2. Pesticide Use Problems
• IPM concept has evolved in response to
problems caused by an over-reliance on
chemical pesticides
• These problems are development of pesticide
resistance, elimination of natural enemies of
pests, outbreaks of formerly suppressed pests,
hazards to non-target species, and
environmental contamination
3. IPM
• IPM is an environmentally sensitive approach
of pest management that relay on a
combination of common practises
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a
systematic decision-making process that
supports a balanced approach to managing
crop and livestock production systems for the
effective, economical and environmentally-sound
suppression of pests
4. • IPM programs use current, comprehensive
information on the life cycles of pests and
their interaction with the environment to
manage pest damage by the most economical
means, and with the least possible hazard to
people, property, and the environment
5. IPM
• IPM takes advantage of all appropriate pest
management options including the judicious use
of pesticides
• Organic food production applies many of the
same concepts as IPM, minimum in the use of
pesticides, food produced from natural sources
and avoid to use synthetic chemicals
• A series of pest management evaluations,
decisions and controls, not a single pest control
method
6. The Elements of IPM
• Planning and managing agricultural production systems to
prevent insects, plant diseases and weeds from becoming
pests;
• Identifying pests, their natural enemies and damage;
• Monitoring populations of pests and beneficial organisms,
pest damage, and environmental conditions;
• Making control decisions based on potential damage, cost
of control methods, value of production, impact on other
pests, beneficial organisms and the environment;
• Using strategies that may include a combination of
behavioural, biological, chemical, cultural and mechanical
methods to reduce pest populations to acceptable levels;
• Evaluating the effects and efficacy of management
decisions.
7.
8. IPM requires knowledge of
How to identify pests and evaluate their
damage,
How to identify natural control agents, and
How to select effective control methods that
minimize undesirable side effects.
Selection of controls for individual pests must
be made with the entire crop management
system in mind.
Many cultural control methods are carried out
as part of normal crop production operations.
9. Steps of IPM
• Action threshold, a point at which pest populations or
environmental conditions indicate that pest control
action must be taken. The level at which pests will
either become an economic threat is critical to guide
future pest control decisions.
• Monitoring for pests and identify them accurately, so
that appropriate control decisions can be made in
conjunction with action thresholds. This monitoring
and identification removes the possibility that
pesticides will be used when they are not really needed
or that the wrong kind of pesticide will be used
10. Steps of IPM
• Prevent pests from becoming a threat by using
cultural methods, such as rotating between
different crops, selecting pest-resistant varieties,
and planting pest-free rootstock that can be very
effective and cost-efficient and present little to no
risk to people or the environment
• When preventive methods are no longer effective
or available, through the monitoring,
identification, and action thresholds indicate that
pest control is required
11.
12. • If further monitoring, identifications and
action thresholds indicate that less risky
controls are not working, then additional pest
control methods would be employed, such as
targeted spraying of pesticides. Broadcast
spraying of non-specific pesticides is a last
resort.
16. Conceptual diagram of IPM showing the main interacting management
tactics arranged in an inherently stable pyramid where elements build
upon one another resulting in a sustainable management strategy.
Adapted with permission from Elsevier68.IPM
21. The principles are:
- grow a healthy soil and crop;
- conserve natural enemies;
- observe the field regularly (e.g. soil, water,
plant, pests and natural enemies);
- farmers should strive to become experts.
