The document presents on problem solving and discusses various aspects of the problem solving process. It defines a problem as "a question to be answered" and notes that problem solving is an important managerial skill. It emphasizes the importance of properly identifying and formulating the problem. Problem identification involves understanding the real problem, while formulation is the process of building a model to discriminate relevant from irrelevant data. The document also examines cognitive processes involved like thinking, conceptualization, problem solving, and decision making. It provides examples to illustrate different types of problem formulation models and strategies for improving problem identification.

1. Presentation on
PROBLEM SOLVING
Presented by:
Bina Gupta
BIM 7th sem
Under the supervision of:
Shiva Shrestha
BIM Department
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2. Contents
• Problem Identification
• Improving Problem Identification
• Problem Formulation
• Types of Problem Formulation Model
• Cognitive Process
• Cognitive Process Involved in Problem
Recognition
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3. What is problem?
‘A problem is a question to be answered.’
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4. So, what next????
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5. Problem Solving
• Problem solving is an important managerial
skill
• Person’s ability to achieve organizational
goals with available organizational resources
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6. Problem Identification
“When Albert Einstein was asked how he would
save the world in 1 hour, he replied that he
would spend the first 55min. defining the
problem and last five minutes solving it.”
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7. Problem Identification
• The first strategy of solving a problem.
• It is seeing a problem before you can try
solving it
• Process to understand the real problem
exactly
• Critical job for any manager
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8. Problem Identification
• One should have sufficient knowledge and
should have the ability to make the use of
available resources
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9. Improving Problem
Identification
• Identify the situation :
– The problem solver should be full aware of
the situation in which problem occurs.
• Conversation with people :
– Conversation with the people who are familiar
with the problem helps to get additional
information about the problem
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10. Improving Problem
Identification
• Discover source of problem :
– If we discover the real source of the problem,
we can identify the actual problem.
• Asking Questions :
– Asking questions related to the problem and
taking advices from experts helps in
successful problem identification.
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11. Improving Problem
Identification
• Turn the problem :
– Makes the strange familiarity to the situation
– It helps to twist and turn our understanding of
the current situation.
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12. Problem Formulation
• A creative step
• Important step in an entire problem solving
process
• Model building process in which the
relevant data are discriminated from the
irrelevant ones
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13. Types of Problem
Formulation Model
• Physical model :
– Schematic or tangible representation of the
real thing to solve the problem.
– For example : Model of sun and planet
housed in a planetarium
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14. Types of Problem
Formulation Model
• Symbolic model:
– Representation in which letter, numbers and
other types of symbols are used to solve the
problem.
– For example : Solving the LPP model
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15. Cognitive Process
• Mental process involved in knowing,
thinking, reasoning, problem solving and
decision making approach
• Differs from individual to individual
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16. Cognitive Process Involved in
Problem Recognition
• Thinking :
– It is cognitive assignment.
– It is manipulation of both information from the
environment and the symbol stored in long
term memory.
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17. Cognitive Process Involved in
Problem Recognition
• Conceptualization :
– It is important language symbols used in
thinking about the solving the problem that we
face.
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18. Cognitive Process Involved in
Problem Recognition
• Problem Solving :
- It is an ability to solve the problem which may
differ from individual to individual because of
differences in linguistic habit
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19. Cognitive Process Involved in
Problem Recognition
• Decision Making:
- It is a kind of problem solving process in which
the decision maker generates several
alternatives and choose the best among them
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20. Cognitive Process Involved in
Problem Recognition
• Perception:
– It is a process by which individual organize
and interpret their sensory impression in order
to keep meaning to their environment
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21. THANK YOU
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