This document provides an overview of entomology 101 and pest management. It discusses various topics including insects as pests, the effects of insecticides, integrated pest management, chemical control, biological control, host-plant resistance, and more. The key methods of pest control covered are chemical insecticides, biological control using natural enemies, cultural practices, plant resistance, and pheromones/attractants. Integrated pest management is presented as an approach that combines multiple control tactics for effective and environmentally-friendly pest suppression.
Pest control refers to the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, usually because it is perceived to be detrimental to a person's health, the ecology or the economy.
The principal objective of a pest control is to protect crops by maintaining the attack of the pests and diseases at an acceptable level.
There are various methods of pest control
they are basically non chemical methods and chemical methods
Management of insect pest management through different methods such as biological, chemical, mechanical, and most importantly integrated pest management.
This Presentation includes various tactics of IDM like Cultural control, Physical control, Chemical control, Biological control of plant disease. Useful for UG, PG Botany and Agriculture students
In this slide different fungi are Mentioned and their role as bio-control agents is also elaborated which is reviewed from different research articles cited in reference portion.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Pest control refers to the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, usually because it is perceived to be detrimental to a person's health, the ecology or the economy.
The principal objective of a pest control is to protect crops by maintaining the attack of the pests and diseases at an acceptable level.
There are various methods of pest control
they are basically non chemical methods and chemical methods
Management of insect pest management through different methods such as biological, chemical, mechanical, and most importantly integrated pest management.
This Presentation includes various tactics of IDM like Cultural control, Physical control, Chemical control, Biological control of plant disease. Useful for UG, PG Botany and Agriculture students
In this slide different fungi are Mentioned and their role as bio-control agents is also elaborated which is reviewed from different research articles cited in reference portion.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
2. PEST MANAGEMENT
• Topics
• Insects as Pests
• Effects of Insecticides
• Integrated Pest Management
• Chemical Control
• Biological Control
• Host-Plant Resistance to Insects
• Physical Control
• Cultural Control
• Pheromones and Attractants
• Genetic Manipulation of Pests
3. PEST MANAGEMENT
• Become ‘pests’ when they interfere with welfare, aesthetics, or profits
• Defined from a purely anthropocentric point of view
• Pest can be a normal insect in the wrong place or numbers
• Main pests are of crops and health
4. INSECTS AS PESTS
• Assessment of pest status
• Injury vs. damage
• Most plants tolerate injury without loss of vigor
• Level of injury for fruits is much lower (due to blemishes)
• Control becomes economic when:
• Financial loss outweighs cost of control
• Economic injury level (EIL):
EIL = C / VDK
• C = cost of control measure
• V = value in market per unit
• D = yield loss per number of insects
• K = reduction of pest numbers by control measure
5. INSECTS AS PESTS
• Assessment of pest status
• EIL will not be the same in all (or even similar) conditions - Miridae
• Varies based on many conditions
• Economic threshold (ET):
• Different level than EIL and is predictive
6. INSECTS AS PESTS
• Assessment of pest status
• Pests can be: non-economic, occasional, perennial, or severe / key
7. INSECTS AS PESTS
• Assessment of pest status
• EIL does not consider external factors such as:
• Natural enemies
• Insecticide resistance
• Adjacent control areas
• Developed mostly as a means for more sensible pesticide use
• EILs largely relevant only to agriculture
• Limited when multiple pests are present
8. INSECTS AS PESTS
• Why insects become pests
• Insects become pests for many reasons:
• Harmless insects are introduced to areas outside their native range
• Previously harmless insects become vectors of pathogens
• Move from feeding on native plants to introduced ones
• Monocultural ecosystems create dense aggregations of predictable resources
• Cultivation methods lead to increase in pest status and numbers
• Continuous cultivation without a fallow period – broccoli, potatos, herbs, etc
• Prolonged use of insecticides
9. EFFECTS OF INSECTICIDES
• Many insecticides developed during the 1950’s and 1960’s
• They are still the main tactic used today
• Undesirable effects of insecticides include:
• Selection for genetically resistant insects
• Collateral damage of non-pests
• Pest resurgence
• As a result of resistance and elimination of predators
• Natural enemies often recover more slowly
• Secondary pest outbreak
• Economic contamination and biomagnification
• Danger to human health
• Pest damage continues to increase despite heavy pesticide use
11. EFFECTS OF INSECTICIDES
• Insecticide resistance
• Insecticide resistance: insects that are predisposed genetically to survive insecticide;
develops over time, essentially a selection of a specific biotype
• Tolerance: the ability to survive insecticide at some level; a natural tendency and not a
result of selection pressure
• CO potato beetle is resistant to nearly every chemical control
• Multiple resistance: resistance to many different insecticides
12. EFFECTS OF INSECTICIDES
• Insecticide resistance
• 4 mechanisms of insecticide resistance
• Tobacco hornworm
• Polyphagous insects are pre-adapted to evolve resistance
• Problem of “kill-all” applications
• This and other factors have led to other control methods
13. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
• IPM: a broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic
control of pests
• Aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (EIL)
• Successful IPM requires knowledge of several key factors
• Key concept: compatibility of pest-management tactic
• Philosophy that may approach organic farming
• Allows for safer pest control
• Implementation of IPM has been slow
• Reasons why the adoption rate of IPM is low
14. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
• IPM system is designed around 6 basic components:
• Acceptable pest levels
• Emphasis on control, not eradication
• Annihilation can be costly and unsafe
• Preventive cultural practices
• Sanitation
• Monitoring
• Inspection and identification
• Mechanical controls
• Barriers, traps, picking, tillage, etc.
