This document discusses landslides, including their classification, causes, and mitigation strategies. It defines a landslide as the downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials along surfaces of separation. Landslides are classified based on depth, type of movement, and speed. Key causes of landslides include geological weaknesses, erosion, rainfall, excavation, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. Main mitigation strategies involve hazard mapping, land use planning, retaining walls, drainage control, engineered structures, vegetation, and insurance. Increasing slope stability also requires preventing rising groundwater levels in landslide areas.
After attending this lesson, the user would be able to understand the nature and causative factors of landslides, their characteristics, classifications, triggering mechanisms, and effects. The methods of controlling the effects of landslides, and avoiding their menace are also highlighted. Disaster management methods are to be adopted to mitigate the never ending natural hazards. This lesson is an important topic in disaster management.
After attending this lesson, the user would be able to understand the nature and causative factors of landslides, their characteristics, classifications, triggering mechanisms, and effects. The methods of controlling the effects of landslides, and avoiding their menace are also highlighted. Disaster management methods are to be adopted to mitigate the never ending natural hazards. This lesson is an important topic in disaster management.
Introduction to natural hazard and disaster management Jahangir Alam
The earth indeed a hazardous planet
There are 516 active volcanoes with an eruption every 15 days (on average)
Global monitors record approximately 2000 earth tremors everyday
There are approximately 2 earthquakes per day of sufficient strength to cause damage to homes and buildings, with severe damage occurring 15 to 20 times per year.
There are 1800 thunderstorms at any given time across the earth surface; lightening strikes 100 times every second.
On average there 4 to 5 tornadoes per day or 600 1000 per year.
NATURAL HAZARDS: SOME FACTS & STATISTICS
Environmental or Natural Hazards/Disasters generally refers to geophysical events such as earthquakes, volcanoes, drought, flooding, cyclone, lightening etc., that can potentially cause large scale economic damage and physical injury or death. Environmental hazards are sometimes known as ‘Act of God.’
Definition, classification & types of landslideTarikIslam9
General Information about Bangladesh
Bangladesh is consisted of a total land area of 147570 km² with hilly areas of 17,342 km² (8.5% of total area of Bangladesh).
Chattagram Hill tracts is the wide ranging hilly area in the southeastern part of the country. Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari are three unique geographical and cultural landscape administrative districts in this region.
Landslides are a common hazard in the Chittagong Hill Districts (CHD) of Bangladesh. The communities that live on dangerous hill slopes in CHD repeatedly experience landslide hazards during the monsoon season, with casualties, economic losses and property damage.
Landslides Represent Permanent Deformation Caused By The Downward And Outward Movements Of Large Volumes Of Soil And/Or Rock Under The Influence Of Gravity. Landslides Occur Naturally. Landslides Can Be Triggered And/Or Exacerbated By: 1) Water (From Precipitation During A Tropical Storm, Hurricane, Or Typhoon), Or 2) Vibrations (From Ground Shaking) During An Earthquake. Millions Of Communities Are Not Resilient To Landslide Disasters. One Of The Myths Of Disasters Is That Landslide Disasters, Which Occur Annually In Every Nation, Should Be Enough To Make All Nations Adopt And Implement Policies That Will Lead To Landslide Disaster Resilience. But The Fact Of The Matter Is, This Premise Is Wrong; It Usually Takes Multiple Disasters Before A Stricken Nation Will Adopt Policies To Move Towards Disaster Resilience. Lesson: The Timing Of Anticipatory Actions Is Vital. The People Who Know: 1) What To Expect (E.G., Rock Falls, “quake Lakes,” Mud Flows, Etc.), 2) Where And When It Will Happen, And 3) What They Should (And Should Not) Do To Prepare Will Survive. The People Who Have Timely Early Warning In Conjunction With A Modern Monitoring System, And A Community Evacuation Plan That Facilitates Getting Out Of Harm’s Way From The Risks Associated With Rock Falls, Mudflows, Etc. Will Survive. Engineering To Stabilize Slopes Will Reduce Damage To Buildings And Infrastructure And Help Sustain Their Functions And Save Lives. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance For Disaster Reduction
Floods have the greatest damage potential when compared to the other natural disasters, over the environment. Floods are also considered to be both social and economic disasters. This module highlights the details of floods as natural hazards.
