A thorough study on Integrated pest management and comparing with traditional pest management techniques. Also, a short summary on how we can use bacteria as biopesticide.
The document discusses Integrated Pest Management (IPM). It provides a brief history of IPM, noting that the concept originated in California in the 1940s and was adopted as national policy by the US in the 1970s. The basic components of an IPM system are then outlined as monitoring pest levels, preventative cultural practices, mechanical and biological controls, and responsible pesticide use. Requirements of IPM include reducing impacts of pesticides on human health and ecosystems through alternatives such as cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods.
The successful management of a pest by means of another living organism (parasitoids, predators and pathogens) that are encouraged and disseminated by man is called biological
control. In such programme the natural enemies are introduced, encouraged, multiplied by artificial means and disseminated by the man with his own efforts instead of leaving it to nature.
Biological control involves using natural enemies like predators, parasites, pathogens to control pests. Some key points in the history of biological control include the Chinese using ants in the 3rd century AD to control citrus pests and the vedalia beetle being used in the 1880s to control cottony cushion scale in California. Common agents used in biological control include predators, parasitoids, nematodes, protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Techniques include introduction, conservation, and augmentation of natural enemies. Biological control provides environmentally friendly pest management but can be slow, unpredictable, and require expert supervision.
This document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. IPM is a holistic approach that uses monitoring, identification, and action thresholds to determine when and how to address pest issues using cultural, physical, biological, or chemical methods. The goal is to prevent and control pests with minimal risk to humans, the environment, and other organisms. The document outlines IPM principles and provides examples of various control tactics within each category.
This document summarizes integrated pest management and microbial control methods. It discusses how integrated pest management aims to control pest populations below an economic threshold using a variety of techniques. It then describes several microbial agents used for control, including bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis, entomopathogenic fungi, viruses, nematodes, and protozoa. The modes of action and target pests of different microbial controls are outlined. While microbial pesticides are specific and non-toxic, their effects may not be immediate and they require proper production and application.
This document provides an overview of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). It discusses that PGPR are a group of soil bacteria that colonize plant roots and enhance plant growth directly or indirectly. Direct mechanisms include biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, phytohormone production, siderophore production, and antibiotic production. Indirect mechanisms include inducing systemic resistance in plants, production of lytic enzymes, and stress tolerance effects. The document reviews the specific mechanisms of several important PGPR functions and commercially available PGPR products.
The document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) for food processing facilities. IPM aims to control pests through prevention and elimination of conditions that support pest populations. It emphasizes regular inspection, identifying entry points and food/water sources, and addressing issues before using chemicals. The key steps of IPM include inspection, preventative planning, identification of pest issues, analyzing the causes, selecting targeted treatments, ongoing monitoring, and documentation. IPM provides long-term pest control through non-chemical methods and minimizing application of pesticides.
The document discusses Integrated Pest Management (IPM). It provides a brief history of IPM, noting that the concept originated in California in the 1940s and was adopted as national policy by the US in the 1970s. The basic components of an IPM system are then outlined as monitoring pest levels, preventative cultural practices, mechanical and biological controls, and responsible pesticide use. Requirements of IPM include reducing impacts of pesticides on human health and ecosystems through alternatives such as cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods.
The successful management of a pest by means of another living organism (parasitoids, predators and pathogens) that are encouraged and disseminated by man is called biological
control. In such programme the natural enemies are introduced, encouraged, multiplied by artificial means and disseminated by the man with his own efforts instead of leaving it to nature.
Biological control involves using natural enemies like predators, parasites, pathogens to control pests. Some key points in the history of biological control include the Chinese using ants in the 3rd century AD to control citrus pests and the vedalia beetle being used in the 1880s to control cottony cushion scale in California. Common agents used in biological control include predators, parasitoids, nematodes, protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Techniques include introduction, conservation, and augmentation of natural enemies. Biological control provides environmentally friendly pest management but can be slow, unpredictable, and require expert supervision.
This document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. IPM is a holistic approach that uses monitoring, identification, and action thresholds to determine when and how to address pest issues using cultural, physical, biological, or chemical methods. The goal is to prevent and control pests with minimal risk to humans, the environment, and other organisms. The document outlines IPM principles and provides examples of various control tactics within each category.