• Biological controls
• Natural processes and materials
• Responsible use
• As required and at specific times
15. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
• Control measures of IPM include: insecticides, biological control, cultural
control, plant resistance, genetic modification, pheromones, and growth
regulation
16. CHEMICAL CONTROL
• Despite the hazards, some use is unavoidable
• Carefully timed doses reduce ecological damage
• Chemicals enter the insect in 1 of 3 primary ways:
1. Cuticle
• Contact poisons
2. Trachea
• Inhalation poisons
• Fumigants
3. Mouth
• Stomach poisons
• Some may act as all 3 simultaneously
• Typically attack the nervous system
17. CHEMICAL CONTROL
• Chemical insecticides
• Alkaloids
• Used since 1600’s
• Natural, plant-derived; from nicotine in tobacco
• Pyrethrins
• Kills effectively on contact at low dosage
• Low environmental persistence
• Low mammalian toxicity
• Nicotinoids / Neonicotinoids
• Synthetic, modeled on natural nicotine
• Carbamates
• Organophosphates
• Malathion, parathion
• Organochlorines
• DDT
• Phenylpyrazoles
• New class
• Frontline, Maxforce
18. CHEMICAL CONTROL
• Chemical insecticides
• Formulation: components and proportions of additional substances that accompany
an insecticide when prepared for application
• Modes of application:
• Solutions or emulsions
• Unwettable powders dispersed in water
• Dusts or granules
• Gaseous fumigants
• Can be formulated in different ways
• Concern about sublethal effects of pesticides on non-target organisms (honey bees)
• Sublethal effects generally not considered
19. CHEMICAL CONTROL
• Insect growth regulators
• “IGR” – compound that inhibits an insect’s growth or development
• Very efficient against specific stages of an insect pest
• 2 types of IGRs, distinguished by their mode of action
1. Chemicals that disrupt the hormonal control of metamorphosis
• Insect fails to reach adulthood, or is sterile and malformed
• Useful when the adult is the pest
2. Chemicals that prevent the formation of chitin / cuticle
• Insects die at or immediately after the molt
• Useful for larval pests
• Can result in severe pest outbreaks
20. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
• Biological control: the establishment of natural enemies to control pests
• Deliberate human intervention
• Goal is reduction, not elimination
• 3 types of biological control:
1. Classical biological control aka importation
• Appropriate for when insect spread outside their natural range
• Some great successes, many failures
• Disastrous side effects (Hawai’I, Fiji)
• Neoclassical biological control: importation of non-native species to control native ones
• High risk
21. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
• 3 types of biological control:
1. Classical biological control aka importation
• Vedalia beetle and cottony-cushion scale
• Great success story of classical biological control
• Scale was devastating the California citrus industry in the late 1800's
• Vedalia ladybug and parasitoid fly were introduced
• Controlled the scale population within just a few years
• DeBach and Rosen suggested this “established the biological control method like a shot heard around
the world”. (1991, Biological control by natural enemies, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press)
22. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
• 3 types of biological control (continued):
2. Augmentation: supplementation of existing natural enemies
• Periodic release
• Inoculation
• Inundation
• Can be helpful in reducing pesticide use
3. Conservation: protect or enhance activities of natural enemies, reducing pest effects
• Preservation
• Environmental manipulation – to improve conditions for predators and parasitoids
• Failure in systematic studies can be very costly
23. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
• Arthropod natural enemies
• Predators
• Spiders
• Diverse and efficient predators
• Great impact on insect populations
• Lack of feeding specificity
• Many predators are polyphagous
• Unsuitable for targeting particular pest species
• Parasites and parasitoids
• Most important biological control agents are wasps and flies
• Complexities of food webs and complications
24. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
• Microbial control
• Includes: nematodes, fungi, bacteria, viruses, protists
• Many are specific to a particular genus or family of insect
• Entry mode
• Strategies of control mimic those used with natural enemies
• Nematodes
• Desiccation restricts use to moist environments
• Other environmental restrictions
• Fungi
• Most common disease organisms in insects
• Ability to infect insect during any stage
25. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
• Microbial control
• Bacteria
• Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt
• Mode of action
• Control is dependent on several factors
• Increasingly used for control
• Some resistance
• Optimism that high levels of resistance is unlikely
• Colorado potato beetle
• Viruses
• Considered safe because of their restriction to insects
