Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is an echocardiographic imaging technique that analyzes the motion of tissues in the heart by using the naturally occurring speckle pattern in the myocardium or blood when imaged by ultrasound.
Our concepts of heart disease are based on the enormous reservoir of physiologic and anatomic knowledge derived from the past 70 years' of experience in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
As Andre Cournand remarked in his Nobel lecture of December 11, 1956, the cardiac catheter was the key in the lock.
By turning this key, Cournand and his colleagues led us into a new era in the understanding of normal and disordered cardiac function in huma
A lecture on the echocardiographic evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Starts with an overview of the topic then a systematic approach to diagnosis and then a differential diagnosis followed by take-home messages and conclusion.
preop TEE assessment of atrial septal defect is very important for making decision for device closure, properly assessed adequate rims of ASD will reduce risk of device embolization to almost nil.
Our concepts of heart disease are based on the enormous reservoir of physiologic and anatomic knowledge derived from the past 70 years' of experience in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
As Andre Cournand remarked in his Nobel lecture of December 11, 1956, the cardiac catheter was the key in the lock.
By turning this key, Cournand and his colleagues led us into a new era in the understanding of normal and disordered cardiac function in huma
A lecture on the echocardiographic evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Starts with an overview of the topic then a systematic approach to diagnosis and then a differential diagnosis followed by take-home messages and conclusion.
preop TEE assessment of atrial septal defect is very important for making decision for device closure, properly assessed adequate rims of ASD will reduce risk of device embolization to almost nil.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF MITRAL VALVE DISEASEPraveen Nagula
MITRAL VALVE ANATOMY , M MODE FINDINGS IN MITRAL STENOSIS,EVALUATION OF THE SEVERITY OF LESION,CALCIFIC MS,CCMA,CONGENITAL LESIONS,GUIDELINES ALL IN DETAIL....
Cardiac catheteriztion, Oximetery study in a patient with VSDPRAVEEN GUPTA
In this ppt i am going to discuss how to do cardiac catheterisation study, oximetry study and how to analyse its data in a patient with VSD who came to our hospital
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF MITRAL VALVE DISEASEPraveen Nagula
MITRAL VALVE ANATOMY , M MODE FINDINGS IN MITRAL STENOSIS,EVALUATION OF THE SEVERITY OF LESION,CALCIFIC MS,CCMA,CONGENITAL LESIONS,GUIDELINES ALL IN DETAIL....
Cardiac catheteriztion, Oximetery study in a patient with VSDPRAVEEN GUPTA
In this ppt i am going to discuss how to do cardiac catheterisation study, oximetry study and how to analyse its data in a patient with VSD who came to our hospital
Unlike other modalities, MRI offers the capability to modulate both the emitted and received signals so that a multitude of tissue characteristics can be examined and differentiated without the need to change scanner hardware.
As a result, from a single imaging session, one could obtain a wealth of information regarding
cardiac function and morphology,
myocardial perfusion & viability,
hemodynamics,
large vessel anatomy.
CMR is now considered the gold standard for the assessment of regional and global systolic function, myocardial infarction (MI) and viability, and the assessment of congenital heart disease.
Future of Echocardiography: Unlocking the Power of Volume ImagingTrimed Media Group
Join Dr. Dinesh Thavendiranathan of the University of Toronto for a discussion on 3D volume echocardiography in the left heart. Hear how volume echocardiography enables the acquisition of an entire volume of the heart in a single full cardiac cycle and facilitates faster and more accurate analysis via full automation of endocardial contours. Also learn about workflow improvements, more reproducible echo exams and ways to save costs
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
10. Introduction
⦿ TDI uses Doppler shift data from the myocardium
to obtain qualitative and quantitative information
on myocardial wall motion.
⦿ Measures the velocity of myocardial wall motion
❖ Low velocity
⦿ 5 to 20 cm/s
⦿ 10 times slower than velocity of blood flow
❖ High amplitude
⦿ Approximately 40 decibels higher than blood
flow
IntJ of Card Imaging 2001;17::8
16. Limitations
⦿Accuracy of velocities dependent on angle
of ultrasound beam.
⦿Not all wall velocity obtainable from every
view.
⦿Wide range of normal values.
⦿Even non contractile myocardium will be
pulled by near by segments resulting in
apparent velocity component.
17. Comparison of Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography
(2D STE) with Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI)
2D STE TDI
Deformation analysis in 2 dimensions . One-Dimension measurements
Angle independent Measurement dependent on angle
Better spatial resolution Limited spatial resolution
Less time-consuming data acquisition
and easy data processing.
Time-consuming
Lower temporal resolution High temporal resolution
Dependent on high resolution image
quality
Image quality less important
Lower interobserver variability Higher interobserver variability
Lower optimal frame rate limits the
reliability of measurements in patients
with tachycardia
18. Methods
Doppler tissue imaging
• Two discrete points are compared for change in velocity
• Strain rate- primary parameter obtained
• Strain –derived by integrating velocity over time.
Speckle tracking
• Actual location of discrete myocardial segments
calculated.
• Strain is the primary parameter.