This document summarizes integrated pest management and microbial control methods. It discusses how integrated pest management aims to control pest populations below an economic threshold using a variety of techniques. It then describes several microbial agents used for control, including bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis, entomopathogenic fungi, viruses, nematodes, and protozoa. The modes of action and target pests of different microbial controls are outlined. While microbial pesticides are specific and non-toxic, their effects may not be immediate and they require proper production and application.
This document provides an overview of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). It discusses that PGPR are a group of soil bacteria that colonize plant roots and enhance plant growth directly or indirectly. Direct mechanisms include biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, phytohormone production, siderophore production, and antibiotic production. Indirect mechanisms include inducing systemic resistance in plants, production of lytic enzymes, and stress tolerance effects. The document reviews the specific mechanisms of several important PGPR functions and commercially available PGPR products.
The document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) for food processing facilities. IPM aims to control pests through prevention and elimination of conditions that support pest populations. It emphasizes regular inspection, identifying entry points and food/water sources, and addressing issues before using chemicals. The key steps of IPM include inspection, preventative planning, identification of pest issues, analyzing the causes, selecting targeted treatments, ongoing monitoring, and documentation. IPM provides long-term pest control through non-chemical methods and minimizing application of pesticides.
This document discusses various microbial insecticides, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. It focuses on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as one of the most prominent bacterial insecticides. Bt produces crystal proteins that are toxic to certain insects when ingested. Other microbial insecticides discussed include fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, as well as baculoviruses and the protozoan Nosema locustae, which are pathogenic to various insect pests. Microbial insecticides provide alternatives to chemical pesticides and have favorable environmental and toxicity profiles.
carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane production have a tremendous impact on climate change, microbes play a key role in the production and control of these gases
This document discusses biocontrol agents used for biological pest control. It defines biocontrol as using living organisms to control pests like insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases. The document outlines the history of biocontrol and describes common types of biocontrol agents like parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and nematodes. It discusses strategies for biocontrol and provides advantages like being environmentally friendly and reducing chemical pesticide use, as well as disadvantages like pathogens developing resistance.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). This bacterium is also a key source of genes for transgenic expression to provide pest resistance in plants and microorganisms as pest control agents in so-called genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
This document discusses biopesticides as an alternative to traditional chemical pesticides. It defines biopesticides as pesticides derived from natural materials like animals, plants, bacteria and certain minerals. The three main types are microbial, plant, and biochemical pesticides. Microbial pesticides contain microorganisms like bacteria, fungi or viruses to control pests. Plant pesticides use genetic material from plants to produce natural pesticides. Biochemical pesticides use substances that control pests through non-toxic mechanisms like growth regulators. Commonly used biopesticides discussed are Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), neem extracts, trichoderma fungi and baculoviruses. The advantages of biopesticides
Biopesticides are derived from natural materials like plants, bacteria, and minerals. They control pests through non-toxic mechanisms rather than directly killing them like synthetic pesticides. There are several types of biopesticides including microbial pesticides from bacteria or fungi, plant-incorporated protectants from genetically engineered plants, and biochemical pesticides that interfere with pest reproduction. While biopesticides are usually less toxic and more targeted than chemical pesticides, they also tend to have slower effects and lack persistence compared to synthetic alternatives. Proper formulation and application are important for biopesticides to be effective pest control agents. One common example is Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil-dwelling bacterium used in biological
Transgenic plants for insect resistance (review)Jiya Ali
Transgenic plants can be engineered for insect resistance using two main approaches. The first involves introducing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that code for delta endotoxins toxic to insects. The second uses plant-derived genes encoding proteins like protease inhibitors, lectins, and chitinases that interfere with insect growth. While Bt crops were first commercialized in the 1990s, research continues to identify new insecticidal genes from bacteria, fungi, and plants to combat evolving insect resistance and protect crops. Field testing of transgenic plants is needed to evaluate new gene sources and potential for controlling agricultural insect pests over the long term.
