This document discusses intestinal tuberculosis, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is usually the causative pathogen. It can reach the intestines through ingestion, hematogenous spread from a lung infection, or direct spread from adjacent organs. Common sites of infection include the ileocecal region. Symptoms vary depending on the location but often include abdominal pain, fever, weight loss, and changes in bowel habits. Investigations include blood tests, imaging modalities like ultrasound and CT, and acid-fast bacilli testing of biopsy specimens. Treatment involves a standard antibiotic regimen over 6 months along with nutrition support. Surgery may be needed for complications like obstruction, hemorrhage, or perforation

1. INTESTINAL
TUBERCULOSIS
House surgeon
Sadia Shabbir

2. Introduction
• TB can involve any part of GIT from mouth to
anus, peritoneum & pancreatobiliary system.
• TB of GIT- 6th most frequent extrapulmonary site.

3. • Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the pathogen in
most cases.
• Mycobacterium bovis in some parts of the world

4. Etiopathogenesis
• Mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis reach the GIT:
By ingestion
– Ingestion of food contaminated with tubercle
bacilli causing Primary Intestinal Tuberculosis
– Ingestion of sputum containing tuberculous
bacteria from primary pulmonary focus -
Secondary Intestinal Tuberculosis
Hematogenous spread from primary lung focus
Direct spread from adjacent organs.
Via lymph channels from infected LN

5. PATHOGENESIS

6. Bacilli in the depth of mucosal
glands
Inflammatory Reaction
Phagocytes carry bacilli to Peyer’s
Patches
Formation of tubercle and necrosis
Endarteritis,edema and sloughing

7. Ulcer formation
Accumulation of collagen-
Thickening and stenosis
Inflammation spreads from
submucosa to serosa
Bacilli via lymphatics – Lympahtic
obstruction and Regional
Lymphadenitis

8. Ileocaecal Tuberculosis
• Most common site of abdominal tuberculosis
due to:
– Stasis
– Abundant payer’s patches
– Alkaline media
– Bacterial contact time is more
– Minimal digestive activity
– Maximum absorption in the area

9. Characterisitc lesions
A.Ulcerative :
• Multiple circumferential
transverse ulcers (Girdle ulcers)
with skip leisons
• Napkin ring strictures in
longstanding ulcers (common in
ileum)
• Intestinal nodes involvement
with caseation and abscess

10. B. Hyperplastic Type
• Chronic granulomatous
lesions in ileoceacal
region
• Fibroblastic activity in
submucosa and
subserosa causes
thickening of bowel
wall with lymph node
enlargement

11. C. Stricturous type:
• Characterized by strictures – multiple or single
D. Diffuse colitis:
• Rare form, very similar to ulceratice colitis

12. Distribution of tuberculous lesions
Ileum > caecum > ascending colon > jejunum
>appendix > sigmoid > rectum > duodenum
> stomach > oesophagus
• More than one site may be involved

13. Symptoms
• Local symptoms depending upon site involved
• Constitutional symptoms are:
• Fever
• Malaise
• Anemia
• Night sweats
• Loss of weight
• Pain abdomen: colicky if luminal compromise,
dull and continuous when mesenteric lymph
nodes are involved
• Alteration in bowel habit, diarrhea, constipation
or together, malabsorption, rectal bleeding etc.

14. Complications
• Intestinal Obstruction:
Most common complication
Mechanism: hyperplastic intestinal lesion,
strictures, adhesion and adjacent lymph node
involvement
• Malabsoprption, blind loop syndrome
• Perforation:
2nd commonest cause of small intestinal
perforation, first being typhoid fever
• Usually single & proximal to a stricture

15. • Dissemination of tuberculosis Cold abscess
• formation Hemorrhage
• Fecal fistula
• Gastric outlet obstruction

16. Investigations
• Blood investgations:
Anaemia
Leucopenia with lymphocytosis
Raised ESR
• Mantoux test:
Gives supportive evidence to the diagnosis
Positive in 50 – 70% cases
• Chest Xray: may reveal either healed or active
pulmonary tuberculosis

17. Plain X ray abdomen:
• Intestinal obstruction
• Calcified lymph nodes
• Hollow viscus perforation

18. • On Barium
enema
• Loss of normal
ileocaecal angle
and dilated
terminal ileum,
appearing
suspended from
a retracted
fibrosed caecum
– goose neck
deformity

19. Contrast barium enema
image demonstrates
marked narrowing of the
caecum, ascending colon
and terminal ileum.
Dilatation of the small
intestine proximal to the
narrowed segment of
ileum is also seen.

20. USG abdomen
Thickened bowel wall
– Loculated ascitis
– Interloop ascitis
– Mesenteric thickening
– Lymph node
enlargement
– Pulled up caecum
(Pseudokidney sign)
Ultrasound image. Multiple enlarged
conglomerate lymphnodes in retroperitoneum
with hypoechoic centers due to caseation

21. CT Abdomen
• Circumferential wall
thickening of cecum and
terminal ileum
• Asymmetric thickening of
ileoceacal valve and medial
wall of ceacum
• Localized mesenteric
lymphadenopathy with
areas of central low
attenuation

22. Treatment
• Mediacal management: on same lines as for pulmonary
tuberculosis
• › First line drugs:
 INH
 Rifampicin
Pyrazinamid
 Ethambutol
• › Second line drugs:
Amikacin, kanamycin, PAS, Ciprofloxacin,
Clarithrymycin, Azythromycin, Rifabutin
• › Treatment to be continued for 6 months › Supportive
nutrition

23. Surgical Management:
• › Indications:
Intestinal obstruction
Severe hemorrhage
Acute abdomen (perforation)
Intra-abdominal abscesses/ fistula formation
Uncertain diagnosis

24. FOR YOUR KIND LISTENING
THANK YOU….
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