This PPT covers projectile motion of an object in a very systematic and lucid manner. I hope this PPT will be helpful for instructors as well as students.
This presentation covers scalar quantity, vector quantity, addition of vectors & multiplication of vector. I hope this PPT will be helpful for Instructors as well as students.
This presentation covers scalar quantity, vector quantity, addition of vectors & multiplication of vector. I hope this PPT will be helpful for Instructors as well as students.
This is first PPT in the electrostatics series. This PPT presents idea of charge , its various methods of production like through conduction, friction, induction. It also describes working of electroscope & concept of grounding of an insulator.
This is first PPT in the electrostatics series. This PPT presents idea of charge , its various methods of production like through conduction, friction, induction. It also describes working of electroscope & concept of grounding of an insulator.
This slide covers the entire contents for the unit of Projectile motion as described by NTA level 4 curriculum for Geology and Mineral Exploration in mines, Mineral Processing Engineering, Environmental Engineering in Mines and Petroleum Geo sciences at Dodoma Polytechnic of Energy and Earth Resources Management.
Discusses projectile motion as two dimensional motion.
**More good stuff available at:
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Introduction to physics--Branches of Physics--Importance of physicsKhanSaif2
This presentation covers about physics, branches of physics and importance of physics in a very interactive manner. I hope this presentation will be helpful for teachers as well as students.
This presentation covers concepts such as surface tension, surface energy, liquid drops and bubbles, wetting, capillarity at the elementary school level. Comment down in a box for improvement.
Physical Quantities--Units and Measurement--Conversion of UnitsKhanSaif2
This presentation covers physical quantities and their types, units and their types, conversion of units and order of magnitude in a very interactive manner. I hope this presentation will be helpful for teachers as well as students.
This PPT covers relative motion between particles in a very systematic and lucid manner. I hope this PPT will be helpful for instructor's as well as students.
This PPT covers curvilinear motion of an object in a very systematic and lucid manner. I hope this PPT will be helpful for instructor's as well as students.
This PPT covers linear motion of an object in a very systematic and lucid manner. I hope this PPT will be helpful for instructor's as well as students.
This ppt covers composition and functions of blood in a systematic and interactive manner. I hope this PPT will be helpful for instructor's as well as students.
This presentation covers basics of cell structure and functions of different cell organelles in detail with interactive illustrations. I hope this presentation will be beneficial for instructor's as well as students.
Force, types of forces and system of forcesKhanSaif2
This presentation covers concept of force and different types of forces as well as different system of forces. I hope this PPT will be helpful for instructors as well as students.
This presentation covers internal structures of heart like atria and ventricles & external structures like emerging blood vessels and grooves on the heart. I hope this PPT will be helpful for instructors as well as teachers.
This presentation covers vertical motion under gravity, effect of air resistance on free fall & graphs of free fall. I hope this PPT will be helpful for instructors as well as students.
This presentation covers measurement of physical quantities, system of units, dimensional analysis & error analysis. I hope this PPT will be helpful for instructors as well as students.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. Projectile motion
Projectile motion is a motion in which an
object is thrown near the earth’s
surface, and it moves along the curved
path under the action of gravity only.
3. Motion of a snow boarder descending from a slope
6. Assumptions used in projectile motion
1. The effect due to air resistance is negligible.
2. The effect due to curvature of the earth is negligible.
3. The effect due to rotation of the earth is negligible.
4. The acceleration due to gravity is constant over the
range of motion.
9. Point of projection
The point from which the object is projected
in air is called as point of projection.
Point of
projection
θ
v
H
R
10. Velocity of projection
The velocity with which an object is projected
in air is called as velocity of projection.
Velocity of
projection
θ
v
H
R
11. Angle of projection
The angle with the horizontal at which an object is
projected in air is called as angle of projection.
Angle of
projection
θ
v
H
R
13. Time of flight
Time taken by the projectile to cover the entire
trajectory is called as time of flight.
Time of
flight
θ
v
H
R
T
14. Maximum height of projectile
It is the maximum vertical distance travelled by the
projectile from the ground level during its motion.