Study of earthquake hazards or disaster Jahangir Alam
Earthquake Hazards
Definition of Hazard
Liquefaction
Ground Shaking
Ground Displacement
Flooding
Tsunami
Fire
Types of Hazard
Natural Hazards as Earthquakes
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
Ground Shaking:
Introduction to natural hazard and disaster management Jahangir Alam
The earth indeed a hazardous planet
There are 516 active volcanoes with an eruption every 15 days (on average)
Global monitors record approximately 2000 earth tremors everyday
There are approximately 2 earthquakes per day of sufficient strength to cause damage to homes and buildings, with severe damage occurring 15 to 20 times per year.
There are 1800 thunderstorms at any given time across the earth surface; lightening strikes 100 times every second.
On average there 4 to 5 tornadoes per day or 600 1000 per year.
NATURAL HAZARDS: SOME FACTS & STATISTICS
Environmental or Natural Hazards/Disasters generally refers to geophysical events such as earthquakes, volcanoes, drought, flooding, cyclone, lightening etc., that can potentially cause large scale economic damage and physical injury or death. Environmental hazards are sometimes known as ‘Act of God.’
Definition, classification & types of landslideTarikIslam9
General Information about Bangladesh
Bangladesh is consisted of a total land area of 147570 km² with hilly areas of 17,342 km² (8.5% of total area of Bangladesh).
Chattagram Hill tracts is the wide ranging hilly area in the southeastern part of the country. Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari are three unique geographical and cultural landscape administrative districts in this region.
Landslides are a common hazard in the Chittagong Hill Districts (CHD) of Bangladesh. The communities that live on dangerous hill slopes in CHD repeatedly experience landslide hazards during the monsoon season, with casualties, economic losses and property damage.
Landslides Represent Permanent Deformation Caused By The Downward And Outward Movements Of Large Volumes Of Soil And/Or Rock Under The Influence Of Gravity. Landslides Occur Naturally. Landslides Can Be Triggered And/Or Exacerbated By: 1) Water (From Precipitation During A Tropical Storm, Hurricane, Or Typhoon), Or 2) Vibrations (From Ground Shaking) During An Earthquake. Millions Of Communities Are Not Resilient To Landslide Disasters. One Of The Myths Of Disasters Is That Landslide Disasters, Which Occur Annually In Every Nation, Should Be Enough To Make All Nations Adopt And Implement Policies That Will Lead To Landslide Disaster Resilience. But The Fact Of The Matter Is, This Premise Is Wrong; It Usually Takes Multiple Disasters Before A Stricken Nation Will Adopt Policies To Move Towards Disaster Resilience. Lesson: The Timing Of Anticipatory Actions Is Vital. The People Who Know: 1) What To Expect (E.G., Rock Falls, “quake Lakes,” Mud Flows, Etc.), 2) Where And When It Will Happen, And 3) What They Should (And Should Not) Do To Prepare Will Survive. The People Who Have Timely Early Warning In Conjunction With A Modern Monitoring System, And A Community Evacuation Plan That Facilitates Getting Out Of Harm’s Way From The Risks Associated With Rock Falls, Mudflows, Etc. Will Survive. Engineering To Stabilize Slopes Will Reduce Damage To Buildings And Infrastructure And Help Sustain Their Functions And Save Lives. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance For Disaster Reduction
Floods have the greatest damage potential when compared to the other natural disasters, over the environment. Floods are also considered to be both social and economic disasters. This module highlights the details of floods as natural hazards.
Study of earthquake hazards or disaster Jahangir Alam
Earthquake Hazards
Definition of Hazard
Liquefaction
Ground Shaking
Ground Displacement
Flooding
Tsunami
Fire
Types of Hazard
Natural Hazards as Earthquakes
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
Ground Shaking:
is a form of mass wasting that includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow debris flows. Landslides can occur underwater, called a submarine landslide, coastal and onshore environments. Although the action of gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, there are other contributing factors affecting the original slope stability. Typically, pre-conditional factors build up specific sub-surface conditions that make the slope area prone to failure, whereas the actual landslide often requires a trigger before being released. Landslides should not be confused with mudflows, a form of mass wasting involving very to extremely rapid flow of debris that has become partially or fully liquefied by the addition of significant amounts of water to the source material.
Rocks mechanics and its application in mining geology.
