This document provides information on the botany, cultivation practices, varieties, and uses of the jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus). It discusses the jackfruit's origin in India, describes several varieties and cultivars grown in different countries, and outlines considerations for its propagation, cultivation, and harvesting. The key points are that jackfruit is an important crop in South and Southeast Asia, known for its large size and nutritional and medicinal properties, and it can be propagated through seed germination or vegetative methods like grafting, layering, and micropropagation.

2. CONTENT:
 Botonical classifcation
 Importance and Uses
 Origin and Distrubution
 Cultivars Of National and International importance.
 Soil and climate
 Propagation
 Micropropagation
 Manuring and fertilization
 Flower Morphology
 Fruit development and maturity indices
 Physiological disorders
Pests and Diseases
 Harvest and storage

4.  Scientific name : Artocarpus heterophyllus
 Family : Moraceae.
 Origin : India
 Chromosome No. : 2n=56
 Common name : Kathal, Panasa, Jaca, Nangka, Kanoon, Mit
 National fruit of Bangladesh, State tree of Kerala
 The jackfruit is called ‘Poor man’s food’ in eastern and southern parts
of India. It is the largest fruilt in the world.
The edible part in jackfruit are fully developed perianths
referred to as Flakes.

6.  Immature fruit used as Vegetable .
 Seeds are boiled, roasted and used in culinary preparation.
 Commercial Pectin extraction from skin and fruit core.
 Jacaline major protein found in jackfruit seeds, inhibited the growth
of HIV infection in-vitro.
 Rich in β-carotene , a precursor to vitamin A.
 Lectine, a natural protein from fruit is used in cancer treatment.
 Antibiotics, anti- hypersensitive, anti-ulcer, anti-ageing properties are
found.

7.  Dummy meat is prepared from it because of its soft texture and
capacity of absorbing any spice or flavour easily.
 Hot water extracts of leaves improve glucose tolerance level of
diabetic persons.
 Popular for preparation of Chips, Pickles, Papad.
 Jacktimber used for making furniture as it rarely attacked by white
ants.
 wood and charcoal excellent raw materials for fuels
 leaves and fruit skin used as cattle feed.
 Latex of the bark used for resin extraction.

15. Value added product

16. Tender jackfruit appears in the market in spring and continues
until summer as a popular vegetable.
The fruits are normally fibrous and are composed of mono-, di-,
and polysaccharides
Glucose (10.94%), fructose (1.42%), xylose (0.18%), rhamnose
(0.44%), arabinose (1.51%), galactose (2.47%), and three other
unknown sugars (13.4%) in ripe jackfruits.
Jackfruit is an important source of pectin and contains about 1.9
per cent protein on fresh weight basis.
The jackfruit latex is reported to possess bacteriolytic activity

17. Jack fruit is indigenous to India, commonly grown in Sri Lanka,
Malaysia, Brazil, Jamaica, Myanmar, Singapore, India, In India; it grows
in a wild and semi-wild state in Assam, W.B, Tripura, UP and parts of
western ghats.
Species and varieties:
 A. hetrophyllus previously known as A. integnifolia.
 A. altilis - bread fruit- small sized round fruit, found in TN, Assam,
&Kerala.

18. A. lakoocha- Monkey Jack- Small edible fruits- it grows wild in
Assam, WB, UP & Western ghats.
 A. hirsute- is a semi-wild edible species, native to India. .
 A. champeden - edible fruit with strong odour like durian.
 A. clasticum – White flesh
 A. camansi - Spiny seeded bread fruits.
 A. anisophyllus – Native of Malaysia known as bintawa.
 A. rigidus - Known as ‘tempunik’ in Malaysia.

19. A. altilis - BreadfruitA. heterophyllus – Jackfruit
A. Odoratissima A. camansi

20. A. anisophyllus A. rigidus

21. Though no distinct type could be identified, the cultivated types are
classified in to 2 groups.
1.Those producing fruits with firm flesh and crispy in nature.
2. Those bearing fruits with soft flesh and very juicy.
 Gulabi ( rose-scented)
 Champa ( flavour like that of Michelia sp)
 Hazari ( bearing large number of fruits )
 Rudrakshi ( Roundish fruits)
 A genotype (No.7) selected from UP, large fruits ( >15kg) and
moderate yield.