• Strain rate-derived by calculating change in distance over
time.
20. •Reisner, Leitman, Friedman, and Lysyansky in
2004.
• Speckle artefacts -reflections, refraction, and
scattering.
•Tracked throughout the cardiac.
•
•post-processing software defines .
•a ‘cluster of speckles’ (called a ‘kernel’)
•region of interest (ROI
21.
22. Speckle tracking
⦿ ‘Speckles’ are small dots or groups of myocardial
pixels that are created by the interaction of
ultrasonic beams and the myocardium.
⦿ Considered as acoustic fingerprint for that region.
⦿ This enables to judge the direction of movement,
the speed of such movement, and the distance of
such movement of any points in the myocardium.
24. Method
⦿ Track the endocardial and epicardial borders of the
left ventricle
⦿ Correctly define the region of interest (ROI) in the
long or short axis view
⦿ Post-processing software automatically divides the
ventricle into six equally distributed segments
⦿ 2D or 3D data set is produced
⦿ Mathematical algorithms are applied to generate
values
25. ⦿ Strain is not uniform among all myocardial
segments.
⦿ Radial strain-Magnitude of basal parameters are
higher than the apical values.
⦿ Longitudinal strain- less variability fron apex to
base.
⦿ Circumferential strain- higher in anterior and
lateral walls compared to posterior and septal.
⦿ Normal longitudinal strain averages -20%
⦿ Normal radial strain about +40%
29. o DEFOR-MATION PARAMETERS-
o LONGITUDINAL CONTRACTION REPRESENTS MOTION
FROM THE BASE TO THE APEX.
oRADIAL CONTRACTION IN THE SHORT AXIS IS PERPEN-
DICULAR TO BOTH LONG AXIS AND EPICARDIUM.
THUS,RADIAL STRAIN REPRESENTS MYOCARDIAL
THICKENING AND THINNING.
oCIRCUMFERENTIAL STRAIN IS DEFINED AS THE
CHANGE OF THE RADIUS IN THE SHORT AXIS,
PERPENDICULAR TO THE RADIAL AND LONG AXES.
oNegative strain indicates fibre shortening,
myocardial thinning and counterclowise rotation,
whereas a positive value describes lengthening,
thickening and clockwise rotation.
34. VENTRICULAR TORSION
⦿ Similar to the winding and Unwinding of a towel.
⦿ Isovolumetric contraction -the apex and base rotates in
counterclockwise direction.
⦿ Ejection phase apex rotates counterclockwise & base
rotates clockwise when viewed from the apex
⦿ Diastole - relaxation of myocardial fibres - recoiling -
clockwise apical rotation.
⦿ Isovolumetric relaxation- both apex and base rotates in
clockwise direction.
35.
36.
37. Introduction
⦿ Evaluation of a myocardial region with reference to an
adjacent myocardial segment.
⦿ Deformation analysis- analysis of ventricular mechanics
or shapes during cardiac cycle.
⦿ Myocardial strain, strain rate, torsion.
⦿ Strain- percentage thickening or deformation of the
myocardium during the cardiac cycle.
⦿ Change of strain per unit of time is referred to as strain
rate
38. ⦿Strain calculated in three orthogonal
planes- representing longitudinal, radial,
circumferential contraction.
⦿Negative strain- shortening of segment.
⦿Positive strain- lengthening of segment
44. ⦿ Rotation - Measure of the rotational movement of the
myocardium in relation to an imaginary long axis line
from apex to base drawn through the middle of LV
cavity.
⦿ Twist (degrees) is the net difference between apical
and basal rotation
⦿ Torsion - Twist divided by the vertical distance
between the apex and base and is expressed as
degrees/cm.
45.
46. Applications
Myocardial Strain Patterns In Undifferentiated LV
Hypertrophy.
Cardio-oncology-Early detection of
chemotherapy induced cardiotoxicity.
Aortic Stenosis.
Amylodosis
Valvular heart disease
Other chembers
47. Myocardial Strain Patterns In Undifferentiated LV
Hypertrophy
EF TO GLS RATIO >4.1
RRSR –AVERAGE APICAL/AVERAGE BASAL
+AVERAGE MID STAIN = >1
NORMAL DIFFERENCE FROM BASE TO APEX
IS APP -2%.
48.
49. CAD- Myocardial ischemia, Myocardial
infarction, Myocardial viability
⦿ Reduction in strain by 2D STE more objective
and accurate than the traditional visual
method of assessing WMA.
⦿ Post systolic thickening (deformation)by radial
strain correlates with the severity of ischemia.
⦿ To differentiate transmural from
subendocardial infarction- lower
circumferential strain in the former
50. Differentiation of Athlete’s Heart from
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Athlete’s Heart Hypertrophic
Cardiomyopathy
Normal longitudinal and other
types of strain
Decreased longitudinal strain
Increased LVEDV
Decreases after deconditioning for 3
months.
Decreased LVEDV
No change with deconditioning.
Increased LV twist. Delayed LV untwisting.
Increased early LA strain rate. Reduced LA strain and
strain rate