This document discusses biopesticides and their role in integrated pest management. It defines biopesticides as living organisms or naturally occurring substances that control pests. The first biopesticide was discovered in 1835. Biopesticides include bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa that act as pathogens or parasites against target pests. They may also compete with or induce resistance in plant hosts. While biopesticides currently make up a small portion of the pesticide market, their use is growing as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. The document reviews various types of microbial biopesticides and their modes of action in controlling insects and plant diseases.
the ppt will highlight about the techniques used for the preparation of the genetically engineered biopesticides.....in this ppt more emphasis will be given on the recombinant baculoviruses based pesticides.....
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
This document discusses biopesticides as an alternative to chemical pesticides in India. It begins with an introduction on how chemical pesticides and fertilizers have negatively impacted the environment. It then defines pesticides and biopesticides. The main types of biopesticides discussed are microbial (including bacteria like Bt and fungi), biochemical (such as neem extracts), and plant-incorporated protectants. Specific examples of microbial biopesticides targeting various pests are provided. The document emphasizes that biopesticides are less toxic and more targeted than chemical pesticides, reducing environmental impacts.
Biomagnification occurs when the concentration of a substance increases as it moves up the food chain due to its persistence, the energetics of the food chain, and its low rate of degradation and excretion in organisms. Mercury poisoning caused the Minamata disease in Japan due to humans consuming methylmercury accumulated in fish. Methylmercury biomagnifies in organisms and persists in the environment, accumulating in humans who consume contaminated fish. While the human body can break down vaporous mercury, methylmercury consumption poses more serious health risks due to biomagnification.
The document discusses Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), including their importance and role in agriculture. It defines PGPR, classifies them into two types, and describes their mechanisms of action such as nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and phytohormone production. The document outlines PGPR's role as phytostimulators, in abiotic stress tolerance, as biofertilizers, and biopesticides. It discusses the commercialization and future research of PGPR to potentially replace chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM). It defines IPM as a pest management approach that uses multiple control strategies, including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical tactics, to keep pest populations below economically damaging levels while minimizing risks to human health and the environment. The key principles of IPM include understanding pest biology and crop-pest interactions, advanced planning, balancing control costs and benefits, and monitoring pest populations to inform management decisions. The document discusses various IPM strategies and their advantages for improving farm profitability, reducing pest resistance and environmental impacts compared to reliance on pesticides alone.
An entomopathogenic fungus can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them.Targets are distributed among 10 insect orders:
Hemiptera (59.6%), Coleoptera (40.9%), Lepidoptera (17.5%), Thysanoptera (14.6%), Orthoptera (9.4%), Diptera (7.0%), Hymenoptera (2.9%), Isoptera (2.3%), Siphonoptera (1.2%), and Blattodea(0.6%).
This document discusses the principles of integrated pest and disease management. It defines integrated pest management as a sustainable approach that combines biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools to manage pests while minimizing risks. The key aspects of IPM include monitoring pests and their natural enemies, using economic thresholds to determine when control is needed, and integrating multiple control tactics such as cultural practices, host plant resistance, and selective use of pesticides.
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC FARMING.pptxkblawan03
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a sustainable approach to managing pests that combines biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools. IPM focuses on long-term prevention through techniques like biological control, habitat manipulation, and use of resistant varieties. The presentation discusses the history, need, and methods of IPM including cultural, physical, biological and chemical methods. It also covers the merits of IPM in reducing environmental risks and boosting crop yields, and the demmerits of being more time-consuming. The conclusion states that IPM offers a holistic approach that balances ecological, economic, and social considerations while minimizing reliance on pesticides.
Pengendalian opt terpadu (integrated pest management) 2014-siti subandiyahSuryati Purba
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an environmentally sensitive approach to managing pests that relies on a combination of common practices. IPM uses information on pest life cycles and their interaction with the environment to manage pest damage through the most economical and least hazardous means. It incorporates preventative cultural, mechanical, biological and targeted use of pesticides only when necessary. The goal of IPM is to reduce pest populations to acceptable levels while minimizing risks to people, property and the environment.