22.  A variety GKVK-1 and Swarna with superior quality fruits were
released from Karnataka .
 Gumless jack, Muttan Varica from Kerala found better.
 The variety Singapore or Ceylon Jack is remarkable for its early
bearing in 2 1 /2 to 3 years; the fruits are medium in size (7-10 kgs).
The flesh is sweet and crispy. The carpels are compacts, yellow and
firm with strong aroma, the fruit contain about 80 seeds.
GKVK-1

23.  Koozha, Varikka, Navarika popular in Kerala.
 Three types of jackfruit Radar, Khawaja, and Sugandh identified
through survey in the plains of UP.
 Jackfruit NJT1, NJT2, NJT3, NJT4 released from Faizabad.
 NJC1, NJC2, NJC3, NJC4 used for culinary preparation.
 Burliar-1, Palur-1 were released from TNAU, Coimbatore.

25. Salient characters of important jackfruit cultivars
growing in different countries are as follows:
 Indonesia :
 Kandel – Medium weight, bears fruits around the year.
Propagation can only be done by approach grafting.Seeds
germinate very easily even while still intact in the fruit.
It was released as national superior cultivar of Indonesia.
 Mini – Fruit is small ( 5-12kg) and starts to bear the fruit
just 18 months after sowing the seed. Potted plants bears fruits
easily.

26.  Austrelia :
 Golden nugget – Fast growing tree, Flesh is deep orange in
color, fruits are small (3-3.5kg) excellent flesh and has no fibre.
Black gold – The tree is vigorous with medium sized fruit
(6.7kg) with 35% edible flesh.The spines do not flatten at the
time of maturity , difficult to judge the proper harvest time.
Flesh is easily removed compared to other cultivars.
 Lemon gold – Flesh is lemon yellow, thick walled and firm
with 37% edible flesh.
 Honey gold – Tree has slow to moderate growth, open and
spreading canopy. Fruit has strong sweet aroma with 36%
edible flesh.

27.  Topa – Fruits and seeds are small, low latex, bearing in
4-5 years.
Hazari – Produced One thousand fruits, fruits are very small, soft and
sweet flesh.
 Chala – Medium sized fruits. Both the seeds and flakes are small, bears
entirely on tree trunk.
 Goal – Fruits and bulbs both are roundish in shape.Fibrous soft flesh
and precocious bearing.
 Koa – Medium sized fruits , bulbs are elongated in shape.
 Khaja - Medium sized fruits and fruits are brownish at maturity.
Bangladesh:

28. Golden Pillow
GKVK 1
Ceylon Jack
Black Gold
Cochin
Dang Rasimi
Golden Nugget
28

29. Soil and climate :
 The jackfruit can grow on variety of soil although prefers rich, deep
alluvial soil. Proper drainage is ideal for cultivation. The fruit tree is very
well suited for dry land conditions.It can be grown on open textured soil or
lateritic soil.
The fruit tree comes up well under humid and warm climate of hill
slopes, arid warmer plains of south India. It is grown up to 1500m from
MSL. Quality of the fruit deteriorates in higher altitudes.Cold weather and
frost are harmful.

30. Propagation
1. Seed - Most common method of propagation of jackfruit by seed.
 Genearlly 4-5 seeds are planted in situ so that the taproot can grow
undisturbed. 70 percent of the seeds germinate with in 15 days after
extraction.
 larger seeds germinate better. Soaking of the seeds in water for 24 hours
has been found to improve the germination.
 Soaking in 25 ppm NAA for 24 hours gives better germination.
 Removing outer thin leathery seed coat and soaking in water for 8 hours
improved germination.
 Treatment seeds with biotin ( 10ppm) and kinetin (50ppm) resulted in
significantly higher vigour index.

31. 2.Vegetative propagation
Cuttings –Maximun rooting of cuttings observed by etiolation and
forcing of shoots followed by treatment with 3000 ppm lBA, and then
keeping under a mist. No rooting was obtained without dipping in
IBA, Survival of cuttings was 50-70 per cent.
Layering :
 Air-layering- Treatment with IBA improved the root formation.
Pre-treatments of shoots like girdling, etiolation and treatment
with IBA and NAA were found more effective in rooting of
layers.
 When coconut pith was used as rooting medium in one year old
shoots 81 percent rooting was observed.

32. Alila et.al concluded that the treatment with IBA(5000ppm) could
be used for adventitious root formation in air-layering of jackfruit in
combination with etiolation for period of 30 days.

33. Mound layering :
Alila et.al (1997) reported that medium sized stool resulted into more
number of bud emergence.
IBA at all (500, 1500, 3000 and 4500 ppm) but preferably lower
concentration proved better than NAA(250,500,750 and 1000ppm) in
rooting of layered shoots.
 No distinct variation could be established in the field survivality of
rooted shoots as compared to control.

