Types of Wells
7. Well Construction
8. Well Development
The subsurface occurrence of groundwater may be divided into zones of aeration and saturation. The vertical distribution of groundwater is explained in this module.
Pumping Tests are conducted to examine the aquifer response, under controlled conditions, to the abstraction of water. Hydrogeologists determine the hydraulic characteristics of water-bearing formations, by conducting pumping tests. A pumping test is a practical, reliable method of estimating well performance, well yield, the zone of influence of the well and aquifer characteristics. There is a procedure for conducting pumping tests in wells. This lesson highlights the prevailing methods adopted while conducting pumping tests.
Reservoir Planning: Introduction; Investigations for reservoir planning; Selection of site for a reservoir; Zones of storage in a reservoir; Storage capacity and yield; Mass inflow curve and demand curve; Calculation of reservoir capacity for a specified yield from the mass inflow curve; Determination of safe yield from a reservoir of a given capacity; Sediment flow in streams; Life of reservoir; Reservoir sediment control; flood routing. Various types of Spillways and design.
Hello Friends, I have read this book and I found it genuinely effective. I like to share the principles of this book with everyone who wants to be more social. If you like this extract, I personally recommend you to read this entire book.
This presentation includes Definition of Permeability, measurement of Permeability, Validity of Darcy's law, Darcy's Law, Methods of Finding Permeability, factors affecting permeability, Permeability of Stratified Soil
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
3. GROUND WATER
• Ground water: the water that lies beneath the ground
surface, filling the pore space between grains in bodies
of sediment and and filling cracks in all types of rock
• Groundwater is water located beneath the earth's
surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock
formations.
• The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and
voids in rock become completely saturated with water is
called the water table
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 3
4. SUB SURFACE WATER
• Water in a soil mantle is called as sub
surface water.
• Water beneath the surface can
essentially be divided into two zones
– the unsaturated zone (also known as the "zone of
aeration") which includes soil water zone,
– The zone of saturation which includes ground water.
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 4
10. • Saturated zone is classified into 4
categories.
i) Aquifer
ii) Aquiclude
iii) Aquifuge
iv) Aquitard
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 10
11. AQUIFER
• An aquifer is a layer of porous substrate that contains
and transmits groundwater.
• An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing
permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel,
sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted
using a water well.
• Aquifers may occur at various depths.
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 11
13. TYPES OF AQUIFER
UNCONFINED AQUIFER:
• unconfined aquifer: a partially filed aquifer
exposed to the land surface and marked
by a rising and falling water table
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 13
14. TYPES OF AQUIFER
UNCONFINED AQUIFER:
• Unconfined aquifers are sometimes also called
water table or phreatic aquifers, because their
upper boundary is the water table
• When water can flow directly between the surface
and the saturated zone of an aquifer, the aquifer is
unconfined.
• The deeper parts of unconfined aquifers are
usually more saturated since gravity causes water
to flow downward.
– Has a water table, and is only partly filled with water
– Rapidly recharged by precipitation infiltrating down to the saturated
zone
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 14
15. CONFINED AQUIFER:
• confined aquifer (artesian aquifer): an
aquifer completely filled with pressurized
water and separated from the land surface
by a relatively impermeable confining bed,
such as shale
• A water-bearing subsurface stratum that is
bounded above and below by formations
of impermeable, or relatively impermeable
soil or rock.
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 15
16. CONFINED AQUIFER:
– Completely filled with water under pressure
(hydrostatic head)
– Separated from surface by impermeable
confining layer/aquitard
– Very slowly recharged
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 16
20. AQUICLUDE
• It is a solid, impermeable area
underlying or overlying an
aquifer. If the impermeable
area overlies the aquifer
pressure could cause it to
become a confined aquifer.
• A solid, impermeable area
underlying or overlying an
aquifer.
• It can absorb water due to high
porosity but cannot transmit it
in significant amount. (eg.
Clay)
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 20
25. AQUIFUGE:
• An impermeable body
of rock which contains
no interconnected
openings or interstices
and therefore neither
absorbs nor transmits
water.
AQUITARD:
• A bed of low
permeability adjacent
to an aquifer; may
serve as a storage unit
for groundwater,
although it does not
yield water readily to
wells
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 25
27. PROPERTIES OF THE AQUIFER
i) Porosity
ii) Specific yield
iii) Specific retention
iv) Storage by efficiency ( field
capacity)
v) Permeability
vi) Transmissibility
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 27
28. POROSITY:
• Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the
void (i.e., "empty") spaces in a material, and
is a fraction of the volume of voids over the
total volume, between 0–1, or as a
percentage between 0–100%.
• Porosity of surface soil typically decreases as
particle size increases.
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 28
29. SPECIFIC YIELD
• If water is allowed to drain from a saturated
sample of an aquifer some water will drain
freely under gravity.
• The specific yield of an aquifer is the ratio of
the volume of water drained freely from the
material to the volume of soil sample.
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 29
30. SPECIFIC RETNTION:
• Some quantity of water will be retained by the soil sample
and will not be drained under gravity. This is due to
molecular attraction and surface tension. The specific
retention is defined as the ratio of the volume of water
retained in the material to the total volume of a material,
when a saturated material is dewatered.
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 30
31. PERMEABILITY
• Just as the porosity of a soil affects how
much water it can hold, it also affects how
quickly water can flow through the soil.
• The ability of water to flow through a soil is
referred to as the soil's permeability.
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 31
32. TRANSMISSIBILITY
• The transmissivity of an aquifer is also
known as transmissibility. It is the product
of the coefficient of permeability and the
thickness of the aquifer.
T = K X b
• The transmissibility of an unconfined
aquifer depends upon the depth of the
GWT.
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 32
33. perched water table (Aquifer)
The top of a body of
ground water separated
from the main water table
beneath it by a zone that is
not
saturated.
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 33
34. DARCY’S LAW
• The law states the rate of flow per unit
area of an aquifer is propotional to the
gradient of potential flow in direction of
flow.
• Darcy's law is only valid for slow, viscous
flow;
Q=KiA
i= hydraulic gradient
w= Total crossectional area of porous medium
T= co.eff of Permeability
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 34
35. • Darcy’s law is valid for laminar flow. Since,
reynolds number serves as a criterion to
distinguish between laminar and turbulent
flow, the same may be employed to establish
limit upto which darcy’s law hold good.
Re=(ρVd)/μ
• where ρ is the density of water (units of mass
per volume)
• v is the specific discharge (not the pore
velocity — with units of length per time)
• d= diameter or particle size
• μ is the viscosity of the fluid.
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 35
36. • Experiments shows that Darcy's law is
valid for Re< 1. most of the natural
groundwater flows occurs with Re< 1 and
hence Darcy’s law is applicable.
• It is not applicable in aquifers containing
large diameter coarse gravel, rock fill,
where the flow is no longer laminar due to
steep hydraulic gradient.
BITS Edu Campus Prof. Ankit Patel 36