This document discusses various microbial insecticides, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. It focuses on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as one of the most prominent bacterial insecticides. Bt produces crystal proteins that are toxic to certain insects when ingested. Other microbial insecticides discussed include fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, as well as baculoviruses and the protozoan Nosema locustae, which are pathogenic to various insect pests. Microbial insecticides provide alternatives to chemical pesticides and have favorable environmental and toxicity profiles.
carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane production have a tremendous impact on climate change, microbes play a key role in the production and control of these gases
This document discusses biocontrol agents used for biological pest control. It defines biocontrol as using living organisms to control pests like insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases. The document outlines the history of biocontrol and describes common types of biocontrol agents like parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and nematodes. It discusses strategies for biocontrol and provides advantages like being environmentally friendly and reducing chemical pesticide use, as well as disadvantages like pathogens developing resistance.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). This bacterium is also a key source of genes for transgenic expression to provide pest resistance in plants and microorganisms as pest control agents in so-called genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
This document discusses biopesticides as an alternative to traditional chemical pesticides. It defines biopesticides as pesticides derived from natural materials like animals, plants, bacteria and certain minerals. The three main types are microbial, plant, and biochemical pesticides. Microbial pesticides contain microorganisms like bacteria, fungi or viruses to control pests. Plant pesticides use genetic material from plants to produce natural pesticides. Biochemical pesticides use substances that control pests through non-toxic mechanisms like growth regulators. Commonly used biopesticides discussed are Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), neem extracts, trichoderma fungi and baculoviruses. The advantages of biopesticides
Biopesticides are derived from natural materials like plants, bacteria, and minerals. They control pests through non-toxic mechanisms rather than directly killing them like synthetic pesticides. There are several types of biopesticides including microbial pesticides from bacteria or fungi, plant-incorporated protectants from genetically engineered plants, and biochemical pesticides that interfere with pest reproduction. While biopesticides are usually less toxic and more targeted than chemical pesticides, they also tend to have slower effects and lack persistence compared to synthetic alternatives. Proper formulation and application are important for biopesticides to be effective pest control agents. One common example is Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil-dwelling bacterium used in biological
Transgenic plants for insect resistance (review)Jiya Ali
Transgenic plants can be engineered for insect resistance using two main approaches. The first involves introducing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that code for delta endotoxins toxic to insects. The second uses plant-derived genes encoding proteins like protease inhibitors, lectins, and chitinases that interfere with insect growth. While Bt crops were first commercialized in the 1990s, research continues to identify new insecticidal genes from bacteria, fungi, and plants to combat evolving insect resistance and protect crops. Field testing of transgenic plants is needed to evaluate new gene sources and potential for controlling agricultural insect pests over the long term.
This document discusses biopesticides and their role in integrated pest management. It defines biopesticides as living organisms or naturally occurring substances that control pests. The first biopesticide was discovered in 1835. Biopesticides include bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa that act as pathogens or parasites against target pests. They may also compete with or induce resistance in plant hosts. While biopesticides currently make up a small portion of the pesticide market, their use is growing as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. The document reviews various types of microbial biopesticides and their modes of action in controlling insects and plant diseases.
the ppt will highlight about the techniques used for the preparation of the genetically engineered biopesticides.....in this ppt more emphasis will be given on the recombinant baculoviruses based pesticides.....
IntroductionDefinitionPescidesType of pesticidesFate of pesticides in environmentBiodegradation of pesticides in soil Criteria for biodegradation
Strategies for biodegradationDifferent approaches of biodegradationChemical reaction leading to biodegradationChanging the spectrum of toxicityExample of biodegradationAdvantageDisadvantage
This document discusses biopesticides as an alternative to chemical pesticides in India. It begins with an introduction on how chemical pesticides and fertilizers have negatively impacted the environment. It then defines pesticides and biopesticides. The main types of biopesticides discussed are microbial (including bacteria like Bt and fungi), biochemical (such as neem extracts), and plant-incorporated protectants. Specific examples of microbial biopesticides targeting various pests are provided. The document emphasizes that biopesticides are less toxic and more targeted than chemical pesticides, reducing environmental impacts.
