Capital intensity refers to the mix of equipment and human skills in a process, with greater capital intensity indicating a higher relative cost of equipment. Automation is a self-acting and self-regulating system or process. There are two main types of automation: fixed automation, which produces a single product in a set sequence of operations, and flexible automation, which can be changed to handle different products. Automation provides advantages like low variability, efficiency, and standardization but also has disadvantages such as high costs and decreased flexibility.

1. Capital Intensity is the mix of equipment and human skills in the
process; the greater the relative cost of equipment, the greater
is the capital intensity.
Automation is a system, process, or piece of equipment that is
self-acting and self-regulating.
◦ Fixed automation is a manufacturing process that produces one
type of part or product in a fixed sequence of simple operations.
◦ Flexible (or programmable) automation is a manufacturing
process that can be changed easily to handle various products.
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2. Capital Intensity is the mix of equipment and human skills in the
process; the greater the relative cost of equipment, the greater
is the capital intensity.
Automation is a system, process, or piece of equipment that is
self-acting and self-regulating.
◦ Fixed automation is a manufacturing process that produces one
type of part or product in a fixed sequence of simple operations.
◦ Flexible (or programmable) automation is a manufacturing
process that can be changed easily to handle various products.
ADVANTAGES
Low variability (automated processes
produce more consistent results
than human labor)
Efficiency
Some degree of standardization is
required
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3. Capital Intensity is the mix of equipment and human skills in the
process; the greater the relative cost of equipment, the greater
is the capital intensity.
Automation is a system, process, or piece of equipment that is
self-acting and self-regulating.
◦ Fixed automation is a manufacturing process that produces one
type of part or product in a fixed sequence of simple operations.
◦ Flexible (or programmable) automation is a manufacturing
process that can be changed easily to handle various products.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Low variability (automated processes Costly technology
produce more consistent results Decreased flexibility
than human labor)
Some degree of standardization is
Efficiency required
Some degree of standardization is
required
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4. Manufacturing Technology
Much of the technology used
in small- and mid-sized
manufacturing
organizations is relatively
basic

5.  Machine technology
 Automatic identification
systems (AISs)
 Process control
 Vision system
 Robot
 Automated storage and retrieval systems (ASRSs)
 Automated guided vehicles (AGVs)
 Flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs)
 Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)
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6. Increased precision
Increased productivity
 Machine technology
Increased flexibility
Improved environmental impact
Reduced changeover time
Decreased size
Reduced power requirements
“With our new filling machines it is possible to
provide our customers with high production line
efficiencies for mass production and unique
flexibility.
The CFA 512 fills volumes of 500, 750, 1,000
and 1,100 ml with a steady output of 12,000
packages per hour.”
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7. Production Technology
 Machine technology
 Automatic identification
systems (AISs) Improved data acquisition
Reduced data entry errors
Increased speed
Increased scope of process automation
The Nationwide Automatic Identification
System (NAIS) will enable the USCG to
identify, track and communicate with marine
vessels using the Automatic Identification
System (AIS), a maritime digital
communication system that continually
transmits and receives vessel data over very-
high frequencies.
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8. Production Technology
 Machine technology
 Automatic identification
systems (AISs) Improved data acquisition
Reduced data entry errors
Increased speed
Increased scope of process automation
The Nauticast-B transponder is a plug and play
AIS solution. Enjoy the benefits of the AIS
system knowing larger commercial vessels are
aware of your position increasing your personal
safety while navigating at sea.
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9. Production Technology
 Machine technology
 Automatic identification
systems (AISs)
 Process control Increased process stability
Increased process precision
Real-time provision of information for
process evaluation
Data available in many forms
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10. Production Technology
 Machine technology
 Automatic identification
systems (AISs)
 Process control
 Vision system Particular aid to inspection
Consistently accurate
Never bored
Typical applications for machine vision systems are: Modest cost
Robot Guidance / Motion Control Superior to individuals performing the
Part Orientation and Dimensional Inspection Natural depth perception and tactile sensation
same tasks
Pattern and/or Character Recognition allows surgeons the ability to perform pure
2D and 3D Bar Code Reading laparoscopic procedures with confidence and
Label Inspection ease.
Printing Inspection
Quality Control
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11. Production Technology
 Machine technology
 Automatic identification
systems (AISs)
 Process control
 Vision system
 Robot
Perform monotonous or dangerous tasks
Perform tasks requiring significant strength or
endurance
Generally enhanced consistency and accuracy
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12. Production Technology
ASRS technology is just beginning to
be used in large libraries, particularly
at universities. It is used mostly to
 Machine technology retrieve seldom-used books and
 Automatic identification periodicals that are kept in storage
systems (AISs) vaults. It works via a robotic "arm" that
quite literally fetches materials from
 Process control archival locations.
 Vision system
 Robot
 Automated storage and retrieval systems (ASRSs)
Automated placement and withdrawal of
parts and products
Reduced errors and labor
Particularly useful in inventory and test
areas of manufacturing firms
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13. Firstly ASRS saves shelf
space in the library. It only
requires 1/5 space to hold
the same number of
materials, compared to the
ordinary library open stacks
on floor area basis.
Secondly, ASRS can keep
materials in their optimum
condition, away from any
source of lights and
humidity.
Thirdly, ASRS sets us free
from shelf management.
We can put materials back
in any vacant bins in any
order. Location changes
from one bin to another, yet
keeping their right links.
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14. Production Technology
 Machine technology
 Automatic identification
systems (AISs)
 Process control
 Vision system
 Robot
 Automated storage and retrieval systems (ASRSs)
 Automated guided vehicles (AGVs)
Electronically guided and controlled carts
Used for movement of products and/or
individuals
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15. SKILLET SYSTEM
ELECTRIFIED MONORAIL SYSTEM
TRANSFER CAR
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16. Production Technology
 Flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs)
Computer controls both the workstation
and the material handling
equipment
Enhance flexibility and reduced waste
Can economically produce low volume at
high quality
Reduced changeover time and increased
utilization
Stringent communication requirement
between components 3 – 16

