The document discusses peripheral arterial pressure curves and the components of the pressure wave. It explains that the pressure wave is generated by the left ventricular ejection and is propagated through the arteries. As the wave travels through the arterial system, the waveform changes due to factors like reflection, tapering of arteries, and the viscoelastic properties of arterial walls. Specifically, the wave becomes narrowed and the systolic portion increases in amplitude while the diastolic portion develops a hump. These changes are more pronounced in younger individuals.
This is a comprehensive description of coronay lesion assessment from routinely used angiography to advanced imaging modalities like IVUS/OCT including their functional significance by FFR
Our concepts of heart disease are based on the enormous reservoir of physiologic and anatomic knowledge derived from the past 70 years' of experience in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
As Andre Cournand remarked in his Nobel lecture of December 11, 1956, the cardiac catheter was the key in the lock.
By turning this key, Cournand and his colleagues led us into a new era in the understanding of normal and disordered cardiac function in huma
This is a comprehensive description of coronay lesion assessment from routinely used angiography to advanced imaging modalities like IVUS/OCT including their functional significance by FFR
Our concepts of heart disease are based on the enormous reservoir of physiologic and anatomic knowledge derived from the past 70 years' of experience in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
As Andre Cournand remarked in his Nobel lecture of December 11, 1956, the cardiac catheter was the key in the lock.
By turning this key, Cournand and his colleagues led us into a new era in the understanding of normal and disordered cardiac function in huma
Diagnostic catheters for coronary angiography Aswin Rm
Overview of diagnostic catheters used in coronary angiography
Guide catheters not included
History of coronary catheters
Radial techniques and catheters
Although the risks of coronary angiography have declined over the years by increased clinical experience and advanced technologies, it still requires attention, knowledge and experience due to being an interventional diagnostic method. A safe coronary angiography begins with the selection of the appropriate catheter for the anatomical structure of the patient and the evaluation of the pressure when the catheter is placed in the coronary ostium. Coronary pressure waves are complementary requirements of angiography. The recognition, evaluation and precautions to be taken for abnormal pressure waves directly affect the mortality of the patient. One of the first clues to the presence of stenosis in the left main coronary artery (LMCA) is abnormal changes in pressure when the catheter is seated in the ostial LMCA. This often occurs as a “ventricularization” or “damping”. For decades, ventricularization was mostly experienced as a stenosis by invasive cardiologists [1]. Recognition of abnormal changes in pressure and precautions to be taken prevent catastrophic outcomes in patients
https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/fulltext/OJCHD.000518.pdf
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers
please click on https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open journal of Cardiology & Heart Diseases
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Based on the principle that the distal coronary pressure measured during vasodilation is directly proportional to maximum vasodilated perfusion.
FFR is defined as the ratio of maximum blood flow in a stenotic artery to maximum blood flow in the same artery if there were no stenosis.
FFR is simply calculated as a ratio of mean pressure distal to a stenosis (Pd) to the mean pressure proximal stenosis, that is the mean pressure in the aorta (Pa), during maximal hyperaemia.
Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is an echocardiographic imaging technique that analyzes the motion of tissues in the heart by using the naturally occurring speckle pattern in the myocardium or blood when imaged by ultrasound.
Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty (PBMV) is a procedure to dilated the mitral valve in the setting of rheumatic mitral valve stenosis. A catheter is inserted into the femoral vein, advanced to the right atrium and across the interatrial septum. Then the mitral valve is crossed with a balloon and it is inflated to relieve the fusion of the mitral valve commissures effectively acting to increase the mitral valve area and reduce the degree of mitral stenosis. Mitral regurgitation is a potential complication and thus PBMV is contraindicated if moderate or severe regurgitation is present. The Wilkins score examines mitral valve morphology and is determined via echocardiography to assess the likelihood of using PBMV based on certain echocardiographic criteria.
Diagnostic catheters for coronary angiography Aswin Rm
Overview of diagnostic catheters used in coronary angiography
Guide catheters not included
History of coronary catheters
Radial techniques and catheters
Although the risks of coronary angiography have declined over the years by increased clinical experience and advanced technologies, it still requires attention, knowledge and experience due to being an interventional diagnostic method. A safe coronary angiography begins with the selection of the appropriate catheter for the anatomical structure of the patient and the evaluation of the pressure when the catheter is placed in the coronary ostium. Coronary pressure waves are complementary requirements of angiography. The recognition, evaluation and precautions to be taken for abnormal pressure waves directly affect the mortality of the patient. One of the first clues to the presence of stenosis in the left main coronary artery (LMCA) is abnormal changes in pressure when the catheter is seated in the ostial LMCA. This often occurs as a “ventricularization” or “damping”. For decades, ventricularization was mostly experienced as a stenosis by invasive cardiologists [1]. Recognition of abnormal changes in pressure and precautions to be taken prevent catastrophic outcomes in patients
https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/fulltext/OJCHD.000518.pdf
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers
please click on https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open journal of Cardiology & Heart Diseases
please click on https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/
Based on the principle that the distal coronary pressure measured during vasodilation is directly proportional to maximum vasodilated perfusion.
FFR is defined as the ratio of maximum blood flow in a stenotic artery to maximum blood flow in the same artery if there were no stenosis.
FFR is simply calculated as a ratio of mean pressure distal to a stenosis (Pd) to the mean pressure proximal stenosis, that is the mean pressure in the aorta (Pa), during maximal hyperaemia.
Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is an echocardiographic imaging technique that analyzes the motion of tissues in the heart by using the naturally occurring speckle pattern in the myocardium or blood when imaged by ultrasound.
Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty (PBMV) is a procedure to dilated the mitral valve in the setting of rheumatic mitral valve stenosis. A catheter is inserted into the femoral vein, advanced to the right atrium and across the interatrial septum. Then the mitral valve is crossed with a balloon and it is inflated to relieve the fusion of the mitral valve commissures effectively acting to increase the mitral valve area and reduce the degree of mitral stenosis. Mitral regurgitation is a potential complication and thus PBMV is contraindicated if moderate or severe regurgitation is present. The Wilkins score examines mitral valve morphology and is determined via echocardiography to assess the likelihood of using PBMV based on certain echocardiographic criteria.
Atrioventricular blocks are related to delay in conduction of the AV node..
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ST elevation is not always due to STEMI. Other causes to be kept in mind to prevent the undue complications of thrombolysis. wrong patient and wrong management
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
10. Waveform (a) represents the radial waveform of a 25 year old person, (b) is 47 years old,
and (c) is 80. Now, those pink overlays are purely in the author's imagination (they weren't a
part of the original image from McVeigh et al), but they illustrate the point. Nice compliant
arteries of the youth produce less reservoir pressure because they distend readily in
response to systolic flow. In old age, the reservoir is much less compliant, and the pressure
generated by pumping blood into it will be higher, deforming the shape of the diastolic run-
off.
17. How does the pulse wave originate?
The Pulse that is palpated is the pressure wave.
Pressure wave is generated by radial stretch of the ascending aorta brought
about by the left ventricular ejection (directly proportion to the force of left
ventricular ejection).
It is propagated down the aorta and its branches with a finite velocity.
The velocity is faster than the actual forward movement of the blood itself.
The same wave, is the one that perceives in counting the pulse rate by palpating
the radial artery.
18. Velocity of the transmission of the pressure wave varies inversely with the
vascular capacitance.
Accurate measurement of the transmission velocity, valuable information can be
derived concerning the elastic characteristics of the arterial tree.
Transmission velocity increases with age – arteries become less compliant with
advancing age.
Velocity increases progressively as the pulse wave velocity travels from the
ascending aorta towards the periphery.
Vascular capacitance diminishes in the peripheral system – increased velocity.
19. Waveform (a) represents the radial waveform of a 25 year old person, (b) is 47 years old,
and (c) is 80. Now, those pink overlays are purely in the author's imagination (they weren't a
part of the original image from McVeigh et al), but they illustrate the point. Nice compliant
arteries of the youth produce less reservoir pressure because they distend readily in
response to systolic flow. In old age, the reservoir is much less compliant, and the pressure
generated by pumping blood into it will be higher, deforming the shape of the diastolic run-
off.
20. The arterial pressure contour is more distorted as the wave is transmitted down
the arterial system.
Changes in the pressure wave from aorta to periphery
1.delay in the time of onset of initial pressure rise associated with the transmission
delay.
2.the high- frequency components of the pulse, such as the incisura, are
dampened out and soon disappear.
3.the systolic portions of the pressure wave become narrowed and attain greater
peak values.
4.hump become more prominent on the diastolic portion of the pressure wave.
21.
22.
23.
24. The changes in the contour of the pulse wave are pronounced in young
individuals, but the magnitude of the alterations diminishes with age.
In elderly patients with atherosclerosis, the pulse wave may be transmitted virtually
unchanged from the ascending aorta to the periphery.
25. Waveform (a) represents the radial waveform of a 25 year old person, (b) is 47 years old,
and (c) is 80. Now, those pink overlays are purely in the author's imagination (they weren't a
part of the original image from McVeigh et al), but they illustrate the point. Nice compliant
arteries of the youth produce less reservoir pressure because they distend readily in
response to systolic flow. In old age, the reservoir is much less compliant, and the pressure
generated by pumping blood into it will be higher, deforming the shape of the diastolic run-
off.
26. Why there is dampening of the high frequency components ?
Viscoelastic properties of the arterial walls
27. What are the mechanisms for the peaking of the pressure wave ?
1.Reflection
2.Tapering
3.Resonance
4.Changes in transmission velocity with pressure level.
28.
29. REFLECTION
Whenever significant changes in configuration or in dimensions occur ( such as at
points of branching), pressure waves are reflected backward.
Pressure at any point in time and space is determined by the algebraic summation
of an antegrade incident wave and retrograde reflected waves.
80% of the incident wave is reflected back from the peripheral bed at normal levels
of peripheral resistance.
When the bed is dilated, the fraction decreases, whereas vasoconstriction has the
opposite effect.
30. TAPERING
Distally along the aorta or any large artery
The lumen progressively narrows beyond each successive branch.
Pressure wave becomes amplified as it progresses down a tapered tube.
31. RESONANCE
Composed a series of sine waves (Fourier series) consisting of some fundamental
frequency and its harmonics.
Arterial tree resonates at certain of these frequencies, an other frequencies are
effectively dampened.
32. VELOCITY vs PRESSURE
Velocity varies inversely with arterial capacitance.
Capacitance varies inversely with pressure level.
Hence the points on the pressure curve at the higher levels of pressure tend to
travel faster than those at lower pressure levels.
Peak of the arterial pressure curve tends to catch up with the beginning, or foot of
the same curve.
Peaking and narrowing of the curve in more distal vessels such as the femoral
artery.
Reflection and resonance also account for the diastolic humps on these same
peripheral curves.