Biomagnification occurs when the concentration of a substance increases as it moves up the food chain due to its persistence, the energetics of the food chain, and its low rate of degradation and excretion in organisms. Mercury poisoning caused the Minamata disease in Japan due to humans consuming methylmercury accumulated in fish. Methylmercury biomagnifies in organisms and persists in the environment, accumulating in humans who consume contaminated fish. While the human body can break down vaporous mercury, methylmercury consumption poses more serious health risks due to biomagnification.
The document discusses Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), including their importance and role in agriculture. It defines PGPR, classifies them into two types, and describes their mechanisms of action such as nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and phytohormone production. The document outlines PGPR's role as phytostimulators, in abiotic stress tolerance, as biofertilizers, and biopesticides. It discusses the commercialization and future research of PGPR to potentially replace chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM). It defines IPM as a pest management approach that uses multiple control strategies, including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical tactics, to keep pest populations below economically damaging levels while minimizing risks to human health and the environment. The key principles of IPM include understanding pest biology and crop-pest interactions, advanced planning, balancing control costs and benefits, and monitoring pest populations to inform management decisions. The document discusses various IPM strategies and their advantages for improving farm profitability, reducing pest resistance and environmental impacts compared to reliance on pesticides alone.
An entomopathogenic fungus can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them.Targets are distributed among 10 insect orders:
Hemiptera (59.6%), Coleoptera (40.9%), Lepidoptera (17.5%), Thysanoptera (14.6%), Orthoptera (9.4%), Diptera (7.0%), Hymenoptera (2.9%), Isoptera (2.3%), Siphonoptera (1.2%), and Blattodea(0.6%).
This document discusses the principles of integrated pest and disease management. It defines integrated pest management as a sustainable approach that combines biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools to manage pests while minimizing risks. The key aspects of IPM include monitoring pests and their natural enemies, using economic thresholds to determine when control is needed, and integrating multiple control tactics such as cultural practices, host plant resistance, and selective use of pesticides.
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC FARMING.pptxkblawan03
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a sustainable approach to managing pests that combines biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools. IPM focuses on long-term prevention through techniques like biological control, habitat manipulation, and use of resistant varieties. The presentation discusses the history, need, and methods of IPM including cultural, physical, biological and chemical methods. It also covers the merits of IPM in reducing environmental risks and boosting crop yields, and the demmerits of being more time-consuming. The conclusion states that IPM offers a holistic approach that balances ecological, economic, and social considerations while minimizing reliance on pesticides.
Pengendalian opt terpadu (integrated pest management) 2014-siti subandiyahSuryati Purba
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an environmentally sensitive approach to managing pests that relies on a combination of common practices. IPM uses information on pest life cycles and their interaction with the environment to manage pest damage through the most economical and least hazardous means. It incorporates preventative cultural, mechanical, biological and targeted use of pesticides only when necessary. The goal of IPM is to reduce pest populations to acceptable levels while minimizing risks to people, property and the environment.
Fungi can serve as effective biocontrol agents for controlling plant diseases. Some fungi, such as species of Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Ampelomyces, and Coniothyrium produce enzymes or antibiotics that directly inhibit plant pathogens through antagonism. Other fungi indirectly control pathogens by competing for space and nutrients or inducing resistance in plants. Trichoderma is a commonly used biocontrol agent that employs mechanisms like mycoparasitism, competition, and inducing plant defenses to reduce pathogen populations and disease severity. Biological control using fungi provides a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to disease management in agriculture.
