Diagnostic catheters for coronary angiography Aswin Rm
Overview of diagnostic catheters used in coronary angiography
Guide catheters not included
History of coronary catheters
Radial techniques and catheters
Our concepts of heart disease are based on the enormous reservoir of physiologic and anatomic knowledge derived from the past 70 years' of experience in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
As Andre Cournand remarked in his Nobel lecture of December 11, 1956, the cardiac catheter was the key in the lock.
By turning this key, Cournand and his colleagues led us into a new era in the understanding of normal and disordered cardiac function in huma
Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty (PBMV) is a procedure to dilated the mitral valve in the setting of rheumatic mitral valve stenosis. A catheter is inserted into the femoral vein, advanced to the right atrium and across the interatrial septum. Then the mitral valve is crossed with a balloon and it is inflated to relieve the fusion of the mitral valve commissures effectively acting to increase the mitral valve area and reduce the degree of mitral stenosis. Mitral regurgitation is a potential complication and thus PBMV is contraindicated if moderate or severe regurgitation is present. The Wilkins score examines mitral valve morphology and is determined via echocardiography to assess the likelihood of using PBMV based on certain echocardiographic criteria.
Diagnostic catheters for coronary angiography Aswin Rm
Overview of diagnostic catheters used in coronary angiography
Guide catheters not included
History of coronary catheters
Radial techniques and catheters
Our concepts of heart disease are based on the enormous reservoir of physiologic and anatomic knowledge derived from the past 70 years' of experience in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
As Andre Cournand remarked in his Nobel lecture of December 11, 1956, the cardiac catheter was the key in the lock.
By turning this key, Cournand and his colleagues led us into a new era in the understanding of normal and disordered cardiac function in huma
Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty (PBMV) is a procedure to dilated the mitral valve in the setting of rheumatic mitral valve stenosis. A catheter is inserted into the femoral vein, advanced to the right atrium and across the interatrial septum. Then the mitral valve is crossed with a balloon and it is inflated to relieve the fusion of the mitral valve commissures effectively acting to increase the mitral valve area and reduce the degree of mitral stenosis. Mitral regurgitation is a potential complication and thus PBMV is contraindicated if moderate or severe regurgitation is present. The Wilkins score examines mitral valve morphology and is determined via echocardiography to assess the likelihood of using PBMV based on certain echocardiographic criteria.
Although the risks of coronary angiography have declined over the years by increased clinical experience and advanced technologies, it still requires attention, knowledge and experience due to being an interventional diagnostic method. A safe coronary angiography begins with the selection of the appropriate catheter for the anatomical structure of the patient and the evaluation of the pressure when the catheter is placed in the coronary ostium. Coronary pressure waves are complementary requirements of angiography. The recognition, evaluation and precautions to be taken for abnormal pressure waves directly affect the mortality of the patient. One of the first clues to the presence of stenosis in the left main coronary artery (LMCA) is abnormal changes in pressure when the catheter is seated in the ostial LMCA. This often occurs as a “ventricularization” or “damping”. For decades, ventricularization was mostly experienced as a stenosis by invasive cardiologists [1]. Recognition of abnormal changes in pressure and precautions to be taken prevent catastrophic outcomes in patients
https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/fulltext/OJCHD.000518.pdf
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers
please click on https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open journal of Cardiology & Heart Diseases
please click on https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/
Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is an echocardiographic imaging technique that analyzes the motion of tissues in the heart by using the naturally occurring speckle pattern in the myocardium or blood when imaged by ultrasound.
Transradial coil embolization of coronary artery fistulas (CAF) and left internal mammary artery (LIMA) side branches from radial approach. A case series - Zoltan Ruzsa
Although the risks of coronary angiography have declined over the years by increased clinical experience and advanced technologies, it still requires attention, knowledge and experience due to being an interventional diagnostic method. A safe coronary angiography begins with the selection of the appropriate catheter for the anatomical structure of the patient and the evaluation of the pressure when the catheter is placed in the coronary ostium. Coronary pressure waves are complementary requirements of angiography. The recognition, evaluation and precautions to be taken for abnormal pressure waves directly affect the mortality of the patient. One of the first clues to the presence of stenosis in the left main coronary artery (LMCA) is abnormal changes in pressure when the catheter is seated in the ostial LMCA. This often occurs as a “ventricularization” or “damping”. For decades, ventricularization was mostly experienced as a stenosis by invasive cardiologists [1]. Recognition of abnormal changes in pressure and precautions to be taken prevent catastrophic outcomes in patients
https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/fulltext/OJCHD.000518.pdf
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers
please click on https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open journal of Cardiology & Heart Diseases
please click on https://crimsonpublishers.com/ojchd/
Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is an echocardiographic imaging technique that analyzes the motion of tissues in the heart by using the naturally occurring speckle pattern in the myocardium or blood when imaged by ultrasound.
