The document discusses the singeing process, which is used to remove protruding fibers from fabric surfaces to give them a smooth appearance. Singeing involves passing fabric over an open flame or heated plates, which burns off the loose fibers. This improves the surface and reduces pilling. There are three main types of singeing machines - gas, plate, and rotary cylinder machines. Gas singeing is most common as it allows for uniform and controlled singeing. The key parameters for gas singeing include flame intensity, fabric speed, and distance from the flame. Singeing must be carefully monitored to ensure an even and complete result without damaging the fabric.

1. Shyamoli textile engineering
college

2. Welcome to my
presentationAbo
utSinging
Process

3. Introduction
Singeing and desizing form preliminary processes to which grey cloth
is processes are intended to remove cotton ends. Protruding from the
surface of the cloth and certain constituents of the sizing mixture applied
to the warp yarns before weaving. The preliminary processes are
intended to remove cotton ends before weaving. Protruding from the
surface of the cloth and certain constituents of the sizing mixture applied
to the warp yarns.
Since spinning of yarn form short lengths of fibres essentially involves
making a bundle of fibres parallel to each other followed by drawing and
twisting, the ends of some of the fibres are likely to protrude form the
surface of yarn, while those of the bulk of the fibres may be considered as
trapped inside the yarn. When such yarn is used in weaving, these free
fibre ends, along with very short fibre lengths, protrude from the surface
of the fabric, giving it a fuzzy appearance. They destroy the smooth and
the lustrous character of the fabric surface. Fabrics like stain, sateens,
poplin, handkerchief cloth etc. are valued for their smooth appearance.
Therefore, in most of the cases, the protruding fibres have to be removed

4. Singeing Definition :
If a fabric is to have a smooth finish, singeing is essential.
Singeing is a dry process used on woven goods that removes
fibers protruding from yarns or fabrics. These are burned off
passing the fibers over a flame or heated copper plates.
Singeing improves the surface appearance of woven goods
reduces pilling. It is especially useful for fabrics that are to be
printed or where a smooth finish is desired. Pollutant outputs
associated with singeing include relatively small amounts of
exhaust gases from the burners.

5.  Singeing of a fabric is done in order to obtain a clean fabric surface
which allows the structure of the fabric to be clearly seen.
 Fabrics, which have been singed, soil less easily than un-singed fabrics.
 The risk of pilling, especially with synthetics and their blends, is
reduced in case of singed fabrics.
 Singed fabrics allow printing of fine intricate patterns with high clarity
and detail.
 The risk of skittery dyeing with singed articles dyed in dark shades is
considerably reduced, as randomly protruding fibres are removed in
singeing which could cause diffused reflection of light
Objectives And Advantages

6. Necessity of Singeing in Textile
 Singeing of textile materials is necessary for to following reasons :
Cotton materials are valued for their smooth appearance. After the
formation of fabric it has a fuzzy or hairy appearance due to
projecting fibers, thus affecting the luster and smoothness cotton is
known for.
 Unsigned fabrics are soiled easily
 The protruding fibers obstruct the subsequent dyeing and printing
process
 Goods which are to be mercerized are signed to maximize the luster
 In fabrics of polyester and cellulosic fiber blends singeing is the best
method to control pilling, sometimes double singeing is done to
minimize the pilling.

7. The micro diagram of yarn
before and after singeing
process

8. Singeing process is as follows:
1. To produce a smooth surface finish on fabrics made
from staple fibers first the fabric surfaces are
brushed lightly to raise the unwanted fiber ends.
2. Then the fabric is singed with or passed over heated
copper plates or open gas flames. The fiber ends
burn off.
3. The fabric is moved very rapidly, and only the fiber
ends are destroyed.
4. As soon as the fabric leaves the singeing area, it
enters a water bath or desizing bath. This stops any
singeing afterglow or sparks that might damage the
cloth.
process

9. There are three main types of singeing
machines:
1. Gas singeing machine,
2. Plate singeing machine,
3. Rotary-cylinder or Roller
singeing machine
Tyoes OF Singeing

10. In this type of singeing machine, the fabric passes over a
burning gas flame at such a speed that only the protruding
fibres burn and the main body of the fabric is not damaged by
the flame. This is the most common type of machine used for
singeing fabrics as well yarns.
Gas Singeing

