This document provides an overview of classical and operant conditioning. It defines key terms related to classical conditioning such as unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. Classical conditioning examples using Pavlov's dog experiment are provided. The importance of contingency in classical conditioning is discussed. Operant conditioning principles introduced include reinforcers, types of reinforcement schedules, and B.F. Skinner's work developing the operant conditioning chamber. Control procedures and design issues for conditioning experiments are also summarized.
This file accompanies a Youtube clip made on the origins of Operant Conditioning, with specific reference to the Skinner box application of both Positive and Negative reinforcement. See www.ePsychVCE.com for a link to the Youtube clip.
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This file accompanies a Youtube clip made on the origins of Operant Conditioning, with specific reference to the Skinner box application of both Positive and Negative reinforcement. See www.ePsychVCE.com for a link to the Youtube clip.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Curriculum Vitae & Resume Writing.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
Contact No:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Follow Me:
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Twitter: arguni_hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism.Classical conditioning basically involves forming an association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism.Classical conditioning basically involves forming an association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response.
6LearningRevised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of.docxfredharris32
6
Learning
Revised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Learning
Acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors through experience
Associative learning: Learning that certain events occur together
Events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences.
Cognitive learning: Acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching others, or through language
2
Forms of Conditioning
Classical conditioning
One learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Produces respondent behavior
Operant conditioning
One learns to associate an action and its consequence.
Produces operant behavior
Conditioning - A process of learning associations.
Stimulus: Any event or situation that evokes a response.
Respondent behavior: Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Operant behavior: Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
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Figure 6.1 - Classical Conditioning
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Figure 6.2 - Operant Conditioning
Retrieve and Remember 1
Why are habits, such as having something sweet with that cup of coffee, so hard to break?
ANSWER: Habits form when we repeat behaviors in a given context and, as a result, learn associations—often without our awareness. For example, we may have eaten a sweet pastry with a cup of coffee often enough to associate the flavor of the coffee with the treat, so that the cup of coffee alone just doesn’t seem right anymore!
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Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s experiments
Pavlov’s legacy
Figure 6.3 - Pavlov’s Classic Experiment
Pavlov presented a neutral stimulus (a tone) just before an unconditioned stimulus (food in mouth). The neutral stimulus then became a conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response.
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Classical Conditioning: Terms
Neutral stimulus (NS): Evokes no response before conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus (US): Unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response
Unconditioned response (UR): Unlearned and naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (US)
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Conditioned Response and Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned response (CR)
Learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Irrelevant stimulus that triggers a conditioned response (CR) after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US)
Pavlov’s Experiments
Explored conditioning processes
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
Ivan Pavlov: “Experimental investigation…
should lay a solid foundation for a future true
science of psychology” (1927).
Retrieve and Remember 2
An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff that causes your eye to blink.
After several repetitions, you blink to the tone alone.
What is the NS? The US? The UR? The CS? The CR?
ANSWERS: NS = tone before conditioning; US = air puff; UR = blink to air puff; CS = tone after conditioning; CR = blink to tone
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Acquisition
I.
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19. Reinforcement Schedules Fixed : reinforcement is given on a regular schedule. Variable : reinforcement is given on a changing schedule. Interval : reinforcement given after a specified time period. Ratio : reinforcement given after a certain number of responses. Interval Ratio Fixed Variable VR VI FR FI
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