Transradial coil embolization of coronary artery fistulas (CAF) and left internal mammary artery (LIMA) side branches from radial approach. A case series - Zoltan Ruzsa
MI ( blockage of blood flow to heart muscle)
Acute angina (type of chest pain)
Aneurysms
AVM( Arterio-venous Malformations) abnormal connection between artery and vein.
eg. In spine and brain.
AVF (Arterio-venous Fistulas), LCA ,RCA EQUIPMENT
RUKAMANEE YADAV
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
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As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
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1. Right Heart Catheterization
Dr. Md.Toufiqur Rahman
MBBS, FCPS, MD, FACC, FESC, FRCPE, FSCAI,
FAPSC, FAPSIC, FAHA, FCCP, FRCPG
Associate Professor of Cardiology
National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases(NICVD),
Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207
Consultant, Medinova, Malibagh branch
Honorary Consultant, Apollo Hospitals, Dhaka and
STS Life Care Centre, Dhanmondi
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com
CRT 2014
Washington
DC, USA
10. History
• First Cardiac catheterization –
▫ According to Andre Cournand, it was first performed by Claude
Bernard in 1844, in a horse, both rt and lt ventrilces were
entered by retrograde approach from the jugular vein and
carotid artery
▫ Werner Forssmann is credited with performing the
first cardiac catheterization of a living person
himself, at the age of 25 yrs
• Forssmann for his contribution and foresight shared
the Nobel Prize in Medicine with Andre Cournand and
Dickinson Richards in 1956
11. History
• 1929- Dr. Warner
Forssman proven that
right heart catheterization
is possible in humans
• 1964- Dr. Bradley
introduced small
diagnostic catheter
• 1970- Balloon Flotation
Catheter by Doctor H.J.C
Swan and William Ganz
12. Cardiac catheterization implies the insertion
of flexible tube into one or more heart
chambers usually under fluoroscopic guide
for diagnostic or therapeutic purpose
Definition
13.
14.
15. Indication of cardiac catheterization
1. Diagnostic indication
-Collects data to evaluate PT’s condition
2. Therapeutic indication
3. Prognostic indication
16. 1. Diagnostic catheterization is in the routine preoperative evaluation of
most congenital defects, such as VSDs, ASD, TOF, DORV, CoA and other
complex CHD.
2. Before interventional catheterization
a. Assessment of patient hemodynamics and anatomy
b. to confirm congenital or acquired heart disease in infants and children
3. When the anatomy of a CHD is inadequately defined by noninvasive
means
4. in very complex lesions specific details about the anatomy or
hemodynamics
5. High-flow or low-flow physiology associated with semilunar valve
stenosis
a.Combined aortic stenosis (AS) and insufficiency
b.Combined Pulmonary stenosis and insufficiency
6. In cavopulmonary anastomosis and after Fontan completion
Diagnostic catheterization is useful in the evaluation for proceeding
with completion of Fontan, revision of Fontan, or transplantation
Diagnostic indication-
17. Diagnostic indication-
7. EP study
1. His bundle electrocardiography in 1st degree, 2nd
degree & CHB
2. Endocardial mapping in WPW syndrome
8. Endocardial biopsy
1. DCM
2. HCM
3. Amyloidosis
4. sarcoidosis
18. Diagnostic indication
Angiocardiography –
1. Rt and lt ventriculography –
a) Chamber size
b) Wall thickness
c) Wall motion
d) Aneurysm
e) Volume
f) Dimension
g) Fractional shortening
and
h) Ejection fraction
2. Aortography –
a) AR
b) AS
c) Co of Aorta
d) PDA
e) Aortic arch
syndrome
3. CAG – determine
coronary artery
anatomy
19. Diagnostic indication
Pressure study –
a) it means measurement of pressure and recording of its wave
form.