11. Fig.: Line Diagram of Gas Singeing Machine for
Woven Fabrics

12. A gas-singeing machine is normally employed. The gas-singeing machine is
typically equipped with four burners, and is capable of singeing one or both
surfaces of the fabrics.
A water-cooled roller is provided at a location opposite to the burners,
thereby enabling singeing to be performed without undermining the
strength of even thin fabrics. It is important to set a drain temperature of the
water-cooled roller in a range of 50°C to 55° C.
Cautions are required because a dew-point is generated when the water-
cooled roller is cooled down too much, and results in increased amount of
remaining fuzz or adhered carbon.
The fabric feed speed is preferably set at around 100 to 150m/minute.

14. GAS SINGEING PROCESS MONITORING &
CONTROL
An indicator of the singeing effect is the fabric temperature just after
its passing over the singeing flame. The fabric temperature can be
continuously monitored by a radiation pyrometer and indicated by
a thermometer. Hence, the fabric temperature may take over the
singeing control and regulating function. When the fabric
temperature increases to a pre-set value, the machine intensity
would automatically reduce, while when the fabric temperature
goes down, the flame intensity would automatically increase.
Hairiness Tester provides another possibility to control the singeing
effect objectively. The fabric surface is monitored by means of a
laser beam and the hairiness of the fabric is displayed on a
computer screen. The measure deformation can be used as a set
value for the control of the singer in order to achieve the
programmed effect.

15. Following are the important gas singeing parameters:
1. Flame intensity.
2. Fabric speed,
3. Singeing position,
4. Distance between flame burner and
fabric,
5. Flame Width.
IMPORTANT GAS SINGEING
PARAMETERS

16. Common problems in GAS singeing and their causes
A. Incomplete Singeing
B. Uneven Singeing Across the Fabric Width
C. Uneven Singeing Along the Fabric Length
D. Horizontal Singeing Stripes
E. Vertical Singeing Stripes
F. Over-singing or Thermal Damage of the Fabric
G. Formation of Small Beads of Molten Material

17. Fig: Gas singeing m/c of sim group

18. PLATE SINGEING MACHINE
In this type of singeing machine, the cloth passes over and in contact
with one or two heated curved copper plates. The thickness of the plates
ranges from 1 to 2 inches. The heating of the plates is done by a suitable
burning arrangement of gas mixed with air. The plates are heated to bright
redness and the cloth passes over and in contact with these plates at a
speed ranging from 150 to 250 yards per minute.
The passage of the cloth can be arranged in such a manner that one or
both sides of the fabric may pass over and in contact with the heated plate,
in order to accomplish singeing of one or both sides of the fabric in a single
passage. In order to avoid local cooling of a certain part of the plate by
constant passage of cloth over it, an automatic traversing mechanism is fitted
to the machine. This mechanism brings the cloth into contact with a
constantly changing part of the plate, not only to avoid local cooling but also
local wearing of the plate.

20. In this type of singeing machine, the cloth passes over and in contact
with a heated rotary cylinder made of copper or cast iron. The rotary
cylinder has internal firing and revolves slowly so that constantly a fresh
surface of the roller comes in contact with the cloth. The direction of
rotation of the cylinder is opposite to the direction of the fabric so that
the protruding fibres or nap of the fabric is raised. This type of machine
is particularly suitable for the singeing of velvets and other pile fabrics. If
the singeing of both sides of the fabric is required, then two cylinder are
employed, one for each side of the fabric.
ROTARY-CYLINDER OR ROLLER
SINGEING

21. Fig.: Line diagram of rotary-cylinder singeing machine

22. Why gas singeing is better than any other
singeing machine
 Better singeing and projecting fibers of
interstices is burned by the processes.
 Uniform singeing can be maintained.
 Smoothness and evenness of the fabric is
increased.
 Groove is produced in other singeing machines
but gas singeing machines is saving from that
problem.
 Gas flame can be changed according to fabric
with.
 Production is height than other machines.
 Both side of the fabric can be singeing.
 Due to the above facilities this gas machine more
popular than other machines.

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