Fungi can be used as biocontrol agents to control plant diseases. Some key fungal biocontrol agents include Trichoderma species, Gliocladium virens, Coniothyrium minitans, and Ampelomyces quisqualis. Trichoderma reduces plant pathogens through direct antagonism mechanisms like mycoparasitism, antibiosis, and competition. Commercial products containing Trichoderma are used as biopesticides. Fungal biocontrol agents can also be used to control nematodes, insects, and other pests through parasitism and production of toxins. Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus used as a biological insecticide against various insect
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) utilizes various pest control tactics together in a harmonious way to achieve long-term pest control. The key components of IPM include gathering initial information, correctly identifying pests, monitoring pest populations, establishing economic injury levels, record keeping, selecting least-toxic treatment strategies, and evaluating treatments. Cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical practices are among the pest management tactics used in IPM. The logic and necessity of IPM includes potential economic benefits from reduced pesticide use, environmental benefits from decreased contamination, and knowledge benefits from a better understanding of pests and their management.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a strategy that uses a combination of biological, cultural, physical and chemical pest control methods to manage pest populations below economically damaging levels. It focuses on prevention through methods like habitat manipulation and use of pest-resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only as a last resort treatment and in a targeted way. The goal of IPM is to manage pests in an environmentally friendly and economically sustainable manner.
The document discusses the history and importance of integrated pest management (IPM), which involves using multiple pest control methods such as cultural practices, biological controls, and selective use of pesticides to improve crop yields while reducing environmental impacts. IPM strategies include prevention, monitoring, and intervention techniques to manage pests and keep populations below economic threshold levels. The benefits of IPM include improved crop protection, stable crop yields, reduced pest resistance, and increased food safety.
When it comes to effectively managing pest infestations, a holistic and sustainable approach is key. That's where Integrated Pest Management (IPM) shines.
Join us as we explore the intricacies of IPM and discover how this comprehensive approach can ensure effective pest management while minimizing harm to the environment and human health.
My presentation on Integrated Pest Management. I had made a try from my side to create it knowledgeful and tried to include qualitative content after studying many articals, research papers and other online websites.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management for grape vineyards. It defines pests and categories including insects, diseases, vertebrates, and weeds. The key steps in IPM are outlined as identifying the pest, monitoring populations, setting prevention or suppression goals, implementing control strategies like cultivation, biological controls, and pesticides if needed, and evaluating results. Control methods discussed include mechanical, physical, cultural, biological and chemical options. The importance of knowing pest lifecycles and using a multifaceted approach based on monitoring is emphasized.
The document discusses the role of integrated pest management (IPM) in sustainable agriculture. It notes that IPM focuses on managing pests through cultural, physical, biological and chemical methods to minimize economic, health and environmental risks. The basic principles of IPM are scouting crops weekly for pests and setting thresholds to determine when control treatments are needed, which can typically reduce pesticide use by 50% compared to regular spraying. IPM aims to develop pest control strategies that consider all relevant control tactics and are sensitive to local conditions and needs.
biological weed control ,what is bio-control of weed ,how biological control of weed works ,advantage of biological weed control ,methods and agents of biological weed control
The document discusses integrated plant disease management (IDM), which is a decision-based process that coordinates the use of multiple tactics to optimize pathogen control in an ecologically and economically sound manner. The key components of an IDM approach include cultural controls like crop rotation, physical controls such as hot water treatment of seeds, biological controls using organisms like Trichoderma fungi, chemical controls when needed, and host plant resistance. The overall goals are to simultaneously manage multiple pathogens, monitor impacts and natural enemies, and integrate suppressive tactics to promote sustainable disease management with reduced environmental and health risks.
This Presentation includes various tactics of IDM like Cultural control, Physical control, Chemical control, Biological control of plant disease. Useful for UG, PG Botany and Agriculture students
Pesticides are substances intended to control pests. While they have increased crop yields, pesticides can also harm humans and the environment. Traditional methods provide natural alternatives such as light traps, smoke, and intercropping with pest-repelling plants. A more sustainable approach is Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which uses biological, cultural, and mechanical/physical controls combined with selective pesticide use for long-term prevention of pest damage. IPM benefits from pesticides' effectiveness and enables other management practices while reducing risks to health and environment.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM). It discusses key principles of IPM, including using multiple pest control strategies, determining acceptable pest injury levels, and focusing on prevention over cure. Specific strategies covered include cultural, biological, host plant resistance, and chemical controls. Monitoring, identification, decision making, and record keeping are presented as important steps in any IPM program. The document emphasizes that IPM is a decision-making process that considers all options to manage pests below an economic threshold while minimizing risks.
