This document provides an overview of integrated pest management for grape vineyards. It defines pests and categories including insects, diseases, vertebrates, and weeds. The key steps in IPM are outlined as identifying the pest, monitoring populations, setting prevention or suppression goals, implementing control strategies like cultivation, biological controls, and pesticides if needed, and evaluating results. Control methods discussed include mechanical, physical, cultural, biological and chemical options. The importance of knowing pest lifecycles and using a multifaceted approach based on monitoring is emphasized.
Pest control refers to the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, usually because it is perceived to be detrimental to a person's health, the ecology or the economy.
The principal objective of a pest control is to protect crops by maintaining the attack of the pests and diseases at an acceptable level.
There are various methods of pest control
they are basically non chemical methods and chemical methods
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1. Michigan wine grape vineyard establishment conference
A brief introduction to pests and
pest management
Diane Brown, Michigan State
University Extension
2. 2
What is a pest?
• Any organism that is
detrimental to humans
– destroys crops & structures
– poses threats to human health
and livestock
– reduces aesthetic and
recreational value
4. Several common insect pests of grapes
• Grape berry moth
• Potato leafhoppers
• Japanese beetle
5. Main categories of pests
• diseases- caused by Pathogens – living agents
– Fungi
– Bacteria
– Viruses
– Nematodes
– Phytoplasmas
• Disorders-Non-living agents:
– cold, heat, pollutants, chemical injury
6. Main categories of pests
• Vertebrates (with a backbone)
– Birds
– Deer
– Raccoons
netting to reduce bird damage
7. Main categories of pests
• Weeds – “unwanted plants”
• Grasses
• Broadleaf
• Perennial
• Annual/ biennial
8. How to manage?
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
• Uses multiple strategies to manage pests and
pest damage
• Examples will be given later
9. Steps in IPM
Identify the pest and know its biology
• Monitor and survey for pests
• Set IPM goal: prevent, suppress
• Implement-select control strategies, timing,
• Economics
• Environmental impacts
• Evaluate
10. Steps in pest management
• is it really a pest or:
• Just there?
• A beneficial insect?
Texas Forest Service Archive, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Gerald J. Lenhard, Louisiana State University, Bugwood.org
11. Steps in pest management
• Identify the pest and pest damage- critical
• Learn key pests
• Identify lifecycle stages
• Overwintering stage
• Stages causing damage
• Stages that can be controlled
13. examples
• Black rot is a fungus
• Overwinters on mummified fruit
• Spores produced in mummies lands on
leaves
• Spores produced on leaves land on fruit
14.
15.
16. Pest Identification is Critical
• Use books, extension
bulletins, field guides,
Web, etc.
• Have pests examined
by specialists
– Handle samples carefully
17. Steps in IPM
• Identify the pest and know its biology
Monitor and survey for pests
• Set IPM goal: prevent, suppress
• Implement-select control strategies, timing,
Economics
• Environmental impacts
• Evaluate
18. Steps in pest management
Monitoring
• when is the pest likely to appear?
• May be tied to particular stage of plant
development
• May be related to weather or environment
19. Monitor the Pest
• Use scouting, trapping, weather data, models
• Enviroweather website-
http://www.enviroweather.msu.edu/
20. Steps in IPM
• Identify the pest and know its biology
• Monitor and survey for pests
Set IPM goal: prevent, suppress
• Implement-select control strategies, timing
• Economics
• Environmental impacts
• Evaluate
21. What is your goal for integrated
pest management?
• Prevent
• Suppress
22. Components of IPM-Monitor the Pest
• Action threshold: unacceptable pest level –
do something
• Sometimes the action threshold may be
zero!