34. Grafting:
Inarching - Experiment on inarching conducted at the Fruit Research
station,Tamilnadu revealed by using A. hirsuta or Rudrakshi as
rootstocks, jackfruit could be inarched with 60 to 70 percent success.
Epicotyl grafting :
Epicotyl grafting with mature, plump, terminal scion shoot on
germinating jack fruit seedling of about 8 to10 days by wedge method
during April- May gave 50-90 percent success and the successful
epicotyl grafts attained saleable size within a year(Gunjate et.al ., 1982)
 Epicotyl grafting with 3- to 4-month old scions and 5-day-old
rootstocks resulted in the highest prcentage sprouting (29.50%)

35. Budding
Several method of budding tried at different research station have been
proved successful.
Forkert budding : Modified forkert budding was found very successful
in Java (Naik,1952).
Chip budding : Success was 41 percent by chip budding at
Horticultural research Station, Krishnagar (Samaddar and Yadav, 1970).
Patch budding -Teaotia et. Al reported 100 percent success by patch
budding. Patch, chip and T methods of budding were tried during
February to September by Singh et a1. (1982). The maximum success (90
per cent) was obtained following patch method in June .

36. Micropropagation :
In jackfruit,newplantlets were successfiully raised from nodal
explants and shoot apices cultured on MS medium supplemented with
various concentrations of cytokinin for shoot proliferation and
subcultured on similar medium supplemented with different
concentrations of auxin for root regeneration
Micropropagation of jackfruit was also successfulby using terminal
and axillary buds of 40-year-old trees on supplemented MSmedium
propagated successfully. the flood tolerant type of jackfruit by using
shoot buds as explants.

37. Well developed shoots were then excised and implanted individually
on a rooting medium consisting of half-strength MS salts supplemented
with 5.37 M NAA and 4.92 M IBA.
80 percent of the shoots produced roots, and the rooted plantlets were
transplanted directly from the culture tube to earthen pots containing
sterile sand, soil and humus (1:2:1) and covered with transparent plastic
bags. After acclimatization the seedlings were flooded with water for
30 days and 75% of these plants survived.
They obtained highest number of shoot buds by using MS medium
containing 8.88 M NAA and 2.68  M NAA

38. Cultivation
Planting - Square system is followed for planting.
Hexagonal system may be followed in less fertile soil.
 In fertile soil a spacing upto 12 m x 12 m accommodating 70
plants per hectare will be sufficient for this fruit crops.
On average trees may be planted at 11 m apart.
 Shorter spacing in fertile soil will lead top crowding of trees.
 For planting jackfruit, 1 m cube pits are dug at least 10 days
before planting.

39.  About 30 kg well-rotted farmyard manure and 500 g superphosphate
are mixed with the soil.
 Chloropyriphos may be applied in the pit to avoid insect attack. In
situ planting of 3-4 seeds per pit leads to stronger plant. But nursing
and raising of a large number of plants in this way are difficult.
 The best time for planting grafts or seedlings is June through
August. Prolonged dry weather after planting may lead to the death
of plants.
 The taproot should not be disturbed while planting to avoid damage
to plants.

40. Irrigation
The jackfruit is not normally irrigated. The trees are sensitive to
drought. Irrigation during dry periods is considered essential in
arid regions for normal growth. In order to economist use of
water, ring system may be adopted.
Manuring and fertilization
It is advisable to apply 80 kg of farmyard manure per tree per year.
Application of farmyard manure (37 kg/plant), 750 g ammonium
sulphate, 625 g single superphosphate and 300 g muriate of potash
per plant per year.

41. Nutrient
Age of the plant
1–3 years 4–7 years 7 and above
N (g) 200 400 600
P2O5 (g) 120 240 300
K2O (g) 60 120 240

42. Intercropping
The jackfruit requires a long time to occupy fully the land provided
during planting for mature trees.
It is desirable that the interspace should not be left unutilized.
 Vegetable crops like okra, brinjal, chilli, tomato .
When the trees come into bearing, pulses like gram and kalai can be
grown as intercrops. These crops will also improve the nitrogen status
in the soil

47.  The jackfruit is anemophilous. Under open pollination the fruit set is
about 75 percent which is improved by hand pollination.
 The best medium for pollen germination and pollen tube growth
was 1 per cent agar and 10 per cent sucrose.
 The fruits develop during spring and summer and become ready for
harvest in June or early July.
 The flowers on all sides are not pollinated the fruit does not
develop normally. The size is small and the shape may be irregular
in less pollinated -fruits. Lack of pollination may lead to the drop of
the female spikes.