It aims at enhancing the mining process and higher yielding by reducing the chance of failures by providing information about the rocks of the mining area.
SERVICES STUDIO - Preparation of plumbing layout of a single storey building & working drawings of various fittings and fixtures of water supply and sanitary installations
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL - Solid wastes collection and removal from buildings. On-site processing and disposal methods. Aerobic and Anaerobic decomposition
PLUMBING - Common hand tools used for plumbing and their description and uses, Joints for various types of pipes, Sanitary fitting standards for public conveniences
Different types of pipes and accessories for water supply, controlling fixtures like valves, taps, etc. Fittings and Choice of materials for piping: cast iron, steel, wrought iron, galvanized lead, copper, cement concrete and asbestos pipes, PVC pipes
Sizes of pipes and taps for house drainage, Testing drainage pipes for leakage - smoke test, water test etc, CI pipes for soil disposal and rain water drainage, Wrought iron, steel and brass pipes.
Rain water disposal drainage pipes spouts, sizes of rainwater pipes
BUILDING DRAINAGE - Layout, Principles of drainage, Trap type, materials and functions, Inspection chambers, Design of Septic tanks and soak pits, Ventilation of house drains
Anti-syphonage or vent pipes, One and two pipe systems
Sinks, bath tub, water closets, flushing cisterns, urinals, wash basins, bidet, shower panel etc.
Green Buildings - innovative green technologies and case studiesctlachu
Innovative uses of solar energy : BIPV, Solar Forest, Solar powered street elements,- Innovative materials:
Phase changing materials, Light sensitive glass, Self cleansing glass- Integrated Use of Landscape :
Vertical Landscape, Green Wall, Green Roof. Case studies on Green buildings : CII building,Hyderabad,
Gurgaon Development Centre-Wipro Ltd. Gurgaon; Technopolis, Kolkata; Grundfos Pumps India Pvt Ltd,
Chennai; Olympia Technology Park, Chennai.
Water conservation by Rainwater Harvesting systems – Treatment of waste water : Physical,Chemical and
Biological methods – Root Zone treatment - Use of recycled water.
Use of Environment friendly materials, Embodied Energy of materials, Bio degradable materials. Recycling
and Reuse of steel, Aluminium and Glass.
General principles – Direct gain systems - Glazed walls, Bay windows,
Attached sun spaces etc. Indirect gain systems – Trombe wall, Water wall, Solar Chimney, Transwall, Roof
pond, etc - Isolated gain systems – Natural convective loop etc. Active Heating Systems : Solar water
heating systems
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
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👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
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1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
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Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
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This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 preview
1.4 landslide
1. LANDSLIDE
Presented by
CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P.
SRM School of Architecture
SRM University
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 1
2. What is Landslide ?
downward and outward movement of
slope forming materials composed of
rocks, soils, artificial fills or combination of
all these materials along surfaces of
separation by falling, sliding and flowing,
either slowly or quickly from one place to
another.
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 2
3. An idealized slump-earth flow showing commonly used
nomenclature for labeling the parts of a landslide.
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 3
4. Classification with respect to depth
of slide
Type Maximum depth (m)
Surface slide < 1.5
Shallow slide 1.5 – 5
Deep slide 5 – 20
Very deep slide > 20
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 4
18. CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
• Geological Weak material
• Erosion
• Intense rainfall
• Human Excavation
• Earthquake shaking
• Volcanic eruption
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 18
19. Causes of Landsliding
Geologists use a variety of classification
schemes to describe causes of landslides.
Because of wide variety of causes, no
single scheme has yet been developed
that address or describe all types of
landslides.
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 19
21. Internal
Progressive failure (internal response to unloading, etc.)
1. Expansion, swelling
2. Fissuring
3. Strain softening
4. Stress concentration
Weathering
1. Physical property changes, swelling
2. Chemical changes
Seepage Erosion
1. Removal of cements
2. Removal of fines
Water Regime Change
1. Saturation
2. Rise in water table
3. Excess pressures
4. Drawdawn
Source: The Royal Academy of Engineering. 1995. Landslides Hazard Mitigation. Westminster,
London: The Royal Academy of Engineering.