• Mode of action and persistence in the environment
26. HOST-PLANT RESISTANCE TO INSECTS
• Plant resistance: mechanisms by which plants resist insect attack
• 3 types of plant resistance:
1. Antibiosis: plant negatively affects the biology of the insect
• Factors include: toxins, growth inhibitors, low nutrients, trichomes, indigestibles
2. Antixenosis: plant deters insect feeding due to being a poor host
• Factors include: repellents, deterrents, trichomes, waxes, thickness, toughness
3. Tolerance: plant is able to withstand or recover from insect damage
• Involves only plant features and not interactions with insects
27. HOST-PLANT RESISTANCE TO INSECTS
• Insect-resistant varieties of: corn, cotton, tobacco, tomato, potato
• 2 methods of gene insertion into plants
• Advantages over insecticides
• Exacerbation of the situation by negatively affecting predators
• Environmental risks from the use of transgenic plants:
• Genes may transfer to other plants
• Plant my become weedy itself
• Non-target organisms may be affected
28. PHYSICAL CONTROL
• Non-chemical and non-biological methods
• Indoors and outdoors
• Fences, traps, trenches, packaging, swatters
• Insect zappers
• Should probably not be used
• Statistical studies
29. CULTURAL CONTROL
• Crop pests
• Crop rotation, tillage, burning of stubble, synchrony avoidance, plants for natural
enemies, pest-free seeds
• Intercropping
• 4 hypotheses
• Medical pests
• Draining marshes
• Container removal
• Livestock pests
• Removal of dung
• Walk-throughs and dipping
30. PHEROMONES AND ATTRACTANTS
• Sex pheromones can be used with great success
• Other attractants such as food baits or oviposition sites can be used
• 3 main uses for pheromones:
1. Monitoring
2. Mass trapping
• Attraction-annihilation
3. Mating disruption
• Pheromone dispensers create “noise”
31. GENETIC MANIPULATION OF PESTS
• Screw-worm fly
• Devastating pest
• Eradication in US
• Female mates only once
• Swamping with infertile males
• Sterile insect technique (SIT, SIRM)
• Gamma irradiation
• Tsetse fly
• Other successes around the world
• Lack of success can be due to many factors
32. PICTURES BY SLIDE
NO MODIFICATIONS WERE MADE TO ANY PICTURES ON ANY OF THE SLIDES
1. (no picture)
2. (no picture)
3. The Far Side Gallery 2 by Gary Larson, 1986, page 93
4. (no picture)
5. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Miridae_fg01_20060505_Nied_Selzerbrunnen.JPG
6. Wiley Blackwell: The Insects: An Outline of Entomology, 4th edition – Figure 16.1
7. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SHOOT_TO_KILL_-_PROTECT_YOUR_VICTORY_GARDEN_-_NARA_-_515408.tif
8. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Potato_Crop,_Benacre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_470970.jpg
9. The Far Side Gallery 2 by Gary Larson, 1986, page 11
10. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bioakkumulation_von_schadstoffen.png
11. Wiley Blackwell: The Insects: An Outline of Entomology, 4th edition – Figure 16.2
12. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pesticide_resistance.svg
13. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NRCSAZ02083_-_Arizona_%28449%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg
14. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IPMtrap4854.JPG
15. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marienk%C3%A4fer_%2B_Blattlaus-3504.jpg
16. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tent_fumigation.jpg
17. Chemical Control
1. https://faa81132b7.site.internapcdn.net/products/Ortho/US-Ortho-Home-Defense-Max-Insect-Killer-For-Indoor-And-Perimeter-1-0196810-Main-Lrg.png (permission: I called
number 866-324-9192 and spoke to Candice & her supervisor @ 3:01-3:14pm on 5/31/16)
2. http://www.gardentech.com/media/Files/GardenTech/Product%20Images/Sevin%20Ready-To-Use%20Bug%20Killer.jpg
18. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Besticidesandbees.jpg
19. (my picture)
20. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Corn_borer.jpg
21. Biological Control
1. Wiley Blackwell: The Insects: An Outline of Entomology, 4th edition – Box 16.3
2. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vedalia_Beetle_%2815959056801%29.jpg
22. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_bugs_are_a_beneficial_insect_commonly_sold_for_biological_control_of_aphids..jpg
23. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spiral_Orb_Webs.jpg
24. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cordyceps.jpg
25. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Krumplibog%C3%A1r2.JPG
26. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cap1033-botao1.jpg
27. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Danaus_plexippus_on_Asclepias_incarnata_4999.jpg
28. The Far Side Gallery 3 by Gary Larson, 1988, page 96
29. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cattle_tick_treatment.jpg
30. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hagnau-9702.jpg
31. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cochliomyia_hominivorax_%28Coquerel,_1858%29.jpg