This document provides an overview of integrated weed management (IWM) strategies. IWM utilizes multiple, compatible management tactics to control weed populations below economic damage thresholds while preserving environmental quality. An example IWM program for Canada thistle is described, involving fall herbicide application, spring spot spraying and burning, summer mowing and biological control agent release. Biological control uses host-specific insects or pathogens to suppress weeds long-term at low cost, while herbicides provide short-term chemical control when applied according to label instructions.
Biological control using Trichoderma spp. is an effective alternative to chemical pesticides for controlling plant pathogens. Trichoderma is a common soil fungus with mycoparasitic properties that allow it to control pathogens through antibiosis, nutrient competition, and destructive mycoparasitism. Successful biocontrol requires obtaining a highly effective strain, inexpensive mass production, and application methods that allow the agent to colonize roots and proliferate. Trichoderma is commercially used as a seed treatment or soil amendment to protect roots from diseases through mycoparasitism and inducing host plant resistance.
Similar to Integrated pest management(ipm) and use of bacteria as biopesticide (20)
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
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I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
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the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
2. UN's Food and Agriculture
Organization definition of IPM
“The careful consideration of all available pest control
techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures
that discourage the development of pest populations and keep
pesticides and other interventions to levels that are
economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human
health and the environment.”
3. Process
• Set Action Threshold
• a point at which pest populations or environmental conditions
indicate that pest control action must be taken.
• The level at which pests will either become an economic
threat is critical to guide future pest control decisions
• Sighting a single pest does not always mean control is needed
4. • Monitor and Identify Pests
• so that appropriate control decisions can be made in conjunction
with action thresholds
• removes the possibility that pesticides will be used when they are
not really needed or that the wrong kind of pesticide will be used.
5. • Prevention
• using cultural methods, such as selecting pest-resistant varieties, and
planting pest-free rootstock
• Develop healthy soil.
• Choose the right grass type.
• Mow high, often.
• Water deeply.
6. • Control
• less risky pest controls are chosen first, including highly targeted
chemicals, such as pheromones to disrupt pest mating
• mechanical control, such as trapping or weeding
• additional pest control methods would be employed, such as
targeted spraying of pesticides
8. Advantages
• Enhance the long- term stability and protection against pests.
• Provide long term solution to pest problem
• Decreased use of chemical application
• reduces risks to the health of staff members.
• reduces the risk of deterioration and disfigurement of
holdings.
• result in a financial savings
9. Disadvantages
• IPM will require more staff time than traditional pest
management
• IPM will require the coordinated effort of all staff members to
properly implement
• IPM may initially be more expensive than traditional pest
management.
10. Biopesticide
• Biopesticide is a formulation made from naturally occurring
substances that controls pests by non toxic mechanisms and in
ecofriendly manner
11. Use of bacteria as biopesticide
Bacterial pathogens used for insect control are usually spore-
forming, rod-shaped bacteria in the genus Bacillus
Ex. B. subtilis, are well-studied organisms(US Food and Drug
Administration (USFDA) has granted the "generally regarded as
safe" (GRAS) status)
They have the capacity to produce spores which are extremely
resistant dormancy forms capable to withstand high
temperatures, unfavorable pH, lack of nutrients or water, etc.
12. • Bacillus thuringiensis
• Control lepidopterous pests like American bollworm in cotton and
stem borers in rice.
• Agrobacterium radiobacter (Agrocin)
• used to treat roots during transplanting, that checks crown gall
• Pseudomonas fluorescens (Phenazine)
• used to control damping off caused by Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia
solani, Gaeumannomyces graminis.
• It has ability to grow quickly in the rhizosphere
Integrated pest management (IPM), also known asintegrated pest control (IPC) is a broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (EIL).
Before taking any pest control action, IPM first sets an action threshold, a point at which pest populations or environmental conditions indicate that pest control action must be taken. Sighting a single pest does not always mean control is needed. The level at which pests will either become an economic threat is critical to guide future pest control decisions.
Once monitoring, identification, and action thresholds indicate that pest control is required, and preventive methods are no longer effective or available
When ingested by pest larvae, Bt releases toxins which damage the mid gut of the pest, eventually killing it