Pavlovian conditioning is a form of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a new conditioned response. It involves repeatedly pairing a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a learned response. For example, Ivan Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate in response to a tone by pairing the tone with food. The process of classical conditioning is important because many environmental stimuli can produce emotional reactions that motivate behavior.