b) High RV pressure in catheterization found in the following
condition –
a) VSD
b) PS
c) PH in MS, COPD
d) Ruptured sinus of valsalva into RV
c) Trans-valvular pressure difference can grade the severity of –
a) AS
b) PS
c) MS
d) PCW help to find out LVEDP
Oxymetry –
a) Shunt calculation
b) To determine Cardiac output
20. Therapeutic indication
1. Closure of the following defects –
1. ASD
2. VSD
3. PDA
4. MAPCA
2. PTMC
3. Thrombolytic therapy – intracoronary, systemic
4. PTCA
5. PTA – for peripheral artery stenosis
6. Valvuloplasty – PS, MS, AS
7. Dilatation of coarctation of aorta
21. Therapeutic indication
9. Introduction of ‘’UMBRELLA’’ in to IVC for
recurrent pulmonary emboli from DVT
10. Rushkind procedure in TGA, for balloon
rupture of interatrial septum by
brockenbergh needle
11. Cardiac pacing
12. Peripheral arterial balloon dilatation
13. Hemodynamic monitoring and treatment of
pt with cardiogenic shock by swan gauze
catheter
22. Prognostic indication
1. Post CABG catheter for assessment of –
1. cardiac function and
2. coronary perfusion
2. Post PTCA
3. After thrombolytic therapy
4. After repair of VSD
5. After valve replacement
6. Prior to any cardiac operation to estimate
the prognosis of operation
23. Contraindication of cardiac catheterization
• Absolute contraindication – In expert
hand none is contraindicated
1. Patient refusal
2. IE
24. 1. Recent AMI usually within 3 week in case of adult
pt
2. Intercurrent febrile illness
2. CCF
3. Severe or malignant hypertension predispose to
myocardial ischaemia and/or heart failure during
angiography
4. Life threatening arrhythmia, but it is indicated in-
1. While myocardial mapping and subsequent electrotherapy
2. Surgery is contemplated for treatment of arrhythmia
Relative contraindications
25. 5. Severe renal failure
6. Allergy to dye
7. Severe hypokalaemia
8. Anticoagulant state PT > 18 s
9. Moribund pt
10. Primary pulmonary hypertension
11. Presence of LBBB
12. Digitalis toxicity
13. Severe anaemia
14. Severe PS
Relative contraindications
26.
27.
28. MEDICATIONS USED
Premadication –
Inj Pethidine
Inj Phenargoan
Saline infusion
Heparin -
For Pt
flushing all tubing, catheters, sheaths
Lidocaine for tissue numbing
Anaesthetic medication for relaxing the pt
Water soluble contrast
29. EQUIPMENT NEEDED
Procedure tray should include:
1. sterile –
1. gowns and gloves
2. sterile towels and drapes for procedure
3. Sterile gauze
4. scalpel, needles, scissors, hemostats
5. syringes for heparin/saline flush, lidocaine,
and blood oximetry
1. labels with marking pen for any item filled with a solution
2. basin for heparin/saline mixture & waste fluids,
3. skin prep solution
4. connection tubing
35. Needle size chosen:
Age Diameter Length Wire
Infants and small
children
21 G 3 cm 0.018
Larger children and
young adults
19 G 5 cm 0.025’’
Adult and obese pt 18 G 7 / 8 cm 0.035’’
36. Technique for vascular access:
The true “Seldinger™ technique” is not used
for percutaneous puncture into vessels.
37. Technique for vascular access:
• Modified Seldinger technique for vascular
access with single wall puncture into vessels.
38. Vascular Sheath
Percutaneous introduction and then the use of an
indwelling vascular sheath in vessels is the standard
technique for catheterization of pediatric and congenital
heart patients.
Ideal sheath should have:
1. Dilator
1. long, fine and smoothly tapered tip.
2. inner lumen of the dilator tip should tightly fit over the guide wire
3. tip of the dilator should have a smooth, fine transitional taper onto
the surface of the wire.
2. female Lure™ lock connecting hub at the proximal end
3. back-bleed valve
4. Lateral tube / flush port
39. Vascular Sheath
When introduced from the inguinal area, the sheath should be long enough to
extend into the common iliac vein.
In small infants a sheath into the femoral vein should extend proximal to the
formation of the inferior vena cava.
40. Vascular Sheath
Ideal short sheath (7.5 cm long) for venous site –
5 Fr for an infant or child (<15– 20 Kg) and
7 Fr for a larger child or adult
Extra long sheaths (45 to 90 cm ) are used to –
1. guide catheters directly and repeatedly to an area
within the heart itself (biopsies, blade catheters),
2. for trans septal procedures,
3. to deliver special devices within the heart or great
vessels (stents, occlusion devices), and
4. for the withdrawal of foreign bodies from the vascular
system.
