This document discusses various methods for managing insect pests, including legislative, cultural, physical, biological, and chemical controls. It describes in detail several cultural control methods like tillage, clean seed, irrigation, and crop rotation. Legislative control involves laws around plant import/export and pesticide regulation. Physical control uses factors like heat, cold, and light traps. Biological control utilizes beneficial insects like parasites, parasitoids, predators, and pathogens that naturally control pest populations. The document provides examples for each control method.
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
the topic which contains the basic aspects regarding biological control of pest and also mass production aspects of some biological entomopathogenic agents.and different types of biological agents in management of pest
My presentation on Integrated Pest Management. I had made a try from my side to create it knowledgeful and tried to include qualitative content after studying many articals, research papers and other online websites.
Pest control refers to the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, usually because it is perceived to be detrimental to a person's health, the ecology or the economy.
The principal objective of a pest control is to protect crops by maintaining the attack of the pests and diseases at an acceptable level.
There are various methods of pest control
they are basically non chemical methods and chemical methods
Here I would like to inform you on physiology of impulse transmission in insects. I hope this would increase your understanding -------------------------------------------------
IPM is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism. Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and nontarget organisms, and the environment.
the topic which contains the basic aspects regarding biological control of pest and also mass production aspects of some biological entomopathogenic agents.and different types of biological agents in management of pest
My presentation on Integrated Pest Management. I had made a try from my side to create it knowledgeful and tried to include qualitative content after studying many articals, research papers and other online websites.
Pest control refers to the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, usually because it is perceived to be detrimental to a person's health, the ecology or the economy.
The principal objective of a pest control is to protect crops by maintaining the attack of the pests and diseases at an acceptable level.
There are various methods of pest control
they are basically non chemical methods and chemical methods
Here I would like to inform you on physiology of impulse transmission in insects. I hope this would increase your understanding -------------------------------------------------
IPM is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism. Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and nontarget organisms, and the environment.
cotton crop needs highest pesticide application for pest management, So we came with ipm practices for reducing insecticide spray, to manage the resistance development and secondary outbreak of sucking pest
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
4. Three main objectives...
Prevention
— keeping a pest to become a problem
Suppression
— reducing pest numbers or damage to an
acceptable level
Eradication
— destroying an entire pest population
5. Pest control methods...
Legislative control
Cultural
Physical
Biological
Reproductive
Chemical etc.
6. Legislative control
Control of insect pests by enacting
and enforcing insect laws by the Govt.
Prevent the pest entry from foreign countries
Prevent spread of pests within the country
To enforce control and eradicative measures
Chemicals neither adulterated nor misbranded
7. Legislative control...
In Pakistan 3 types of legislations to
control either pests or pesticides
Pakistan plant quarantine act 1976
Punjab agricultural pests ordinance 1959
Agricultural pesticides ordinance 1971
8. Legislative control...
Import of plant or plant material
a. medium of infestation b. pests destrucive to agri-
Plant material with special permit required
a. new varieties b. propagating stock
Penalty
a. Rs. 500/-
b. subsequent offence Rs. 2000/-
or 6 months prision
Salient features of Pakistan plant
quarantine act 1976
9. Govt. may prohibit
a. cultivation methods b. sale or transport of infested crop
Preventive measures
a. removal of stubbles b. proper sowing time
c. removal of weeds d. avoid ratooning
Penalty
a. Rs. 25,000 to 50,000/-
b. subsequent offence Rs. 50,000 to
100,000/- or 3-6 months prision
Inspection (DGA, DDA and Distt. Agri. Ext. Officers)
Salient features of Punjab agricultural pests
ordinance 1959 and rules 1960
10. Import and registration of pesticide and distributor
Adulterated importation may be prohibited
Prescribed labelling
Safe storage and use of pesticides
Pesticide labs. for sample analysis
Approved pesticide advertisement
Safety precautions
Penalties for substandard and adulterated pesticides
(5 to 10 lac with 6 months to 3 years imprisonment)