Maximum height
θ
v
H
R
15. Horizontal range of projectile
It is the horizontal distance travelled by the
projectile during entire motion.
Horizontal range
θ
v
H
R
16. Is horizontal and vertical motions are interdependent?
• Both pink and yellow balls are falling
at the same rate.
• Yellow ball is moving horizontally
while it is falling have no effect on
its vertical motion.
• It means horizontal and vertical
motions are independent of each
other.
24. Important conclusion
Projectile motion is a combination of two
motions:
a) Horizontal motion with constant velocity
b) Vertical motion with constant acceleration
25. Equation of trajectory
The horizontal distance travelled by the
projectile in time ‘t’ along 𝑥-axis is,
x = vi𝑥 t
x = (vi cos θ)t
t =
x
vi cos θ
The vertical distance travelled by the projectile
in time ‘t’ along 𝑦-axis is,
y = vi𝑦t −
1
2
g t2
… … . . (1)
… … . . (2)
Substituting the value of ‘t’ from eq.(1) in eq.(2)
we get,
y = (vi sin θ)t −
1
2
g t2
y = vi sin θ ×
x
vi cos θ
−
1
2
g
x
vi cos θ
2
y = tan θ x −
g
2 vi
2
cos2 θ
x2
This is the equation of trajectory of a projectile.
y = αx − βx2
Thus y is a quadratic function of x. Hence the
trajectory of a projectile is a parabola.
As vi , θ and g are constant for a given
projectile, we can write
tan θ = α &
g
2 vi
2
cos2 θ
= β
26. Equation for time of flight
The vertical distance travelled by the
projectile in time ‘t’ along 𝑦-axis is,
y = viyt −
1
2
g t2
For symmetrical parabolic path, time
of ascent is equals to time of
descent.
For entire motion, t = T and y = 0
0 = (vi sin θ)T −
1
2
g T2
1
2
g T2
= (vi sin θ)T
T =
2 vi sin θ
g
TA = TD =
T
2
TA = TD =
vi sin θ
g
This is the equation for time of flight.
27. Equation for horizontal range
The equation of trajectory of projectile is
given by,
y = tan θ x −
g
2 vi
2
cos2 θ
x2
This is the equation for horizontal range.
For a given velocity of projection the range
will be maximum when sin 2θ = 1,
2θ = 90° & θ = 45°
For entire motion, y = 0 and x = R
0 = tan θ R −
g
2 vi
2
cos2 θ
R2
g
2 vi
2
cos2 θ
R2
= tan θ R
g
2 vi
2
cos2 θ
× R =
sin θ
cos θ
R =
vi
2
(2 sin θ cos θ)
g
R =
vi
2
sin 2θ
g
Thus range of the projectile is maximum if
it is projected in a direction inclined to the
horizontal at an angle of 45°.
28. Two angles of projection for the same horizontal range
The equation for horizontal range is
given by,
R =
vi
2
sin 2θ
g
R′ =
vi
2
sin 2(90° − θ)
g
Replacing θ by 90° − θ,
R′ =
vi
2
sin(180° − 2θ)
g
R′ =
vi
2
sin 2θ
g
… … . . (1)
… … . . (2)
From eq. (1) & (2) we say that,
R = R′
Thus horizontal range of projectile is same
for any two complementary angles
i.e. θ and 90° − θ.
𝑥
𝑦
o
30°
60°
R = R′
29. Equation for maximum height
The third kinematical equation for vertical
motion is,
vf𝑦
2
= viy
2
− 2 g y
At maximum height: vfy = 0 & 𝑦 = H
0 = vi sin θ 2
− 2 g H
2 g H = vi sin θ 2
H =
vi sin θ 2
2 g
This is the equation for maximum height.
Case-1: Angle of projection is 45°.
H =
vi sin 45° 2
2 g
H =
vi
2
1 2
2
2 g
⇒ Hmax =
vi
2
4 g
Case-2: Angle of projection is 90°.
H =
vi sin 90° 2
2 g
H =
vi
2
1 2
2 g
⇒ H =
vi
2
2g