• Action thresholds vary by pest, site, and
season
23. • Economic Threshold- control
needed to prevent economic
injury
• Economic Injury Level
– $ of losses =
$ of control measures
– Apply control measure prior
to reaching economic injury
level
Time
0
Pest
Population
25. Steps in IPM
• Identify the pest and know its biology
• Monitor and survey for pests
• Set IPM goal: prevent, suppress
Implement
– Select control strategies
– Timing
• Economics
• Environmental impacts
• Evaluate
26. Implement the IPM Program
• Make sure you have taken initial steps
– Identification and monitoring
– Set action thresholds
– Know what control strategies will work
• Select effective and least harmful methods
27. pest management tactics
• Mechanical: Cultivation
• Disrupt soil conditions for weeds and insects
– Hoes, Plows, Disks
• Control growth or destroy plants
– Mowers
28. Mechanical: Trapping
• Use of mechanical or sticky device
• Captures pests in a holding device
• Restrains or kills the pest
30. Physical controls- alter the environment
Examples for black rot
• Open canopies to reduce humidity and leaf
wetness
• Plant rows in direction of prevailing winds
31. Cultural control: sanitation
• Sanitation: eliminate food, water, and shelter
• destroy infected crop residues or infected
plant materials
• Destroy weeds to reduce pest refuges
32. Cultural controls- alter
conditions or pest behavior
• Examples for black rot
• Plant resistant or less susceptible varieties
• Prune out dead canes and mummies
• Remove fruit mummies from the ground
33. Biological controls
• Natural enemies
• Any organism that reduces
the numbers of another.
Lacewing larva
Texas Forest Service Archive, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org
34. Biological Control in the vineyard
• Conservation and Enhancement
Manipulating habitat and resources to
conserve or enhance NE numbers.
• Augmentation-Releasing NE’s to boost
population.
35. Predators and Parasitoids
• Predators
Mainly insects
Kill and consume prey
• Parasitoids
Live in/on host
Kill host
Russ Ottens, University
of Georgia, bugwood.org
Winston Beck, Iowa State
University, bugwood.org
36. Pathogens
• Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes and
viruses- naturally occurring or commercial
• B.t.- Bacillus thuriengensis, a biological
insecticide used to kill moth larvae
• Grandevo, a microbial insecticide
• Beauvaria bassiana (fungus)- Naturalis,
Botanigard
37. Summary
• Biological Control can be effective.
• BUT-Requires careful planning and knowledge.
• MONITORING!
• Integrating pest management methods to
reduce chemical use and conserve natural
enemies.
39. Considerations for Pesticide Use
• Identify the pest and select
the appropriate product
• Avoid developing resistant
pest populations
• If using pesticides, use the
correct application rate and
timing
40. Pesticide Classification
• General Use
– normally lower toxicity
– no special certification or permits required
• Restricted Use (RUP):
– may cause adverse effects to human health or the
environment
– sold only to certified applicators
41. “The label is the law”
• The site must be stated on the label
• The target pest does not need to be listed
• Any application method may be used, unless
prohibited by the label
42. “The label is the law”
• Applications may be made at a rate less than
that stated on the label, not more!
• Tank mixtures are OK, unless the label says
otherwise
43. • Mode of action: how it works to control the pest
• Systemic pesticides-absorbed through tissues and
transported elsewhere where the pest encounters it
• Contact pesticides must come in direct contact with
the target pest
Pesticide terms
46. Pesticide Resistance:
• Use of similar modes of action
• Frequency of applications
• Persistence of the chemical
• Pest rate of reproduction &
offspring numbers
47. Pesticides vary by selectivity
• Non-selective – kills all related pests – for
example some herbicides kill all green plants
that gets a sufficient dose
• Selective – kills only certain weeds, insects,
plant pathogens – for example other
herbicides only kill broadleaf weeds not
grasses
48. Pesticides vary by persistence:
• how long they remain active in the
environment
• Residual pesticides – remain active for weeks,
months, years
• Non-residual – inactivated immediately or
within a few days
49. Considerations for integrating
chemical and biological control
• Use selective insecticides
• Low residual toxicity
• Biopesticides
• Application Timings
• Natural enemy refuges
50. • Regardless of the methods chosen,
remember:
• Identify the pest and know its biology
• Monitor and survey for pests
• Set IPM goal: prevent, suppress
IPM in the vineyard
51. IPM in the vineyard
• Consider the economics- action thresholds
• Environmental impacts- what else are you
impacting
52. Record and Evaluate Results
• what worked; what did not
• May take time to see results
• Might be ineffective or
damaging to target crop,
beneficial insects, etc.
• Use what you learned for
future pest management
planning