48. Fruit growth and development
 Pollination and fertilization of spike are completed within 3-6 days
after pollination.
 Axis of inflorescence, ovaries, perianth and all aborted flowers grow
simultaneously and develop in to multiple fruit, botanically known as
Sorosis.
 Fleshy perianth is edible portion, which develops to flake.
 Fruit consists of four parts bulb/ flakes(37-40%), perigones(18-
20%) - unfertiized or aborted flowers, rind (20-22%),seeds (20-23%)

51. Maturity indices:
 After fruit set,it takes about 120 to 140 days for reaching maturity.
 Fruit growth followed sigmoid pattern .
 When tapped with fingers fruit develop hollow sound when mature.
 Flattening of spines on the rind.
 thickning of latex
 Development of aroma.

52. Physiological disorders
Chilling injury: Jackfruits exposed to temperatures below 12°C
(54°F) before transfer to higher temperatures exhibit chilling
injury symptoms, including dark-brown discoloration of the skin,
pulp browning and off-flavor development, and increased
susceptibility to decay.

53. Pests and diseases
1.Shoot and fruit borer -It is often serious in Assam, Uttar
Pradesh and Bihar. It bores into the tender shoots and buds. The
affected parts should be nipped off and destroyed. Application of
carbaxyl (Sevin) 50 per cent at the rate of 4 g per litre of water by
spray in flowering season is advisable.

54. 2.Bud weevil (Ochyromera artocarpi) - reported to bore into
the tender buds and shoots. They may be controlled by
destroying fallen fruits and buds and by collecting grubs and
adults.
In addition, mealy bug and jack scale are also found to attack
jackfruit which can be controlled by use of a suitable contact
insecticide

55. Diseases
 Fruit rot (Rhizopus artocarpi)- The disease causes premature fall of
young fruits due to rotting and may result in heavy loss in yield
under unusually humid conditions. Spraying of dithane M-45
(0.2%) and bavistin (0.05%) at 15 days interval during fruit growth
was found effective in controlling fruit rot.
 Pink disease, stem rot, male inflorescence rot and soft rot are
occasionally noticed in jackfruit.
 However, these diseases are not serious maladies and can be
controlled by pruning the affected parts and using Bordeaux paste at
the cut-ends.

56. Harvesting and yield
Harvesting- Tender jackfmits are harvested for use as vegetable
during early spring and summer until the seeds harden.
 The fruit matures towards the end of summer in June. Period of fruit
development is February to June.
 The optimum stage of harvest maturity of jackfruit has been
reported to be 90-110 days after the appearance of the spike
Harvesting is done by cutting off the footstalks carrying the fruits.

57. Yield - Bearing starts from the seventh to eighth year when a few
fruits may develop.
The tree reaches its peak bearing stage within fifteen to sixteen
years after planting.
Yield is not similar every year. Normally, a tree bears a few to
about 250 fruits annually at this stage.
The weight of fruits varies widely depending on the type.
Individual jackfruit may weigh from about 1 kg to about 20 kg.

58. Ripening and storage
The fruit ripens when the maximum temperature reaches during the
end of the summer season. In colder regions, the fruits mature late.
 A two-fold increase in pulp colour (carotenoid pigments) was observed
from harvest maturity to eating ripe stage.
Dry matter. alcohol insoluble solids, and starch contents decreased with
ripening. Sucrose found the major sugar followed by fructose and
glucose.
Citric and malic acids were the major non-volatilce organic acids
identified.Jackfruit also contained very little tanins and their
concentration decreased during ripening.

59. Total lipids, total fatty acids, and total sterols increased whereas
phospholipids and free acids decreased during ripening.
The respiration pattern of bulbs with seeds excised from mature fruit
exhibited a typical climacteric rise on ripening.
Storage
 Ripining takes place within 3-5 days after harvest.Ripe flakes can
be stored at the low temperature for 2-3 weeks by dipping in sugar
syrup containing potassium metabisulphate and packing in 100
gauge polypropylene cover without affecting the quality.
 Cryo-frozen ripe jackfruit bulbs packed in 2 ½ cans containing
sugar syrup (40%) + 0.5% citric acid can be stored at -18°C for six
months.