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 21
22. Human causes
a. Excavation of slope or its toe
b. Loading of slope or its crest
c. Drawdown (of reservoirs)
d. Deforestation
e. Irrigation
f. Mining
g. Artificial vibration
h. Water leakage from utilities
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 22
28. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Hazard mapping
Land use
Retaining Walls
Surface Drainage Control Works
Engineered structures
Increasing vegetation cover
Insurance
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 28
29. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Hazard mapping will locate areas prone
to slope failures. This will permit to identify
avoidance of areas for building
settlements.
These maps will serve as a tool for
mitigation planning.
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 29
30. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Land use practices such as:
• Areas covered by degraded natural vegetation in upper slopes are
to be afforested with suitable species. Existing patches of natural
vegetation (forest and natural grass land) in good condition, should
be preserved
• Any developmental activity initiated in the area should be taken up
only after a detailed study of the region and slope protection should
be carried out if necessary.
• In construction of roads, irrigation canals etc. proper care is to be
taken to avoid blockage of natural drainage
• Total avoidance of settlement in the risk zone should be made
mandatory.
• Relocate settlements and infrastructure that fall in the possible path
of the landslide
• No construction of buildings in areas beyond a certain degree of
slope.
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 30
32. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Retaining Walls can be built to stop land
from slipping (these walls are commonly
seen along roads in hill stations). It’s
constructed to prevent smaller sized and
secondary landslides that often occur
along the toe portion of the larger
landslides.
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 32
33. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Surface Drainage Control Works. The
surface drainage control works are
implemented to control the movement of
landslides accompanied by infiltration of
rain water and spring flows.
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 33
35. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES
• Engineered structures with strong
foundations can withstand or take the
ground movement forces.
• Underground installations (pipes, cables,
etc.) should be made flexible to move in
order to withstand forces caused by the
landslide
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 35
36. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Increasing vegetation cover is the
cheapest and most effective way of
arresting landslides. This helps to bind the
top layer of the soil with layers below,
while preventing excessive run-off and soil
erosion.
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 36
37. MAIN MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Insurance will assist individuals whose
homes are likely to be damaged by
landslides or by any other natural hazards.
For new constructions it should include
standards for selection of the site as well
as construction technique.
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 37
38. Flattening of the slope
Slope at the point of failure may be
stabilised by grading the slope to a flatter
angle on the basis of proper geotechnical
investigation
Done either by regarding the slope from
bottom to the top with benching, wherever
necessary or cut in upper hills.
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 38
40. Stitching of the debris cover to the rock
Movement of surface soil can be
controlled by stitching the debris to the
base rock with help of micro-piles (e.g.
timber piles)
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 40
41. Retaining walls
Built at the bottom of the slope but the
base of the wall should be properly
anchored into the rock.
Big landslides cannot be controlled by
retaining walls
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 41
42. Grouting
Effective method of improving the shear
strength and decreasing the permeability
of coarse-grained soil. Suitable for filling
voids in the rock mass.
Cement grouts are injected under
pressure to close the voids in the rock
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 42
43. Geotextiles
Geotextiles wrapped filler drains are
inserted into the slope extending beyond
the estimated slip surface.
They are connected to a crib wall at the
base which is made of crushed rock to
provide drainage of water from the
transverse drain.
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 43
44. Rockfall Protection
In many areas rock faces are
‘stitched’ with massive steel bolts to
try to keep material from being lost to
active weathering.
Alternately, surfaces can be covered
with strong mesh or boulder catching
nets can be used.
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 44
45. Mudflow Barriers
These kinds of barriers are
designed to catch most
sediment, but are not capable
of stopping very large and very
fast moving debris.
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 45
46. Debris Basins
These require periodic (regular) removal of trapped material.
d e b r is f lo w
h e a d in g to w a r d
n e ig h b o r h o o d
d e b r is t r a p p e d
in c o n c r e t e - lin e d
b a s in
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 46
47. The hazard from landslides can be reduced
by avoiding construction on steep slopes
and existing landslides, or by stabilizing the
slopes.
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 47
48. Stability increases when ground water is
prevented from rising in the landslide mass by
(1) covering the landslide with an impermeable
Membrane
(2) directing surface water away from the landslide
(3) draining ground water away from the landslide
(4) Minimizing surface irrigation.
Slope stability is also increased when a
retaining structure and/or the weight of a
soil/rock berm are placed at the toe of the
landslide or when mass is removed from the
top of the slope.
Prepared by CT.Lakshmanan 48