Salient features of Agricultural pesticides
ordinance 1971
11. Cultural control
Control of Insect pests by performing the regular
agricultural practices
Tillage
Irrigation
Clean seed
Clean culture
Manuring
Pruning and thinning
Trap crops
Resistant varieties
Timing of sowing
Crop rotation
Destruction of
crop residues
12. Cultural control...
Tillage
The proper stirring and management
of soil can suppress pest population
e.g. surface grasshoppers, field crickets,
beetles and mealy bugs lay eggs in
the upper 5-10 cm of soil
• Seed bed preparation and weed control
• Timing and depth
13. Cultural control...
Clean seed
Number of insect pests carried from
one crop to next through seeds, cuttings
or other infested plant parts
e.g. hibernating larvae of the pink bollworms
in seeds of cotton (can be killed by
fumigation), fumigation of nursery plants
to protect new orchards from infestation
14. Cultural control...
Irrigation
By flooding a large number of insects
present in the soil can be drowned or
exposed to natural enemies,
Sprinkler irrigation effective against foliage feeding insects
e.g. lucerne caterpillars can be killed by drowning. sugarcane
and wheat crops can be saved from attack of white-ants
Primarly plant culture activity and
little emphasis given to control
insects by irrigation, except
chemigation
15. Cultural control...
Manuring
By putting fertilizers in right proportions
make plants healthy and vigorous
e.g. after sugarcane shoots attacked by top-
borer; application of ammonium
sulphate induces tillering.
early sown cucurbits in well manured fields
withstand the attack of red pumpkin beetle
16. Cultural control...
Clean culture
Removal of all undesired plants,
plant debris and other material from
the field
e.g. undesirable plants in gardens
give protection and provide food
to the newly emerged nymphs of
mango mealy bug
17. Cultural control...
Time of sowing
By adjusting time of sowing and
harvesting crop can be saved from
infestation
e.g. rice nursery should not sow before 20
May to avoid attack of rice borers.
sugarcane should be harvested before
mid-February to avoid egg-laying of
top borer
18. Cultural control...
Pruning and thinning
Some pests are carried from old to
new crops, in case of perennial
plants, fruit trees
e.g. proper pruning of undesirable portions
of citrus useful to check the citrus leaf-
miner, citrus red scale etc.
19. Cultural control...
Trap crops
Sowing of early or parallel in narrow
strips around a major crop; serve as a
trap for pests that might common
e.g. okra is a good trap crop to cotton to
attract jassid and spotted bollworms,
sesame around cotton attract red hairy
caterpillar
20. Cultural control...
Sowing of resistant
varieties
Certain varieties of crops are tolerant and
less attacked by insect pests than other
varieties
e.g. Gossypium arboreum due to hairiness
character is more resistant to attack of
jassid, whitefly and bollworms. hard
rinded varieties of sugarcane are less
attacked by borers than soft rinded
21. Cultural control...
Crop rotation
Growing a single crop year after year in the same
field provide continuous supply of food and breeding
facilities; results increase in pest population,
Pest has narrow host range, eggs are laid before the
new crop is planted, the feeding stage is not very
mobile
e.g. okra following a cotton crop increase infestation;
therefore cotton should be rotated with maize, rice,
groundnut etc.
22. Cultural control...
Destruction of crop
residues
Stubbles of various crops, rice,
sugarcane, maize etc. should be
uprooted and destroyed thoroughly
e.g. sugarcane ratooning provides
protection to root borers, cotton sticks
should be cut below the ground level
to remove stem borers
23. Physical control...
Reduce of pest population by the
involvement or special manipulation
of physical factors i.e. temperature
and humidity
Hot or cold treatment
Moisture
Light traps
24. Physical control...
Hot or Cold treatment
Application of heat including exposure to
sun rays during summer helps in killing
pests in seeds and stored commodities
e.g. exposure of cotton seeds to heat helps in
killing diapausing larvae of pink bollworm
treatment of sugarcane setts with heat or
hot water kills scale insects.