41. Swan-Ganz Catheter(Pulmonary
Artery Catheterization)
• Swan-Ganz Catheter-
Balloon flotation
Pulmonary Artery catheter
• Use for monitoring
critically ill patients
(mostly in the ICU)
• Catheterization only
possible on the right side
of the heart
• Catheter is hooked up to a
Cardiac Output computer
43. Usage
• Detection of Heart
Failure and Septic
Shock
• Measures indirect left
ventricular pressure
• Measure Cardiac
Output by
thermodilution for:
Right Atrial and Right
Ventricular pacing and
right-sided pressures
45. Indications
• Assess volume status
• Assess RV or LV failure
• Assess Pulmonary Hypertension
• Assess Valvular disease
• Cardiac Surgery
46. Heart Failure Sensor
• Wireless
Radiofrequency; no
direct connection to
Cardiac Output
Computer
• Reduced
hospitalization among
heart failure patients
• Longer duration of use
• No batteries required
• No wearable parts
47. Advantages
• Ability to monitor
patient’s blood
flow through the
heart when
critically ill
• Detect of the
effectiveness of
certain
medications,
Heart Failure, and
Shock
48. Benefits
• Effect on Treatment Decisions: information gathered
from PA catheter data can beneficially change
therapy
• Preoperative Catheterization: information gathered
prior to surgery can lead to cancellation or
modification of surgical procedure, thereby
preventing morbidity and mortality
• Perioperative Monitoring: provides invasive
hemodynamic monitoring in the surgical setting
49. Disadvantages
• Over usage of the
balloon
• If fluid bag is not under
pressure, patient can
bleed to death
• Ventricular tachycardia
can occur if catheter
slides back into the
Right Ventricle
• Short duration of use
51. Hemodynamic Parameters - Measured
• Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
– recorded from proximal port of PAC in the superior vena cava or right atrium
– CVP = RAP
– CVP = right ventricular end diastolic pressure (RVEDP) when no obstruction exists between
atrium and ventricle
• Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAP)
– measured at the tip of the PAC with balloon deflated
– reflects RV function, pulmonary vascular resistance and LA filling pressures
• Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP)
– recorded from the tip of the PAC catheter with the balloon inflated
– PCWP = LAP = LVEDP (when no obstruction exists between atrium and ventricle)
• Cardiac Output (CO)
– Calculated using the thermodilution technique
– thermistor at the distal end of PAC records change in temperature of blood flowing in the
pulmonary artery when the blood temperature is reduced by injecting a volume of cold
fluid through PAC into the RA
52. Oxygen Transport Parameters
• Oxygen Delivery (DO2)
– Rate of oxygen delivery in arterial blood
DO2 = CI x 13.4 x Hgb x SaO2
• Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation (SVO2)
– Oxygen saturation in pulmonary artery blood
– Used to detect impaired tissue oxygenation
• Oxygen uptake (VO2)
– Rate of oxygen taken up from the systemic
microcirculation
VO2 = CI x 13.4 x Hgb x (SaO2 - SVO2)
53. ASA Practice Guidelines for Pulmonary
Artery Catheterization (2003)
• Appropriateness of PA catheterization depends on the risks
associated with the:
– (a) Patient: Are there presexisting medical conditions that may
increase the risk of hemodynamic instability?
– (b) Surgery: Is the procedure associated with significant hemodynamic
fluctuations which may cause end organ damage?
– (c) Practice setting: Could the complications associated with
hemodynamic disturbance be worsened if the technical or cognitive
skills of the physicians or nurses caring for the patient are poor?
54. ASA Practice Guidelines for Pulmonary
Artery Catheterization (2003)
• According to the Task Force on Pulmonary Artery
Catheterization, PAC monitoring was deemed appropriate
and/or necessary in the following patient groups:
– 1) surgical patients undergoing procedures associated with
a high risk of complications from hemodynamic changes
– 2) surgical patients with advanced cardiopulmonary disease
who would be at increased risk for adverse Perioperative
events
55. Complications
• Establishment of central venous access
– Accidental puncture of adjacent arteries
– Bleeding
– Neuropathy
– Air embolism
– Pneumothorax
56. Complications
• Pulmonary artery catheterization
– Dysrhythmias
• Premature ventricular and atrial contractions
• Ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation
– Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB)
• In patients with preexistinh LBBB, can lead to complete
heart block.
– Minor increase in tricuspid regurgitation