17. Production Technology
 Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)
Extension of flexible manufacturing
systems
Backwards to engineering and inventory
control
Forward into warehousing and shipping
Can also include financial and customer
service areas
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18. Manufacturing Technology Service Technology
Much of the technology used Automation is found in many
in small- and mid-sized areas of services…
manufacturing
organizations is relatively
basic

19. Service Technology
Service Industry Example
Financial Services Debit cards, electronic funds transfer, ATMs,
Internet stock trading
Education Electronic bulletin boards, on-line journals,
WebCT and Blackboard
Utilities and Automated one-man garbage trucks, optical
government mail and bomb scanners, flood warning
systems
Restaurants and Wireless orders from waiters to kitchen, robot
foods butchering, transponders on cars that track
sales at drive-throughs
Communications Electronic publishing, interactive TV
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20. Service Technology
Service Industry Example
Financial Services Debit cards, electronic funds transfer, ATMs,
Internet stock trading
Education Electronic bulletin boards, on-line journals,
WebCT and Blackboard
Utilities and Automated one-man garbage trucks, optical
government mail and bomb scanners, flood warning
systems
Restaurants and Wireless orders from waiters to kitchen, robot
foods butchering, transponders on cars that track
sales at drive-throughs
Communications Electronic publishing, interactive TV
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21. Service Technology
Service Industry Example
Hotels Electronic check-in/check-out, electronic
key/lock system
Wholesale/retail ATM-like kiosks, point-of-sale (POS) terminals,
trade e-commerce, electronic communication
between store and supplier, bar coded data
Transportation Automatic toll booths, satellite-directed
navigation systems
Health care Online patient-monitoring, online medical
information systems, robotic surgery
Airlines Ticketless travel, scheduling, Internet
purchases
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22. Service Technology
Service Industry Example
Hotels Electronic check-in/check-out, electronic
key/lock system
Wholesale/retail ATM-like kiosks, point-of-sale (POS) terminals,
trade e-commerce, electronic communication
between store and supplier, bar coded data
Transportation Automatic toll booths, satellite-directed
navigation systems
Health care Online patient-monitoring, online medical
information systems, robotic surgery
Airlines Ticketless travel, scheduling, Internet
purchases
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23. Service Technology
Service Industry Example
Hotels Electronic check-in/check-out, electronic
key/lock system
Wholesale/retail ATM-like kiosks, point-of-sale (POS) terminals,
trade e-commerce, electronic communication
between store and supplier, bar coded data
Transportation Automatic toll booths, satellite-directed
navigation systems
Health care Online patient-monitoring, online medical
information systems, robotic surgery
Airlines Ticketless travel, scheduling, Internet
purchases
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24. Service Technology
Service Industry Example
Hotels Electronic check-in/check-out, electronic
key/lock system
Wholesale/retail ATM-like kiosks, point-of-sale (POS) terminals,
trade e-commerce, electronic communication
between store and supplier, bar coded data
Transportation Automatic toll booths, satellite-directed
navigation systems
Health care Online patient-monitoring, online medical
information systems, robotic surgery
Airlines Ticketless travel, scheduling, Internet
purchases
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25. Service Technology
Service Industry Example
Hotels Electronic check-in/check-out, electronic
key/lock system
Wholesale/retail ATM-like kiosks, point-of-sale (POS) terminals,
trade e-commerce, electronic communication
between store and supplier, bar coded data
Transportation Automatic toll booths, satellite-directed
navigation systems
Health care Online patient-monitoring, online medical
information systems, robotic surgery
Airlines Ticketless travel, scheduling, Internet
purchases
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26. Service Technology
Service Industry Example
Hotels Electronic check-in/check-out, electronic
key/lock system
Wholesale/retail ATM-like kiosks, point-of-sale (POS) terminals,
trade e-commerce, electronic communication
between store and supplier, bar coded data
Transportation Automatic toll booths, satellite-directed
navigation systems
Health care Online patient-monitoring, online medical
information systems, robotic surgery
Airlines Ticketless travel, scheduling, Internet
purchases
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27. Reduce the negative impact on the
environment
 Encourage recycling
 Efficient use of resources
 Reduction of waste by-products
 Use less harmful ingredients
 Use less energy
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