cold storage of fruits and vegetables
escape fruit fly, pathogens
25. Physical control...
Moisture
Insects are highly sensitive to
reduction in moisture
Manipulation of humidity in field
conditions not feasible
e.g. stored grain pests (moisture < 8%)
and greenhouse conditions
26. Physical control...
Light traps
Light had been used to control many
insects in the form of light traps. Traps
can be used for monitoring pest
population in the area
e.g. several species of moths and beetles
can be attracted to light and killed
27. Biological control...
Method of controlling pests
using other living organisms
Parasites
Parasitoids
Predators
Pathogens
29. Parasites
An organism that lives in a symbiotic
relationship with a phylogenetically
unrelated organism over a prolonged
period of time
A Parasite lives in or on its host
It obtains nourishment from its host
Parasites cannot live independently
Relationship lasts the lifetime of the
host
e.g. Epipyrop spp. (Lepidoptera) parasite of
sugarcane leafhopper, Trichogramma chilonis egg
parasite of ABW
30. Parasitoids vs Parasites:
A parasitoid is an organism that spends a
significant portion of its life history attached
to or within a single host organism
A parasitoid ultimately kills and often
consumes its host in the process
Parasitoids obtain nourishment from host,
but is not needed to survive
Relationship lasts the life cycle of its host
Parasitoids
31. Parasitoids
Parasitoids either lay eggs inside
the host or attach eggs to the
outside of host body
e.g. Insects from Coleoptera, Diptera,
Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and
Neuroptera
34. Parasitoids with respect to effect on host
Idiobionts:
host development arrested or
terminated upon parasitization (e.g.
egg parasitoids)
Koinobionts:
host continues to develop following
parasitization (e.g. larval-pupal
parasitoids)
35. Parasitism may be:
Hyperparasitism (secondary parasitoids)
It is common for a parasitoid to itself serve
as the host for another parasitoid's offspring
Superparasitism
In which host is attacked by more than once
by a single species of parasitoid
Multiple parasitism
When host has been parasitized by more
than one species
36. Biological control...
Merits of parasitoids
They possess good survival
Require one host to complete life history
Sustain their population at low host levels
Mostly have a narrow host range
37. Biological control...
Dmerits of parasitoids
Host searching capacity strongly
reduced by weather conditions
Only female search host for egg laying
Even best female searcher lay few
eggs
Synchronization is difficult problem
with most parasitoids
38. Biological control...
Predators
Are free living organisms that feed
throughout their life on other
animals and kill their prey
Larger than prey and require more than
one to complete their development
Both immature and adult of many species
are predacious but some only on
immature stage
47. Biological control...
Augmentative biological control
Mass rearing and production
The handicap natural enemies can be
removed in the field by releasing in desired
numbers and time periods
Inoculative releases
Inundative releases
48. Inoculative releases
Involves the releases of small numbers
and may be made infrequently as once a
year to re-establish a species of natural
enemies killed out periodically due to
unfavourable environmental conditions
Biological control...
49. Inundative releases
Involves the mass-releases of natural
enemies at frequent intervals to suppress
the pest population
Biological control...
50. Biological control...
Conservation biological control
Involves the avoidance of measures that
destroy natural enemies and providing
resources that enhancing their population
protection from pesticides
avoidance of harmful cultural practices
maintenance of biodiversity
supply of food and shelter resources
51. Reproductive control...
Control of insect pests by lowering their
reproductive potentials
Pest insects are used against members of
their own species to reduce population level;
may also called Autocidal or Sterile insect
technique (SIT)
Methods of sterilization
radiation
chemosterilization
other genetic tactics
52. Reproductive control...
In this method male insect population
exposed to high energy radiations like X-
rays and gamma rays cause mutation in
DNA, zygote formed but die early
e.g. mutation of drosophila melanogaster
pupae of screwworm produce sterile
adults
Radiation
53. Reproductive control...
In this method certain chemicals are
used to sterile insects, chemicals are
used to prevent gamete production
e.g. Alkylating agents, phosphorus
amides, Triazines, anti-metabolites
Chemosterilization